30 research outputs found
Direkter und indirekter Energieeinsatz bei biologischen Betrieben unterschiedlicher Produktionsrichtungen
No full textDie Produktionsrichtungen im Biologischen Landbau erfordern unterschiedlich hohe direkte und indirekte Energieaufwendungen. Indirekte Energieaufwendungen sind durch den Verzicht von synthetischen Dünger- und Pflanzenschutzmitteln geringer. Direkte Energieaufwendungen (Elektrizität und Kraftstoff) können systembedingt hoch sein, wodurch dort Ansätze der Einsparung oder/und Ersatz durch erneuerbare Energieträger (Pflanzenkraftstoffe, Strom aus Bioenergieanlagen) zu forcieren sind
INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE SYSTEMS IN A LONG-TERM EXPERIMENT ON TRACK DEPTHS AND CROP YIELDS UNDER PANNONIAN CLIMATE
Get PDFBased on a long-term experiment under Pannonian climate, the tillage effects on track depth, soil moisture content and grain yield of winter wheat in the vegetation period 2016/2017 are shown. The physical soil properties were measured in March 2017 indirectly: soil strength was measured through the track depth caused by a wheel load ballasted tractor with a rear wheel load of 13.7 kN. Soil moisture content was measured with a soil moisture meter at the depth of 5 cm after track depth measurement. No tillage resulted in the lowest track depth. Water content was highest in the conservation tillage systems, which had also a higher grain yield of winter wheat than the mouldboard-plough-system
Energy management (Renewable Energies)
Get PDFDie agrarische Produktion beruht auf den Einsatz des begrenzten Faktors technischer Energie, woraus sich die geforderte Energie - und Kraftstoffeffizienz ableitet. Der technische Fortschritt und dem wachsenden Bewusstsein Energie zu sparen sind Triebfedern die Energieeffizienz in der agrarischen Produktion zu verbessern. Der Einsatz von alternativen Energieträgern wie Pflanzenkraftstoffe und Biogas aus der kaskadischen Nutzung stellt einen bedeutenden Beitrag um die Abhängigkeit von fossiler Energie im Landwirtschaftssektor zu mindern.Agricultural production is based on the use of the limited factor technical energy, which leads to the necessity of energy- and fuel efficiency. The technical progress and the increased awareness of saving energy are important promoters to improve the energy efficiency in agricultural production. The application of alternative energy carriers like plant-based fuels (biofuel) and biogas from multipurpose utilisation is a significant contribution to mitigate the dependence from fossil energy in agriculture sector
Effect of Cover Crop, Slurry Application with Different Loads and Tire Inflation Pressures on Tire Track Depth, Soil Penetration Resistance and Maize Yield
No full textAgricultural soils can be affected in their ecological functions by in-field traffic of agricultural machinery. A three-factorial research design was carried out in a field experiment to test the effect of slurry tanker filling level (filled, half-filled, empty), tire inflation pressure of the slurry tanker (high: 300 kPa, low: 100 kPa), and ground covering (+cover crop, −cover crop) on tire track and soil penetration resistance (averaged, 0–20 cm, 21–40 cm) after application on the fields in spring. Additionally, the effect on grain yield of the subsequent culture was considered. The total weight of the tractor slurry tanker combination was 16,470 kg (empty), 25,940 kg (half-filled), and 34,620 kg (filled). The low tire inflation pressure of the slurry tanker increased the mean tire–soil contact area by 75% (filled), 38% (half-filled), and 16% (empty tanker). The results obtained show a significant effect of tire inflation pressure and ground covering on the measured parameters. The tire inflation pressure reduction effect on track depth was highest in the filled slurry tanker (−17.8%). With increasing wheel load, the effect of reduced tire inflation pressure on soil penetration resistance (0–20 cm) increased. In the subsoil (21–40 cm), the effect of tire inflation pressure was much lower, indicating that a reduction of tire inflation pressure preserves the upper layers rather than the lower ones. Furthermore, cover crops are linked to a higher degree of soil deformation after traffic with the tractor–slurry combination due to their loosening effect on the topsoil. Tire tracks were 15.0% deeper in the cover crop field than in the field without a cover crop. It is assumed that cover crop mixtures with different types of root mass can influence the mitigation of soil compaction in an ameliorative way
Energy Use and Energy Efficiency in Selected Arable Farms in Central and South Eastern Europe
Get PDFThe main objective of the project “Mechanization and Energy use in selected arable farms in Central and South Eastern Europe (CASEE)” was to analyse energy characteristics of arable farming in Slovak Republic, Romania, Serbia and Austria, to compare results and identify possibilities of its improvements. The large scale farms are: the university farm of the Slovak University of Agriculture (SK) with 1.112 ha arable land, a cooperative farm in Risnovice (SK) with an arable land of 1.266 ha, a family farm in Apahida-Transylvania (RO) with 400 ha, a farm in Viisoara-Transylvania (RO) with 600 ha, a family farm in Sremska Mitrovica
(SRB) with an arable land of 115 ha, a family farm near Novi Sad (SRB) with an arable land of 450 ha and a family farm in Ansfelden/Linz (A) with 368 ha. The farms were visited by the interviewer once or more times and the relevant data, used machinery, quantity of inputs, e.g. fuel, pesticides, fertilizer, seed and yields of harvested crops, were recorded, for the production season 2012. After collection of the basic data all energy inputs and outputs, energy content of crops, were calculated in accordance with data and procedure defined by CIGR (International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering), Handbook Volume V – Energy and Biomass Engineering (1999). Energy input and net energy gain, expressed in MJ/ha, were used to calculate energy characteristics of crops’ production: energy productivity - kg/MJ, energy efficiency index, energy ratio, energy intensity - MJ/kg, fuel intensity - L/kg. The intensity of all used farm inputs (fuel, seeds, fertilizer and pesticide) in crop production systems influences the energy efficiency. The fuel consumption for winter wheat production of the analysed farms ranges between 54 and 91 l/ha. The mean energy ratio (energy-output/energy-input) for winter wheat is 5.6 with ranges between 4.8 and 7.1. Besides the fuel consumption the energy-input via the nitrogen-fertilizer is the main energy consumer in cropping systems. It is clearly identified that the highest possible energy savings are possible by reduction of fertilizers, first of all nitrogen
