26 research outputs found
sj-docx-1-smo-10.1177_20503121231225352 – Supplemental material for Person-centered maternity care during childbirth and associated factors among mothers who gave birth at public health institutions of Debre Markos town, Northwest Ethiopia, 2022: A cross-sectional study
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-smo-10.1177_20503121231225352 for Person-centered maternity care during childbirth and associated factors among mothers who gave birth at public health institutions of Debre Markos town, Northwest Ethiopia, 2022: A cross-sectional study by Yaregal Admasu Alelign, Misganaw Fikrie Melesse, Endihnew Beka, Addisu Alehegn Alemu, Neway Ejigu Meskele and Chernet Getnet Asres in SAGE Open Medicine</p
Statistical models to study the BMI of under five children in Ethopia.
No full textMasters Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg.Maternal and child malnutrition has long and short-term consequences on the health
status of the people and on the country’s economy. It is among the major public
health problems in Ethiopia. Worldwide, maternal and child malnutrition is an underlying
cause for more than 3.5 million deaths each year. About 35% of the global
disease burden is in under five children. Such a heavy burden requires an understanding
of the nutritional status of the people, especially children under the age
of five years and associated factors. Therefore, this study attempted to use possible
statistical methods to estimate the effects of the risks related to the nutritional status
of children. It also tried to identify the socio-economic and demographic factors that
are associated with the BMI of under five children in Ethiopia. The study employed
the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data. A nationally representative
sample of children under the age of five years was used to get information on
weight and height measures of under five children.
The BMI of children under five years of age was used as a response variable to
fit weighted quantile regression. The covariates, age of a child, sex and other relevant
socio-economic and demographic factors were used in the study. Following the
quantile regression, the generalized linear models such as logistic regression model
was applied after categorizing the response variable, BMI of under five children, into
two categories namely normal and malnourished. Following binary logistic regression,
an attempt to fit ordinal logistic regression was made. That means nutritional
status was considered as ordinal outcome with four categories namely underweight,
normal, overweight and obese. The findings and comparison of estimates using
these different statistical methods with and without complex survey design were
presented. The results revealed that methods that take into account the complex nature
of the design, perform better than those that do not take this into account. It has
also been found that age of a child, weight of child at birth, mother’s BMI, educational
attainment of mother, region and wealth index were significantly associated
with under five children’s nutritional status. Furthermore, the results are discussed
and then a conclusion is made in the context of policy implication for Ethiopia.Refer to page i for two articles that were published from this thesis
Statistical Modeling of Acute HIV Infection from a Cohort of High-risk Individuals in South Africa = Ukufakwa kwamamodeli Ezibalomininingo Ekuthelelekeni Kwesikhashana nge-HIV Eqoqweni labantu Abasengcupheni Enkulu eNingizimu Afrika.
No full textDoctoral Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg.In this dissertation, longitudinal data modeling approaches to analyze data on CD4 cell counts measured repeatedly in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa are investigated. Longitudinal data, or repeated measurement data, is a specific form of multilevel data. In longitudinal studies, repeated observations are made on an individual on one or more outcomes, including covariates information at a baseline and over time. Mixedeffects models have become popular for modeling longitudinal data. This statistical procedure also permits the estimation of variability in hierarchically structured data and examines the impacts of factors at different levels. Since longitudinal studies are often faced with the incompleteness of the data due to partially observed subjects,
the mixed-effects model is by its very nature able to deal with unbalanced data of this nature. Therefore, the study adopts the mixed-effects model and identifies whether specific clinical and sociodemographic factors present in the data influenced CD4 count in a cohort of HIV-infected patients.
Since it is of great interest for a biomedical analyst or an investigator to correctly model the CD4 cell count or disease biomarkers of a patient in the presence of covariates or factors determining the disease progression over time, the Poisson regression approach, which explain variability in counts, is considered. The Poisson generalized mixed-effects models can be an appropriate choice for repeated count data. However, this model is not realistic because of the restriction that the mean and variance are equal. Therefore, the Poisson mixed-effects model is replaced by the negative binomial mixed-effects model. The later model effectively managed
over-dispersion of the longitudinal data. We evaluate and compare the proposed models and their application to model CD4 cell counts of HIV-infected patients recruited in the study data set. The results reveal that the negative binomial mixedeffects model has appropriate properties and outperforms the Poisson mixed-effects model in terms of handling the over-dispersion of the data. Multiple imputation techniques are also used to handle missing values in the dataset to validate parameter estimates in modeling the negative binomial mixed-effects model by assuming a missing at random missingness.
