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Description of a New Species of Branchiobdellida (Annelida: Clitellata) and Comparison with Other Cirrodrilus Species in Northern Honshu, Japan
No full textOhtaka, Akifumi, Gelder, Stuart R. (2015): Description of a New Species of Branchiobdellida (Annelida: Clitellata) and Comparison with Other Cirrodrilus Species in Northern Honshu, Japan. Species Diversity 20: 67-71, DOI: 10.12782/sd.20.1.06
A taxonomic reassessment of Cirrodrilus japonicus (Pierantoni, 1912) (Annelida, Clitellata, Branchiobdellida)
No full textOhtaka, Akifumi, Gelder, Stuart R. (2023): A taxonomic reassessment of Cirrodrilus japonicus (Pierantoni, 1912) (Annelida, Clitellata, Branchiobdellida). Zootaxa 5263 (4): 557-565, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.4.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5263.4.
Sathodrilus tetrodonta Gelder 2024, n. comb.
No full textRedescription of <i>Sathodrilus tetrodonta</i> (Pierantoni, 1906) n. comb. <p>(Figure 2A–F)</p> <p> <i>Branchiobdella tetrodonta</i> Pierantoni, 1906c: 3, Tav. 5, Figs. 6–8; Pierantoni 1912: 16, Fig. 9A, B; Ellis 1912: 485; Hall 1914: 190; Goodnight 1939: 12, 1940a: 28, 1940b: 170; Holt 1967: 6; Gelder 1996: 659; Timm 1991: 328.</p> <p> <i>Sathodrilus attenuatus</i> Holt, 1981: 849; Kim <i>et al</i>. 1996: 208; Winnepenninckx <i>et al</i>. 1998: 891; Timm 1999: 75; Gelder & Siddall 2001: 217; Siddall <i>et al</i>. 2001: 348; Martin <i>et al</i>. 2000: 357; Martin 2001: 1090; Gelder <i>et al.</i> 2002: 457; Kawai <i>et al</i>. 2004: 863; Gelder 2005: 156; Ohtaka <i>et al</i>. 2005: 152; Bely 2006: 509; Kaygorodova & Sherbakov 2006: 1391; Ohtaka 2007: 484; Rousset <i>et al</i>. 2008: 449; Ohtaka 2010: 465; Nakata <i>et al</i>. 2010: 167; Gelder <i>et al</i>. 2012: 319; Kobayashi 2012: 93; Williams <i>et al</i>. 2013: 32; Gelder & Williams 2015: 553, 2016: 632; Larson & Williams 2016: 438; Gelder 2016: 244; Vedia <i>et al</i>. 2016: 55; Longshaw 2016: 210; Gelder 2019: 490; Gelder 2020: 151; Williams & Weaver 2021: 65; Kitano <i>et al</i>. 2022: 48; Shida & Kawai 2022: 25; Yamauchi & Kawai 2022: 61; Hoshino <i>et al</i>. 2023: 102.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Pierantoni (1906c: 3) described “ <i>Branchiobdella tetrodonta</i> ” from specimens removed from <i>Astacus klamathensis</i> Stimpson, 1857 (= <i>Pacifastacus leniusculus</i> (Dana, 1852)) that had been collected from the “fiume Klamath (California)” [Klamath River, California]. However, he neither designated any type specimens, nor stated which institution received the syntypes. Attempts to find any syntypes in alcohol in the NHMW (Holt 1967: 7, Gelder unpub. data, Subchev & Gelder 2010) as well as other European Museums (Subchev 2014) have all been unsuccessful.</p> <p> <i>Sathodrilus attenuatus</i>, holotype (USNM 65227) and 32 paratypes (USNM 100445a-i) taken from <i>Pacifastacus (Pacifastacus) leniusculus klamathensis</i> (Stimpson, 1857) from Elk Creek, about 12.6 miles south of Cottage Grove, Douglas County, Oregon, 11 July 1960 (Holt 1981: 849).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> <i>Branchiobdella tetrodonta</i> Pierantoni, 1906c: 3. No etymology was given, but the species name is an elision of the Greek ‘ <i>tessares</i> ’, meaning ‘four’, and the Greek genitive masculine noun ‘ <i>odontos</i> ’, meaning ‘tooth’ (Brown 1956), in reference to the worm’s four-tooth jaw. The Latinized prefix ‘ <i>tetra-</i> ’ joins the root ‘ <i>odontus</i> ’, but in this case the ‘- <i>us</i> ’ ending has been changed to ‘- <i>a</i> ’. As Pierantoni’s intention on its form is not known, it must be treated as a noun in apposition, with the original spelling retained according to Art. 31.2.2 (ICZN 1999).</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Specimens are small to medium sized branchiobdellidans, slim in appearance with the body increasing in diameter from segment 1 to a maximum in segment 7. The head is slender and slightly greater in diameter than segment 1 (Fig. 2D). The mean body length of adult type specimens is 2.4 mm (n = 29, range 2.0 to 3.1 mm). Peristomium consists of smooth dorsal and ventral lips and is separated from the head by a sulcus with a second shallow sulcus midway along the head. Small, indistinct oral papillae surround the mouth. The jaws are small, yellow to light brown, very similar in size and shape, and triangular in lateral view but rectangular in a frontal view. The teeth are narrow and conical forming a straight line, with a dental formula of 4/4 (Fig. 2E). The outer teeth are slightly longer (about 5.0 μm long) than the inner ones (about 4.6 μm long) resulting in their tips forming a visual concave line. A pharyngeal sulcus is present in the organ’s mid region. The slim body is devoid of dorsal segmental ridges, but shallow sulci indicate segments and annuli. Lateral glands on segments 8 and 9 are present, but extensions are