64,555 research outputs found
Off-shell effects on the interaction of Nambu-Goldstone bosons and mesons
No full textThe Bethe-Salpeter equation in unitarized chiral perturbation theory is usually solved with the so-called on-shell approximation. The underlying argument is that the off-shell effects can be absorbed by the corresponding coupling constants and physical masses, which has been corroborated by the success of unitarized chiral perturbation theory in describing a variety of physical phenomena. Such an approximation needs to be scrutinized when applied to study the light-quark mass evolution of physical observables, as routinely performed nowadays. In the present work, we propose to solve the Bethe-Salpeter equation with the full off-shell terms of the chiral potentials and apply this formalism to the description of the latest lattice QCD (LQCD) data on the scattering lengths of Nambu-Goldstone bosons off mesons. It is shown that the LQCD data can be better described in this formalism than in the widely used on-shell approximation. On the other hand, no qualitative difference between the on-shell and off-shell approaches is observed for the light-quark mass evolution of the scattering lengths, given the limited LQCD data and their relatively large uncertainties. We also show that the light-quark mass dependence of the remains essentially the same in both approaches
Chen Bi-sheng & Yang Guo-zhen, Chen Jia-geng zhuan
No full textChing-Fatt Yong. Chen Bi-sheng & Yang Guo-zhen, Chen Jia-geng zhuan. In: Archipel, volume 27, 1984. pp. 201-202
Chen Bi-sheng & Yang Guo-zhen, Chen Jia-geng zhuan
No full textChing-Fatt Yong. Chen Bi-sheng & Yang Guo-zhen, Chen Jia-geng zhuan. In: Archipel, volume 27, 1984. pp. 201-202
Encarsia imiza Geng & Li 2017, sp. nov.
No full textEncarsia imiza Li & Geng, sp. nov. Figs 18–23 Type material. Holotype ♀ [on slide, NEFU]: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Anshan City, Qianshan Mountains, Gudaoguan, 19–21.IX.2015, Hui Geng, Xin-Yu Zhang, Ye Chen, YPT. Paratype. 1♀ [on slide, NEFU], CHINA, Liaoning Province, Fushun City, Yuanshuailin, 18.VI.2012, Hui Geng, Xiang-Xiang Jin, Jiang Liu, sweeping. Diagnosis. Female. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.58–0.66 mm. Head (Fig. 18) yellow with some brownish patches. Mesosoma (Fig. 20) mainly yellowish-brown with some pale yellow or brown patches. Metasoma (Fig. 20) pale yellow except petiole brown. Fore wing faintly infuscate behind submarginal and stigmal veins. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 8 or 10 setae; placoid sensilla on scutellum moderately separated (Fig. 20). Fore wing (Fig. 21) 2.38–2.52× as long as wide, marginal fringe 0.23–0.25× as long as wing width. Mid tibial spur 0.57–0.61× as long as corresponding basitarsus. Ovipositor hardly exerted, 0.77–0.79× as long as mid tibia; third valvula 0.34× as long as second valvifer. Description. Female. Holotype. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.58 mm. Head yellow except clypeus, malar sulcus, a spot on each side of occipital foramen, and postocellar bars brown. Antenna (Fig. 19) pale yellow. Mesosoma yellowish-brown except side lobe pale yellow; pronotum, anterior margin of mid lobe, a patch on expanded part of each side lobe, inner sides of axillae, and propodeum brown. Wings (Figs 21, 22) hyaline, fore wing with a faint infuscation behind submarginal and stigmal veins, veins pale brown. Legs yellow (Fig. 23). Metasoma pale yellow except petiole brown. Head (Fig. 18) wider than mesosoma. Stemmaticum with transversely rugose sculpture. Mandible with two teeth and a truncation. Radicle (R), scape (S), pedicel (P) and 6 flagellomeres with the following ratios of length to width: R: 2.62, S: 4, P: 1.5, F1: 1.83, F2: 2.09, F3: 2.23, F4: 2.04, F5: 1.85 and F6: 1.92; relative lengths of R–F6 to length of F1: R: 1.03, S: 2.79, P: 1.03, F1: 1.00, F2: 1.33, F3: 1.42, F4: 1.48, F5: 1.45, and F6: 1.39; flagellomeres with the following numbers of longitudinal sensilla: F1: 0, F2: 1, F3: 2, F4: 3, F5: 3, F6: 3. Mesosoma 0.79× as long as metasoma (Fig. 20). Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 8 setae, each side lobe of mesoscutum with 3 setae. Distance between placoid sensilla on scutellum 4.89× maximum width of a sensillum. Distance between anterior pair of scutellar setae equal to distance between posterior pair. Fore wing (Fig. 21) 2.52× as long as wide, costal cell with 7 short setae, basal cell with 10 setae, marginal vein with 6 setae along anterior margin; marginal fringe 0.25× as long as wing width. Mid tibial spur 0.57× as long as corresponding basitarsus, and the latter 0.37× as long as mid tibia. Hind tibia 0.96× as long as mid tibia. Metasoma (Fig. 20) with petiole distinctly sculptured. T2–T7 with 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 6, 1+4+1 (4 between cercal plates) and 4 setae, respectively. Ovipositor slightly exerted, apparently originating from base of T4, 0.79× as long as mid tibia, and 0.58× as long as mid tibia and basitarsus combined. Third valvula 0.34× as long as second valvifer. Male. Unknown. Host. Unknown. Variation. Sole paratype more infuscate on metasoma: T1 anteriorly, T5 completely, and T6 anteriorly brown; mid lobe of mesoscutum with 10 setae. Etymology. The specific name is an anagram of azimi, a similar species in this genus. Comments. Encarsia imiza resembles E. azimi Hayat in having similar body colour and the presence of internal sculpture in the cells forming the reticulation on the thoracic dorsum, but can be separated from the latter by the following characters: occiput largely yellow except for a brownish patch on each side of foramen (vs occiput completely brownish); mesosoma largely brownish-yellow (vs brown); all legs yellowish (vs fore and hind coxae brown basally); ovipositor 0.56–0.58× as long as mid tibia and basitarsus combined (vs 0.76×); gaster pale yellow (vs pale yellow with T1 across base dark brown).Published as part of Geng, Hui & Li, Cheng-De, 2017, Three new species of the Encarsia inaron (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) species group from China with a key to Chinese species, pp. 208-222 in Zootaxa 4306 (2) on page 215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/84373
Encarsia dongbeiana Geng & Li 2017, sp. nov.
No full textEncarsia dongbeiana Li & Geng, sp. nov. Figs 2–17 Type material. Holotype. ♀ [on slide, NEFU]: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Anshan City, Qianshan Mountains, Xianrentai, 20.IX.2015, Hui Geng, Xin-Yu Zhang, Ye Chen, sweeping. Paratypes. 1♀, 1♂ [on slides, NEFU], same data as holotype; 4♀, 4♂ [on slides, NEFU], CHINA, Heilongjiang Province, Mudanjiang City, Heixiazigou, 26.VIII.2015, Hui Geng, Yan Gao, Zhi-Guang Wu, sweeping; 1♀, 2♂ [on slides, NEFU], CHINA, Jilin Province, Wangqing County, Daxingou Town, Longshui Village, 24.VIII.2015, Hui Geng, Yan Gao, Zhi-Guang Wu, sweeping. Diagnosis. Female. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.57–0.71 mm. Head mainly yellow with postocellar bars dark brown and two short oblique bands above occipital foramen brown (Figs 2, 3). Mesosoma and metasoma entirely dark yellow with only pronotum pale brown. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 8 or 9 setae; placoid sensilla on scutellum moderately separated (Fig. 7). Fore wing (Fig. 5) 2.52–2.74× as long as wide, marginal fringe 0.26–0.3× as long as wing width. Mid tibial spur 0.54–0.62× as long as corresponding basitarsus (Fig. 8). Ovipositor slightly exerted, about as long as mid tibia; third valvula 0.40–0.46× as long as second valvifer (Fig. 9). Male. Mostly brown with some paler parts. Antenna with last two flagellomeres partly fused (Fig. 12). Genitalia 0.75–0.84× as long as mid tibia. Description. Female. Holotype. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.61 mm. Head yellow except postocellar bars dark brown and two short oblique bands above occipital foramen brown. Antenna (Fig. 4) dark yellow with radicle and scape pale yellow and distal flagellomere brown. Mesosoma and metasoma entirely dark yellow with only pronotum pale brown. Wings (Figs 5, 6) including venation hyaline. Legs completely yellow. Head (cf. Fig. 2), as wide as mesosoma in dorsal view. Ocelli forming about an obtuse triangle, POL<OOL. Stemmaticum (cf. Fig. 3) with transversely rugose sculpture. Mandible with two teeth and a truncation (cf. Fig. 2). Radicle (R), scape (S), pedicel (P), and 6 flagellomeres with the following ratios of