To illustrate the full conditional distribution of the repeated outcome, a quantile mixed-effects model is employed. This gives greater inclusive statistical modeling than conventional ordinary mixed models. Quantile regression offers an invaluable tool to discern effects that would be missed by other conventional regression models, which are solely based on modeling conditional mean. The quantile regression model that assumes asymmetric Laplace distribution for the error term was applied to longitudinal CD4 count data. The exact maximum likelihood estimation of the covariate
effects and variance-covariance elements in the quantile mixed-effects model
was implemented using the Stochastic Approximation Expectation-Maximization algorithm. In the model, multiple random effects are also incorporated to consider the correlation among the observations. Thus, we obtain robust parameter estimates for various conditional distribution positions that communicate an inclusive and more complete picture of the effects. Furthermore, to get more insights into the functional relationship between the response variable and the covariates, the generalized additive mixed-effects models, such as the additive negative binomial mixed-effects model, a versatile model used to better understand and analyze complex nonlinear trajectories in an overdispersed longitudinal data, is applied. Following the additive negative binomial
mixed-effects model, an attempt to fit additive quantile mixed-effects model, an efficient and flexible framework for nonparametric as well as parametric longitudinal forms of data analysis focused on features of the outcome beyond its central tendency,
was made. The response variable at hand is a CD4 count of HIV-infected patients as a function of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy initiation and other relevant baseline characteristics of the patients. Thus, even though this is a biostatistics methodological dissertation research, some interesting clinical and sociodemographic findings are also discussed. Discussion and conclusion of the results from the proposed models with a suggestion of possible further research avenues completed the study.
Iqoqa
Kule dizetheshini izindlelasu zokulinganisela imininingo eziyilongitudinal modeling approaches ukuhlaziya imininingo yezibalo zamasosha e-CD4 count ezikalwa ngokuphindaphindeka ezigulini ezitheleleke nge-HIV ezibhalise eSikhungweni soHlelo Lokucwaninga nge-AIDS eNingizimu Afrika kuyaphenywa. Imininingo enqumile, noma imininingo ekalwa ngokuphindelela, iwuhlobo oluqondile lwemininingo emazingeni ahlukene. Ocwaningweni olunqumile, ukubheka okuphindwayo kwenziwa kumuntu oyedwa emphumeleni owodwa noma engaphezulu, okufaka ulwazi lwamakhovariyenti njengesisekelo nangokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amamodeli anemithelela exubile aseyathandeka ekuhambiselaneni nemininingo yemodeli enqumile.
Inqubo yezibalomininingo iphinde ivumele ukuqagula ukuguquguquka emininingweni enomumo onokugibelana iphinde ihlole imithelela yezimo emazingeni ehlukene. Njengoba ucwaningo olunqumile luvame ukubhekana nokungaphothulwa kwemininingo ngenxa yabantu ababhekwe ingxenye, imodeli enomthelelangxube ngokomumo wayo iyakwazi ukubhekana nemininingo engabhalansile eyilolu hlobo bese luhlonza izimo zokokusebenza kwengqondo nomumoqoqobantu emphakathini emininingweni ethinta i-CD4 count eqoqweni leziguli ezitheleleke nge-HIV.
Njengoba kunentshisekelo enkulu ukuba umhlaziyi wezempilokwelapha noma umphenyi enze imodeli ngendlela ukubalwa kwamasosha i-CD4 count noma amabhayomakha esifo esigulini ebukhoneni bamakhovariyenti noma izimo ezihlonza ukuqhubeka kwesifo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, indlelasu yokunqandeka kwesifo ngokukaPoisson, okuchaza ukuguquguquka ngokubalwa, kuyabhekwa. Amamodeli kaPoisson abekwe eceleni anemithelela exubile angaba wukukhetha okuyikho kwemininingo yokubala kokuphindelela.