Efficiency of Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization in Winter Wheat under Pannonian Climate Conditions
No full textImprovements in nitrogen (N) use efficiency in crop production are important for addressing the triple challenges of food security, environmental degradation and climate change. The three fertilizers, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), urea (Urea) and stabilized urea (Ureastab), were applied at a rate of 160 kg N ha−1 with two or three splits to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Pannonian climate region of eastern Austria. On average, over all fertilization treatments, the grain yield (GY) increased by about a quarter and the grain N concentration (GNC) doubled compared to the control without fertilization. Consequently, the grain N yield (NYGRAIN) was increased with N fertilization by 154%. The GY increased due to a higher grain density with no differences between N fertilizers but with a tendency of a higher grain yield with three compared to two splits. Three splits also slightly increased the GNC and consequently the NYGRAIN of CAN and Ureastab in one year. The removal of N fertilizer with the NYGRAIN (N surplus) was higher than the amount of applied fertilizer. Fertilization decreased the N use efficiency (NUE), the N uptake efficiency (NUpE) and the N utilization efficiency (NUtE) but increased the soil mineral nitrate (NO3-N) at harvest and the apparent N loss (ANL). Three compared to two applications resulted in a higher NO3-N at harvest but also a lower N surplus due to partly higher NYGRAIN. Consequently, the ANL was lower with three compared to two splits. Also, the NUpE and the apparent N recovery efficiency (ANRE) were higher with three splits. The best N treatment regarding highest above-ground biomass yield with lowest N surplus, N balance and ANL was the three-split treatment (50 CAN, 50 CAN, 60 liquid urea ammonium nitrate). Three splits can, under semi-arid conditions, be beneficial when aiming high-quality wheat for bread-making and also for reducing the N loss. Whereas, two splits are recommended when aiming only at high GY, e.g., for ethanol-wheat production
Kraftstoffverbrauch und Reduktionspotenziale
No full textAlthough Organic Farming has lower CO2-Emission than Conventional Farming, there
is a further need to reduce the direct energy input especially in form of fossil fuel
consumption. Burning of one liter fossil diesel in an engine emits 2.62 kg fossil CO2.
Some selected measurements for increasing the fuel efficiency are presented and
discussed. Soil tillage with mould plough is an energy intensive process. Alternative
soil tillage systems without plough should be adapted for specific requirements in
Organic Farming. The usage of bio fuel (pure plant oil in adapted engines) in Organic
Farming should be more promote
Effect of two-axle and three-axle sugarbeet tanker harvester on selected soil-physical properties in dry and wet soil conditions
Get PDFThe effects of two-axle and three-axle sugarbeet harvester under dry (gravimetric soil water content 20%) and wet (gravimentric soil water content 30%) soil conditions on bulk density, soil penetration resistance and saturated hydraulic conductivity were determined in a long-term non-ploughed field with a silty loam soil in the Pannonian region of Austria. The tyre-inflation pressure of the sugarbeet harvester was set to 140 kPa in the front axle and 190 kPa in the middle and rear axles. The total weight of the three-axle harvester was distributed equally with about 20 Mg each axle. Two-axle harvester distributed the total weight of 49.1 Mg to the rear axle with 27.3 Mg and to the front axle with 21.8 Mg.The differences of bulk density (10-15 cm, 25-30 cm, 50-55 cm) between treatments un-wheeled and wheeled with two-axle and three-axle sugarbeet harvesters were small. Under dry conditions, the soil penetration resistance was not affected by the sugarbeet harvester. The soil penetration resistance was higher in the top soil of the wet treatment after rolling with the two-axle sugarbeet than three-axle sugarbeet harvester whereas the subsoil (<23 cm) was not affected, likely because of decreasing water content.The saturated hydraulic conductivity at 10-15 cm and 25-30 cm was not affected significantly by the sugarbeet harvester traffic, whereas in the soil depth 50-55 cm higher values were found. The three-axle harvester on wet soil reduced the saturated hydraulic conductivity in the top soil below the critical threshold value of 10 cm d-1.The results clearly demonstrate that under dry soil conditions, that two-axle and three-axle sugarbeet harvester with low tire inflation pressure (140 kPa front, 190 kPa middle and rear) did not change the analysed soil properties. Also under wet conditions the effects were small – mainly because of the low tyre inflation pressure. As a result of this, we concluded that soil protecting sugar beet harvesting requires a good load carry capacity of the soil
Effect of tillage systems on energy input and energy efficiency for sugar beet and soybean under Pannonian climate conditions
No full textComparison of energy inputs and energy efficiency for maize in a long-term tillage experiment under Pannonian climate conditions
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