length to width: R: 2.91, S: 3.59, P: 1.55, F1: 1.78, F2: 2.1, F3: 2.2, F4: 1.96, F5: 1.74 and F6: 1.83; relative lengths of R–F6 to length of F1: R: 1.00, S: 2.63, P: 0.88, F1: 1.00, F2: 1.25, F3: 1.38, F4: 1.38, F5: 1.25, and F6: 1.31; flagellomeres with the following numbers of longitudinal sensilla: F1: 1, F2: 2, F3: 2, F4: 3, F5: 3, F6: 3. Mesosoma 0.68× as long as metasoma. Mid lobe of mesoscutum (Fig. 7) with 9 setae, each side lobe of mesoscutum with 3 setae. Distance between placoid sensilla on scutellum approximately 4.4× maximum width of a sensillum. Distance between anterior pair of scutellar setae 1.64× distance between posterior pair. Fore wing (Fig. 5) 2.59× as long as wide, costal cell with 10 short setae, basal cell with 6 setae, marginal vein with 6 setae along anterior margin; marginal fringe 0.27 × as long as wing width. Mid tibial spur 0.58× as long as corresponding basitarsus, the latter 0.38× as long as mid tibia. Hind tibia 1.04× as long as mid tibia (Fig.8). Metasoma (Fig. 9) with petiole (Fig. 10) sculptured. T2–T7 with 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 2+2, 1+4+1 (4 between cercal plates) and 4 setae, respectively. Ovipositor (Fig. 9) slightly exerted, apparently originating from base of T3, 1.03× as long as mid tibia, and 0.75× as long as mid tibia and basitarsus combined. Third valvula 0.46× as long as second valvifer. Male. Essentially similar to female, differing mainly in colour, antennal structure and genitalia. Head (Fig. 11) yellow except malar sulcus infuscate, a stripe at level of occipital foramen brown, and postocellar bars dark brown. Mesosoma (Fig. 13) largely yellow with pronotum, mid lobe of mesoscutum anteriorly and mediolongitudinally, axillae and propodeum brown. Metasoma brown to dark brown with T6 posteriorly and T7 yellow. Antenna (Fig. 12) dark brown with abundant longitudinal sensilla on all flagellomeres, last two flagellomeres partly fused. Genitalia (Fig. 17) 0.75–0.84× as long as mid tibia. Host. Unknown. Variation. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.57–0.71 mm. Antenna dark yellow to yellowish-brown. Mesosoma and metasoma entirely dark yellow with pronotum, cercal plates and ovipositor stylet apically brown or pale brown. F1 0.94–1.14× as long as pedicel, without or with 1 longitudinal sensillum. Fore wing 2.52– 2.74× as long as wide, marginal fringe 0.26–0.3× as long as wing width. Basal cell with 6–10 setae. Marginal vein usually with 6 or 7 (rarely 5 or 8) long setae along anterior margin. Ovipositor 0.99–1.09× as long as mid tibia, and 0.72–0.79× as long as mid tibia and basitarsus combined. Third valvula 0.4–0.46× as long as second valvifer. Etymology. dongbei = the Chinese word for northeast; and refers to the distribution of the species in the northeastern part of China. Comments. E. dongbeiana is similar to E. aferi Schmidt & Polaszek in having the head and body mostly yellowish, but differs from the latter in: mesosoma and metasoma with only pronotum brownish (vs with some brownish patches on mesosoma, petiole and faint transverse band on T1); marginal fringe of fore wing 0.26– 0.3× as long as wing width (vs 0.2–0.21×); distance between anterior pair of scutellar setae 1.4–1.64× distance between posterior pair (vs 1×); ovipositor 0.99–1.09× as long as mid tibia (vs 0.85–0.91×); third valvula 0.4– 0.46× as long as second valvifer (vs 0.3–0.33). Encarsia dongbeiana also resembles those E. melanostoma Polaszek & Hernández with a completely yellow metasoma (colouration variable in melanostoma as noted in original description), but differs from the latter in different antennal formula, 1,1,4,2 (vs 1,1,3,3), presence of internal sculpture in the cells forming reticulation on mesoscutum (vs absent), pale clypeus and malar sulcus (vs dark) and more distantly placed anterior pair of scutellar setae than that between posterior pair, 1.4–1.64× (vs 0.8–1.1×).Published as part of Geng, Hui & Li, Cheng-De, 2017, Three new species of the Encarsia inaron (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) species group from China with a key to Chinese species, pp. 208-222 in Zootaxa 4306 (2) on pages 210-211, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/84373
Encarsia hayati Li & Geng, sp. nov.