Kodwa, le modeli ayivezi okuyikho ngenxa yokuvimbeleka ukuthi imini nevariyenti kuyalingana. Ngakho-ke, imodeli kaPoisson enemithelelangxube imelwe yimodeli enemithelelangxube yebhayinomiyali engeyinhle. Imodeli yakamuva ilawula ngempumelelo yokusabalalisa kakhulu imininingo enqumile. Sihlaziya siphinde siqhathanise namamodeli aphakanyisiwe nokusetshenziswa kwayo ekubaleni amasosha omzimba i-CD4 cell count yeziguli ezitheleleke nge-HIV abafakwe ekubambeni iqhaza emininingweni yocwaningo. Imiphumela iveza ukuthi imodeli yemithelelangxube yebhayinomiyali engeyinhle enezakhiwomumo eyiwo nesebenza yedlule ekaPoisson nemodeli enomthelelangxube ngokwemigomo yokubheka ukusabalalisa ngokweqile imininingo. Amasu amaningi emvezabubi asetshenziselwa ukubhekana nezimo ezingabonakali kwisethi yemininingo ehlaziya iziqagulo zamapharamitha ekufakweni kwemodeli enemithelelangxube yebhayinomiyali ngokuthatha ngokuthi kunokungatholakali okungahleliwe.
Ukukhombisa ukusabalalisa okugcwele okunemibandela komphumela ophindaphindekile, imodeli enemithelelangxube iyasetshenziswa. Lokhu kuveza ukufaka imodeli yezibalomininingo ezifaka konke okunamamodeli ajwayelekile ayingxube. Ukuncipha kwekhwantayli kunika ithuluzi elingenamsebenzi ukuhlonza imithelela ebingetholwe amamodeli ejwayelekile okuncipha, agxile kuphela kwimini encike ekufakweni kwemodeli. Imodeli yokuncipha kwekhwantayli evuma ukusabalalisa i-Laplace etshekile yetemu elingene ngephutha kwasetshenziswa emininingweni yokubala i-CD4.
Ukuqagula okuyikho okuphezulu kwemithelela yamakhovariyenti nezakhi zekhovariyensi-variyensi kwimodeli enemithelelangxube yekhwantayli eyaqaliswa ukusebenza kusetshenziswa i-algorithimu i- Stochastic Approximation Expectation-Maximization. Kwimodeli, imithelela engahlelekile emininingo iphinde yafakwa ukuze kubhekwane nokuxhumana kokuqashelwayo. Ngakho-ke, sithola ukuqagula amapharamitha okunzulu ngemumo yokusabalalisa okunemigomo eyehlukahlukene okunika isithombe esifaka konke nesiphelele semithelela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthola imibono eyongeziwe ngobudlelwane obusebenzayo phakathi kwevariyebhuli yempendulo namakhovariyethi, amamodeli anemithelelangxube eyongezwayo, njengemodeli yemithelela exubile engemihle yebhayinomiyali eyongezwayo, imodeli enguqunguqu isetshenziselwe ukuqonda kangcono ngemodeli yokuhlaziya izinkombakusasa ezingenamigoqo ezinkimbi emininingweni engumumokuqonda ohlakazwe kakhulu, iyasetshenziswa. Uma kulandelwa imodeli enemithelelangxube yebhayinomiyali engeyinhle eyongezwayo, ukuze kuhambelane nomzamo wokufaka imodeli enemithelelangxube ayikhwayintali eyongezwayo, uhlaka oluguqulekayo nolusebenza ngendlela yezindlela ezingahambelani nepharamethrikhi kanjalo nepharamethrikhi engumumokuqonda wokuhlaziya imininingo okugxile ezicini zomphumela owedlula injwayelosenzo ewumongo, nakho kwenziwa.
Ivariyebhuli yempendulo esebenzayo yisibalo samasosha omzimba i-CD4 ezigulini ezitheleleke nge-HIV njengomzamokuziqamba Wengxubekwelapha Ethithibalisa igciwane leSandulela Ngculazi Esebenza Kakhulu kanye nezinye izici eziyisisekelo eziyiso zeziguli. Ngakho-ke nakuba lena kuyidizetheshini yocwaningo lwendlelakwenza yocwaningo kwezibalomininingokuphila, kuphinde kwadingidwa okutholakele kwezempilongqondo nakwisifundomumoqoqobantu emphakathini. Ukudingida nokuphothulwe yimiphumela yamamodeli aphakanyisiwe ngesiphakamiso sezindlela zokukwenza ucwaningo oluqhubekayo ukuphothula ucwaningo
Structural and Thermal Properties of Ethiopian Eri and Mulberry Silk Fibres
No full textSilk fibre has received attention in the biomedical sector rather than textile production because of its excellent biocompatibility properties in the past century. Although silk fibre properties are different from area to area, it has created an opportunity in the biomedical sector to develop new silk-based medical textile products. This research work aimed to study the structural, physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of Ethiopian silkworm cocoon’s filament. Eri and mulberry silk fibre properties such as morphological structure, chemical properties, linear density, filament length, tensile strength, elongation, thermal property, and luster were measured using ES ISO and ASTM standard methods. Statistical analysis result showed that eri silk fibre from Arba Minch had water removal temperature between 100°C and 125°C with a degradation temperature of around 400°C and eri silk fibre from both Addis Ababa and Awassa had an almost similar water removal temperature around 100°C and degradation temperature around 420°C. Tensile strength and elongation of both eri and mulberry silk fibres had significant differences among each region. The highest tensile strength of 4.47 cN was observed from Addis Ababa, and the highest elongation of 20.01% was found from the Arba Minch eri silk fibre. The coarser linear density of 2.496 dtex from Arba Minch and finer count of 2.392 dtex were exhibited from Awassa. Arba Minch eri silk fibre had the highest filament length of 403.04 m and the least fibre length of 399.2 m recorded at Addis Ababa, and a better whiteness (Rd) value of 58.21 was observed at Arba Minch eri silk fibre. Bivoltine and multivoltine mulberry silk fibres had an average tensile strength of 8.01 and 11.83 cN, elongation of 10.3 and 12.1%, fineness of 3.2 and 3.16 dtex, and filament length of 1208.6 and 1028.26 m, respectively, in the same place of Arba Minch. The morphological structure of eri silk fibre from each region had an almost smooth and clean surface, but bivoltine and multivoltine mulberry silk fibres were somehow rough and had spots. According to the comparison results, Ethiopian silk fibres can be utilised more in the biomedical application and competitive in the global market
Application of Quantile Regression: Modeling Body Mass Index in Ethiopia
No full textBackground:Child malnutrition is the leading public health problem in developing countries. It is a major cause of child morbidity and mortality. Under-five children are the most vulnerable group for malnutrition. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of nutritional status and is defined as the ratio of weight (kg) to squared height (m2). Studying the determinants of under-five children’s BMI is an important issue that needs to be addressed. This study applies quantile regression to study the determinants of under-five children BMI in Ethiopia.Methods:The weight-for-height index measures BMI. Quantiles are a generalization of percentiles for continuous random variables. Because it makes no distributional assumption about the error term in the model, quantile regression offers considerable model robustness.Results:The findings using quantile regression at different quantile levels were presented. The estimates across quantile levels were also performed. The findings of this study identified that for children under the age of five, the current age of mother, mother’s BMI, region (SNNPR and Somali) and weight of the child at birth (average and large) were found to be significantly affecting under-five children’s BMI across quantile levels.Conclusion:Quantile regression allows us to study the impact of predictors on different quantiles of the response distribution, and thus provides a complete picture of the relationship between the dependent and explanatory variables.</jats:sec
Are Tree Tenure and Land Tenure Issues the Same? A Case Study of Rights to Trees among the Tsamako of Southwest Ethiopia
No full textThere has been confusion as to whether land tenure and tree tenure issues should be looked at as two distinct entities or not. In this article I describe the various means of establishing rights of access to trees and other savannah woodland resources and how such rights are socially sanctioned as distinct from the overlapping land tenure system prevailing in the country today. The discussion focuses on issues raised by differential rights of access by multiple users for multiple purposes, and attempts to show the various ways of establishing tree primary user rights as distinct from those held in jointly managed woodlands. This happens, interestingly, contrary to the received wisdom that pastoralist societies ‘lack’ basic social norms let alone to have a set of rules designed to regulate the use and protection of trees. Finally, through an examination of the ways in which rules which apply to trees are enforced, both generally and in particular cases, I argue that it is the relatively low demographic density, a relatively homogeneous community and the resultant quick acquisition and dissemination of information and an inclusive decision-making system at the grass-root level which have made rule enforcement relatively easy and cost-effective. These resulted in a system which encourages tree protection and long-term oriented multiple uses. This article is based on data drawn from eighteen months of ethnographic field research which provided the author with the opportunity to employ a range of data collection techniques including key informant interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation.  