No full textEncarsia hayati Li & Geng, sp. nov. Figs 9–16 Type material. Holotype. ♀ [on slide], (NEFU), CHINA, Jiangxi Province, Shangrao City, Wuyishan Protection Station, 780m, 2.VII. 2013, Chao Zhang, sweeping. Paratype. 1♀ [on slide], CHINA, Hubei Province, Suizhou City, Santan, 14. VIII. 2015, Hui Geng, Yan Gao, Zhi-Guang Wu, sweeping. (NEFU). Diagnosis. Female. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.49–0.51 mm. Body pale yellow except clypeus, malar sulcus and postocellar bars brown. Antennal formula 1:1:3:3. F1 and F2 without longitudinal sensilla. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4 setae; each side lobe and axilla with 1 seta; placoid sensilla on scutellum narrowly separated; distance between anterior pair of scutellar setae distinctly less than that between posterior pair. Fore wing 3.35–3.49× as long as wide, sparsely setose, with a large asetose area around stigmal vein; marginal fringe 0.88–0.89× as long as wing width. Tarsal formula 5:4:5. Mid tibial spur 0.70–0.76× as long as corresponding basitarsus. Petiole with sculpture laterally. Ovipositor slightly exerted, 1.15–1.19× as long as mid tibia; third valvula 0.35–0.36× as long as second valvifer. Description. Female. Holotype. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.51 mm. Head and body including ovipositor and legs pale yellow except clypeus, malar sulcus and postocellar bars brown. Antennae yellow except last two segments slightly brown. Wings hyaline, venation pale brown. Head (Fig. 9), in frontal view, 1.77× as wide as high, and about as wide as mesosoma. Ocelli forming about an obtuse triangle, POL distinctly less than OOL. Maxillary and labial palpi 1-segmented. Mandibles with two teeth and a truncation. Eyes with fine and transparent setae. Frontovertex with short setae. Antennal formula, 1:1:3:3 (Fig. 10); radicle (R), scape (S), pedicel (P), 3 funicle segments (F1–F3) and 3 club segments (F4–F6) with the following ratios of length to width: R: 2.00, S: 4.05, P: 1.47, F1: 1.40, F2: 2.00, F3: 1.89, F4: 1.65, F5: 1.70 and F6: 2.33; relative lengths of segments R–F6 to length of F1: R: 1.15, S: 3.68, P: 1.61, F1: 1.00, F2: 1.61, F3: 1.95, F4: 1.90, F5: 1.95 and F6: 2.41; flagellum with the following numbers of longitudinal sensilla: F1: 0, F2: 0, F3: 2, F4: 3, F5: 3, F6: 3. Mesosoma (Fig. 11) 0.61× as long as metasoma. Mid lobe of mesoscutum and axillae weakly reticulate. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4 setae, each side lobe of mesoscutum with 1 seta. Axilla with 1 short seta. Scutellum 1.94× as wide as long, and 0.75× as long as mid lobe of mesoscutum. Distance between placoid sensilla on scutellum about own maximum width. Anterior pair of scutellar setae clearly shorter than posterior pair, and distance between anterior pair 0.7× that between posterior pair. Endophragma long and rounded at apex, extending to posterior margin of T1. Fore wing (Fig. 12) 3.49× as long as wide, sparsely setose, with a large asetose area around stigmal vein; costal cell with 4 short setae in basal half; basal cell with 2 setae, with proximal one distinctly shorter; submarginal vein with 2 setae; marginal vein 1.38× as long as submarginal vein, with 5 setae along anterior margin; marginal fringe 0.89× as long as wing width. Hind wing 8× as long as wide, marginal fringe 1.84× as long as wing width. Tarsal formula 5:4:5, mid leg with last two tarsal segments fused but indicated by a transverse suture (Fig. 13). Mid tibial spur 0.7× as long as corresponding basitarsus (Fig. 13), and the latter 0.34× as long as mid tibia. Hind tibia 0.99× as long as mid tibia. Metasoma with petiole (Fig. 15) sculptured laterally. T1–T5 with scale-like reticulation laterally. T2–T7 with 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 2+2, 1+2+1 and 4 setae, respectively. T7 1.56× as wide as long. Ovipositor (Fig. 16) not exerted, apparently originating from middle of T3, 1.19× as long as mid tibia, and 0.89× as long as mid tibia and basitarsus combined. Third valvula 0.36× as long as second valvifer. Male. Unknown. Host. Unknown. Variation. Sole paratype with antennal F2 1.41× as long as wide, F3 1.63× as long as wide and with 2 longitudinal sensilla; fore wing with 4 setae along anterior margin; hind tibia 1.04× as long as mid tibia. Other characters the same as holotype. Etymology. This species is named in honor of Prof. Mohammad Hayat (Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, India) for his contributions to the study of Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea. Comments. Mid tarsal structure of E. hayati is similar to that of the foregoing new species (see also comments under E. dianensis). Placement to species-group of this new species is uncertain. Among the species with a 5:4:5 tarsal formula and fore wing with a clear asetose area around the stigmal vein (meghalayana - and cubensis -group), E. hayati is unique by having a completely yellow body, and narrowly separated placoid sensilla on the scutellum. This species is closely related to E. dianensis based on similar structures of the mid tarsi, body color, and shape and characters of the fore wing, but can be separated from the latter by the differences given in the key and the comments under E. dianensis.Published as part of Geng, Hui & Li, Cheng-De, 2016, Five new species of genus Encarsia Förster from China (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), pp. 535-549 in Zootaxa 4162 (3) on pages 540-542, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/25468
Encarsia yunnana Li & Geng, sp. nov.
No full textEncarsia yunnana Li & Geng, sp. nov. Figs 31–38 Type material. Holotype. ♀ [on slide], (NEFU), CHINA, Yunnan Province, Baoshan City, Tengchong County, Yinghe Village, 1820m, 17–19. VII. 2012, Xiang-Xiang Jin, Hui Geng, Chao Zhang, YPT. Paratypes. 3♀ [on slides], same data as holotype. (NEFU). Diagnosis. Female. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.5–0.66 mm. Ocelli forming a right to slightly obtuse triangle. POL distinctly less than OOL. Mandible with two teeth and a truncation. Maxillary and labial palpi 1- segmented. Antennal formula 1:1:4:2. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 2 setae; each side lobe with 2 setae; axilla with 1 seta; distance between placoid sensilla on scutellum approximately 2–4× maximum width of a sensillum; distance between anterior pair of scutellar setae about equal to that between posterior pair. Fore wing 3.21–3.36× as long as wide, with an asetose area around stigmal vein; marginal fringe 0.67–0.8× as long as wing width. Tarsal formula 5:5:5. Mid tibial spur 0.88–0.97× as long as corresponding basitarsus. Petiole with sculpture laterally. T7 2.52–2.6× as wide as long. Ovipositor not or hardly exerted, 0.93–1.1× as long as mid tibia; third valvula 0.36– 0.4× as long as second valvifer. Description. Female. Holotype. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.66 mm. Head and body pale yellow except pronotum brown, petiole, T1 and T4–6 with very faint brownish bands. Ovipositor yellow. Antennae pale yellow. Fore wing hyaline, venation pale except stigmal vein mostly and base of submarginal vein slightly infuscate. Hind wing hyaline. Legs pale yellow. Head (Fig. 31) a little broader than mesosoma. Frontovertex 0.67× as broad as head width. Eyes with fine and transparent setae. Ocelli forming about a right triangle, POL distinctly less than OOL. Stemmaticum with reticulate sculpture. Mandible (Fig. 31) weakly dentate, with two teeth and a truncation. Maxillary and labial palpi 1- segmented. Antennae inserted at level of lower margin of eyes. Antennal formula, 1:1:4:2 (Fig. 32); radicle (R), scape (S), pedicel (P), 4 funicle segments (F1–F4) and 2 club segments (F5–F6) with the following ratios of length to width: R: 2.20, S: 4.13, P:1.44, F1: 1.83, F2: 2.42, F3: 1.88, F4: 1.75, F5: 1.73 and F6: 1.86; relative lengths of segments R–F6 to length of F1: R: 1.00, S: 3.00, P: 1.24, F1: 1.00, F2: 1.32, F3: 1.36, F4: 1.59, F5: 1.64 and F6: 1.90; flagellum with the following numbers of longitudinal sensilla: F1: 0, F2: 1, F3: 1, F4: 3, F5: 3, F6: 3. Mesosoma (cf. Fig. 33) 0.75× as long as metasoma. Mid lobe of mesoscutum and axillae indistinctly reticulate. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 2 setae near posterior margin, each side lobe with 2 setae. Axilla with 1 seta. Scutellum 2.08× as wide as long, and 0.62× as long as mid lobe. Distance between placoid sensilla on scutellum approximately 4× maximum width of a sensillum. Anterior pair of scutellar setae distinctly shorter and thinner than posterior pair, and distance between anterior pair 0.92× that between posterior pair. Endophragma rounded at apex, extending to anterior margin of T2. Fore wing (Fig. 34) 3.3× as long as wide, with a small asetose area around stigmal vein; costal cell with 4 short setae in basal half; basal cell with 2 setae; submarginal vein with 2 setae; marginal vein 1.26× as long as submarginal vein, with 4 setae along anterior margin; marginal fringe 0.67× as long as wing width. Hind wing (Fig. 35) 7.69× as long as wide, marginal fringe 1.54× as long as wing width. Tarsal formula 5:5:5. Mid tibial spur 0.92× as long as corresponding basitarsus (Fig. 36), and the