Are Tree Tenure and Land Tenure Issues the Same? A Case Study of Rights to Trees among the Tsamako of Southwest Ethiopia
No full textThere has been confusion as to whether land tenure and tree tenure issues should be looked at as two distinct entities or not. In this article I describe the various means of establishing rights of access to trees and other savannah woodland resources and how such rights are socially sanctioned as distinct from the overlapping land tenure system prevailing in the country today. The discussion focuses on issues raised by differential rights of access by multiple users for multiple purposes, and attempts to show the various ways of establishing tree primary user rights as distinct from those held in jointly managed woodlands. This happens, interestingly, contrary to the received wisdom that pastoralist societies ‘lack’ basic social norms let alone to have a set of rules designed to regulate the use and protection of trees. Finally, through an examination of the ways in which rules which apply to trees are enforced, both generally and in particular cases, I argue that it is the relatively low demographic density, a relatively homogeneous community and the resultant quick acquisition and dissemination of information and an inclusive decision-making system at the grass-root level which have made rule enforcement relatively easy and cost-effective. These resulted in a system which encourages tree protection and long-term oriented multiple uses. This article is based on data drawn from eighteen months of ethnographic field research which provided the author with the opportunity to employ a range of data collection techniques including key informant interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation.  
What Micro Processes Lead to Organic Solidarity When the Level of Categorical Diversity is High in a Workforce?
No full textThe current study uses the social network approach to examine social exchange network configuration that minimizes the adverse effects of workgroup diversity thereby integrating and examining the leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, and team-member exchange (TMX) network. Analysis of the extant literature seems to suggest that formal leaders may benefit from the integrated social exchange network structure by providing quality exchange with central (core, emergent leaders) members in different workgroups thereby maximizing both group, and individual social capital. Based on this exchange network structure, five specific propositions are made, and finally the conceptual framework is presented and the implications for theory, practice and future research are discussed.본 논문은 사회연결망 분석을 이용하여 작업집단의 다양성의 부정적 효과를 최소화하는 네트워크 구성을 논의한다. 이를 통하여 리더-멤베 교환이론과 팀 멤버 교환이론의 논의를 통합하고자 한다. 기존 문헌을 살펴보면 공식적 리더는 다양한 작업집단의 핵심멤버와 양질의 교환을 하면서 사회연결망의 이익을 향휴한다고 보고 있다. 교환 네트워크 구조에 대한 이러한 입장을 기초로 실무적 이론적 함의를 검증할 개념적 모델을 제시하였다.The author is thankful to Institute of Industrial Relations at Seoul National University for its financial support for this research
Epidemiology of infertility and coping mechanisms in Ethiopia, 2025: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textAbstract Background Infertility is much more than a quality-of-life concern. Its consequences stream into public health domains such as psychological distress, social stigma and marital disagreements. The estimation of infertility is one of the most crucial activities concerning informing policymakers. Therefore, this review was conducted to estimate the pooled prevalence of infertility and coping mechanisms in Ethiopia. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guideline to adhere to standards in conducting and reporting of evidence synthesis. An internet-based search of noninterventional studies in Ethiopia was performed in CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. A total of 332 studies were screened, and only 11 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Studies were included if they described the prevalence and/or coping mechanisms of infertility. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist were used for quantitative and qualitative studies, respectively. The random-effects meta-analysis was done in Stata version 17, and forest plots, test of heterogeneity, and funnel plots were all generated. Results The pooled prevalence of lifetime and/or specific period of infertility was 25.77% [95% CI: 20.10, 31.45], with a heterogeneity index (I2 = 99.48, P = 0.00). The subgroup prevalence of primary infertility was 22.76% [-0.95–46.47], with heterogeneity (I2 = 99.54, p = 00), and that of secondary was 12.67% [9.14–16.20], with I2 = 98.57, p = 0.00. Spiritual activity, medical treatment, cultural practice, seeking support from family, adoption, acceptance, having a godchild, estranged social life, helplessness, extramarital engagement, and marital separation were the identified coping mechanisms. Conclusion Compared with the global standard, the pooled prevalence of infertility in Ethiopia is relatively high. Most of the identified coping strategies of infertility were problem-focused mechanisms. The identified coping mechanisms were grouped in the following main themes: (i) seeking medical treatment, (ii) religious/spiritual practices, (iii) seeking social support, (iv) using cultural remedies, (v) acceptance, and (vi) avoidance/harmful behaviors. Policy makers, health authorities and professionals should improve the delivery of infertility prevention and treatment services and ensure coping support is culturally sensitive and integrated with the national health strategy