latter 0.28× as long as mid tibia. Hind tibia as long as mid tibia. Metasoma (Fig. 37) with petiole (Fig. 38) sculptured laterally. T1–T4 with scale-like reticulation laterally. T2– T7 with 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 2+2, 1+2+1 and 4 setae, respectively. T7 2.59× as wide as long. Ovipositor not or hardly exerted, apparently originating from anterior margin of T4, 1.05× as long as mid tibia, and 0.83× as long as mid tibia and basitarsus combined. Third valvula 0.37× as long as second valvifer. Male. Unknown. Host. Unknown. Variation. Antennal segment F3 with 1–2 longitudinal sensilla. Distance between placoid sensilla on scutellum approximately 2–4× maximum width of a sensillum. Axillae completely yellow (slightly brownish at apex in one paratype). Marginal vein of fore wing with 4 or 5 (in one paratype with 6–8) setae along anterior margin. In one paratype, 1 seta present at apex of stigmal vein of fore wing. Etymology. The specific name is derived from the collection locality name. Comments. This new species is placed in the E. parvella- group as defined by Polaszek & Gill (2011), except for the host being unknown, in having all tarsi 5-segmented, fore wing with an asetose area around the stigmal vein, marginal fringe of the fore wing not longer than the wing width, and each side lobe of the mesoscutum with 2 setae. However, it is easily separated from all the species of the group by the following combination of characters: only 2 setae on the mid lobe of the mesoscutum, relatively densely setose fore wing disc, laterally sculptured petiole, and relatively short third valvula (less than 0.5× second valvifer). Encarsia yunnana resembles E. gerlingi Viggiani (1989) in similar body color, antennal structure, similar shape, setation, pigmentation on venation of the fore wing, and relatively short third valvulae, but is distinguished from the latter by: mid lobe of mesoscutum with 2 setae (vs 8 setae), marginal fringe of fore wing relatively long, 0.67–0.80× as long as wing width (vs shorter than half of wing width), and distance between anterior pair of scutellar setae about equal to that between posterior pair (vs distinctly shorter).Published as part of Geng, Hui & Li, Cheng-De, 2016, Five new species of genus Encarsia Förster from China (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), pp. 535-549 in Zootaxa 4162 (3) on pages 546-548, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/25468
Encarsia polymacula Geng & Li 2017, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Encarsia polymacula</i> Li & Geng, sp. nov. <p>Figs 31–38</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype ♀ [on slide, NEFU]: CHINA, Liaoning Province, Huludao City, Jianchang County, 4.VII.2012, Si-Zhu Liu, Jiang Liu, sweeping.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Female</i>. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.63 mm. Head (Fig. 31) yellow except clypeus, malar sulcus, a patch on each side of occipital foramen and postocellar bars brown. Mesosoma (Fig. 33) largely yellow with some brown to dark brown patches. Metasoma (Fig. 33) dark yellow with petiole, T1 anteriorly, sides of T1– T4 brown, T5 and T6 largely brown with middle part paler. Mid lobe of mesoscutum (Fig.34) with 11 setae; placoid sensilla on scutellum moderately separated. Fore wing (Fig. 35) 2.5× as long as wide, marginal fringe 0.24× as long as wing width. Mid tibial spur 0.42× as long as corresponding basitarsus (Fig. 37). Petiole with distinct reticulate sculpture (Fig. 38). Ovipositor slightly exerted, 0.77× as long as mid tibia; third valvula 0.4× as long as second valvifer.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> <i>Female</i>. Holotype. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.63 mm. Head yellow except clypeus, malar sulcus, a patch on each side of occipital foramen and postocellar bars brown. Antenna (Fig. 32) dark yellow with pedicel and last flagellomere brown. Mesosoma largely yellow with pronotum, anterior margin of mid lobe, a patch on expanded part of each side lobe, apex of axillae, and propodeum laterally brown, about posterior two thirds of notauli and anterior margin of scutellum dark brown. Fore wing, including costal cell, largely infuscate below venation, and darker below base of marginal vein and stigmal vein to more or less give an appearance of 2 cross bands, veins brown. Legs yellow. Metasoma dark yellow with petiole, T1 anteriorly, sides of T1–T4 brown, T5 and T6 largely brown with middle part paler.</p> <p>Head (Fig. 31) wider than mesosoma. Mandible with three acute teeth. Radicle (R), scape (S), pedicel (P), and 6 flagellomeres with the following ratios of length to width: R: 2.43, S: 4.16, P: 1.53, F1: 2, F2: 2.35, F3: 2.22, F4: 2.26, F5: 2.08 and F6: 2.35; relative lengths of R–F6 to length of F1: R: 0.85, S: 2.8, P: 0.82, F1: 1.00, F2: 1.15, F3: 1.25, F4: 1.3, F5: 1.33, and F6: 1.33; flagellomeres with the following numbers of longitudinal sensilla: F1: 0, F2: 1, F3: 1, F4: 3, F5: 3, F6: 2.</p> <p>Mesosoma 0.95× as long as metasoma (Fig. 33). Mid lobe of mesoscutum (Fig. 34) with 11 setae, each side lobe of mesoscutum with 3 setae. Distance between placoid sensilla on scutellum 5× maximum width of a sensillum. Distance between anterior pair of scutellar setae 1.16× distance between posterior pair. Fore wing (Fig. 35) 2.61× as long as wide, costal cell with 7 short setae, basal cell with 6 setae, marginal vein with 7 setae along anterior margin; marginal fringe 0.24 × as long as wing width. Mid tibial spur 0.5× as long as corresponding basitarsus, and the latter 0.39× as long as mid tibia. Hind tibia 0.96× as long as mid tibia (Fig. 37).</p> <p>Metasoma with petiole (Fig. 38) faintly sculptured. T2–T7 with 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 2+2, 1+4+1 (4 between cercal plates) and 4 setae, respectively. Ovipositor slightly exerted, apparently originating from base of T3, 0.77× as long as mid tibia, and 0.55× as long as mid tibia and basitarsus combined. Third valvula 0.4× as long as second valvifer.</p> <p> <i>Male</i>. Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Host.</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> <i>Greek</i>: <i>poly</i> = many, much, multi-; <i>Latin</i>: <i>macula</i> = spot, stain; and refers to the many brown patches on the body.</p> <p> <b>Comments.</b> <i>Encarsia polymacula</i> is similar to <i>E. levadicola</i> Polaszek & Hernández in body colour and antennal structure, but differs from the latter by having the fore wing largely infuscate below the venation (<i>vs</i> completely hyaline), F1 2× as long as wide (<i>vs</i> 1.5×), distance between anterior pair of scutellar setae 1.16× that between posterior pair (<i>vs</i> 0.8–1×), mid tibial spur 0.50× as long as corresponding basitarsus (<i>vs</i> 0.66–0.74×) and ovipositor 0.77× as long as mid tibia (<i>vs</i> 1–1.2×).</p>Published as part of <i>Geng, Hui & Li, Cheng-De, 2017, Three new species of the Encarsia inaron (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) species group from China with a key to Chinese species, pp. 208-222 in Zootaxa 4306 (2)</i> on page 219, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4306.2.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/843736">http://zenodo.org/record/843736</a>
Encarsia huangi Li & Geng, sp. nov.
No full textEncarsia huangi Li & Geng, sp. nov. Figs 23–30 Type material. Holotype. ♀ [on slide], (NEFU), CHINA, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, Mengla County, Menglun Town, Nanxing, 13. II. 2014, Guo-Hao Zu, Zhong-Ping Xiong, sweeping. Diagnosis. Female. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.45 mm. Frontovertex 0.59× as broad as head width; ocelli forming about an obtuse triangle. Mandible with two teeth and a truncation; maxillary and labial palpi 1- segmented. Antennal formula 1:1:3:3. F1 and F2 without longitudinal sensilla. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4 setae; each side lobe with 2 setae; axilla with 1 seta; placoid sensilla on scutellum narrowly separated; distance between anterior pair of scutellar setae distinctly shorter than that between posterior pair. Fore wing 3.57× as long as wide, sparsely setose, with two large asetose areas, one around stigmal vein and the other at apex of wing disc; marginal fringe about as long as wing width; basal cell asetose. Tarsal formula 5:5:5. Mid tibial spur 0.83× as long as corresponding basitarsus. Petiole finely sculptured. T7 1.83× as wide as long. Ovipositor not exerted, 0.82× as long as mid tibia; third valvula 0.4× as long as second valvifer. Description. Female. Holotype. Length, mesosoma plus metasoma, 0.45 mm. Head and body (Fig. 28) including legs almost entirely pale yellow, but antennal clava a little darker and distal part of ovipositor stylet brownish. Wings mostly hyaline, except below marginal vein narrowly and apical wing margin very narrowly infuscate, venation brown. Head (Fig. 23), in frontal view, 1.56× as wide as high, and about as wide as mesosoma. Frontovertex 0.59× as broad as head width. Eyes with fine and transparent setae. Ocelli forming about an obtuse triangle. Mandible with two teeth and a truncation. Maxillary and labial palpi 1-segmented. Antennae inserted at level of lower margin of eyes. Antennal formula, 1:1:3:3 (Fig. 24); radicle (R), scape (S), pedicel (P), 3 funicle segments (F1–F3) and 3 club segments (F4–F6) with the following ratios of length to width: R: 2.13, S: 3.25, P: 1.60, F1: 1.33, F2: 1.54, F3: 1.50, F4: 1.52, F5: 1.40 and F6: 1.68; relative lengths of segments R–F6 to length of F1: R: 1.25, S: 3.25, P: 1.50, F1: 1.00, F2: 1.25, F3: 1.50, F4: 1.75, F5: 1.75, and F6: 2.00; flagellum with the following numbers of longitudinal sensilla: F1: 0, F2: 0, F3: 1, F4: 3, F5: 3, F6: 3. Mesosoma (Fig. 25) 0.64× as long as metasoma. Mid lobe of mesoscutum and axillae weakly reticulate. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4 setae, each side lobe of mesoscutum with 2 setae. Axilla with 1 short seta. Scutellum 2.48× as wide as long, and 0.53× as long as mid lobe of mesoscutum. Placoid sensilla on scutellum separated slightly, by less than own maximum width. Anterior pair of scutellar setae clearly shorter than posterior pair, and distance between anterior pair 0.52× that between posterior pair. Endophragma long and rounded at apex, extending to posterior margin of T2. Fore wing (Fig. 26) 3.57× as long as wide, sparsely setose, with two large asetose areas, one around stigmal vein and the other at apex of wing disc; costal cell with 4 short setae in basal half; basal cell asetose; submarginal vein with 2 setae; marginal vein 1.38× as long as submarginal vein, with 5 setae along anterior margin; marginal fringe as long as wing width. Tarsal formula 5:5:5. Mid tibial spur 0.83× as long as corresponding basitarsus (Fig. 27), and the latter 0.28× as long as mid tibia. Hind tibia 0.93× as long as mid tibia. Metasoma (Fig. 28) with petiole (Fig. 29) finely sculptured. T1–T5 with scale-like reticulation laterally. T2–T7 with 1+1, 1+1, 1+1, 2+2, 1+2+1 and 4 setae, respectively. T7 1.83× as wide as long. Ovipositor (Fig. 30) not exerted, apparently originating from posterior margin of T4, 0.82× as long as mid tibia, and 0.64× as long as mid tibia and basitarsus combined. Third valvula 0.40× as long as second valvifer. Male. Unknown. Host. Unknown. Etymology. This species is named in honor of Prof. Huang Jian (Plant Protection College of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China) for his contributions to the study of Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae. Comments. This new species is placed in the E. citrina- group (Viggiani & Mazzone 1979; Hayat 1989) based on the shape of the fore wing, longer marginal fringe, presence of an asetose area around the stigmal vein, mid lobe of mesoscutum with 4 setae, petiole with fine sculpture, submarginal vein with 2 setae, and mid tarsi 5-segmented, but differs from all the other species of this group (citrina, lounsburyi, curtifuniculata, gracilens,?flava,?fusca,?latipennis) mainly by the narrowly separated placoid sensilla on the scutellum, and entirely pale yellow body. Further differences are listed in the key.Published as part of Geng, Hui & Li, Cheng-De, 2016, Five new species of genus Encarsia Förster from China (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), pp. 535-549 in Zootaxa 4162 (3) on pages 544-546, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4162.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/25468
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