absent. The anterior pair of nephridial tubes meet mid-dorsally in a common bulb. These are difficult to see in preserved specimens but easy in live material as the bulb constantly fills with urine and discharges it to the exterior through a nephridial pore about every 30 seconds. The clitellum over segments 5, 6 and 7 is thin. The male reproductive system consists of two pairs of testes, one in each of segments 5 and 6. A pair of sperm funnels are located in each segment and each funnel is connected to a vas efferens that join together in their respective segments to form a vas deferens (Fig. 2F). The vas deferens in segment 5 passes into segment 6 where both vasa deferentia enter the glandular atrium independently. The glandular atrium and associated organs are displaced laterally by the gut and fill about half of the ventral segment’s coelom. The glandular atrium length is 0.5x the segment diameter with the two vasa deferentia entering two prominent deferent bulbs giving the organ a Y-shape appearance. The prostate gland is composed of undifferentiated gland cells with an ental bulb; the gland arises from the dorsal glandular atrium about 0.2x from its ectal end and extends to the confluence of the deferent ducts. The ectal end of the atrium transitions into the muscular atrium, about 0.1x segment diameter long, before passing into the subspherical muscular bursa. The muscular atrium transitions into an eversible penis located in the dorsal third of the bursa. In the retracted position the penis is not easy to see but looks like a compressed spring. Ventral to the penis is the bursal atrium with an internal horizontal sulcus that connects to a vertical folded tube which opens externally through the genital pore. The spermatheca is club-shaped, about 0.9x the segment diameter, with an ovoid glandular spermathecal bulb, 0.6x the organ’s length with the remaining 0.4x being the muscular spermathecal duct.</p> <p> <b>Variations.</b> When the peristomium is not rounded due to contraction, a median emargination is visible in the ventral lip. The width of the head relative to segment 1 varies from about equal to much less and reflects the specimen’s state of extension or contraction on death. The dental formula is usually 4/4 although 5/4 arrangements have been found (Holt 1981: 849). The arrangement of teeth in Fig. 2B and ventral jaw in Fig. 2E show the outer teeth are slightly longer than the inner two; however, as the jaw position deviates from a frontal view this arrangement will be more difficult or impossible to see. The male organs have the same shape and relative size to each other and point either anteriorly or posteriorly. They occupy either the left or right side of the segment and range in size from filling half (Fig. 2F) to the whole side of segment 6. An ental bulb may be visible in the prostate gland. Holt (1981: 851) notes the absence of an ental bulb, but an examination of the holotype and many other preserved and live specimens (Gelder unpub. obs.) revealed one was present. The length of the prostate gland appears to be shorter in some specimens when compared to that of the glandular atrium, but this is likely an artifact due to compression during slide mounting. The muscular atrium ranges from slim tubular to terete. While the length of the spermatheca is constant, the bulb can appear to be slim and ovoid when empty to subspherical when full of sperm. Its position is usually dorso-lateral to the gut, but it can be displaced ventro-laterally making it difficult to see.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Length 2.2 to 3.1 mm, head width slightly wider than segment 1, body slim terete, segments indistinct; dorsal lip smooth, ventral lip median emargination; oral papillae present; jaws’ size similar, small, shape rectangular, teeth small narrow conical, dental formula 4/4; pharyngeal sulcus one; glandular atrium tubular, length 0.6x segment diameter, deferent lobes prominent (organ Y-shaped); prostate gland tubular, arises at ectal third of glandular atrium, length 0.4x the latter, undifferentiated cells, ental bulb present; muscular atrium tubular, length 0.2x segment diameter; bursa subspherical, penis eversible, in ectal 0.3 of bursa; spermatheca club-shaped, length 0.9x segment diameter, bulb ovoid length 0.6x organ, duct tubular length 0.4x organ, ental process absent.</p> <p> <b>Distribution—endemic.</b> Type location is the Klamath River, California (Pierantoni 1906c: 3), while Holt (1981: 851) reported specimens being examined from locations in Benton, Douglas, Lincoln, Marion, Polk counties, Oregon, and Gray’s Harbor and Wahkiakum counties, Washington State, and Lake Tahoe, California (Gelder, 2005); however, its range was stated as “Streams of the Cascade and Coastal Ranges in Oregon and Washington to the headwater streams of the Snake River in Wyoming ” (Holt 1981: 851). Observations on live material were made in Lincoln County, Oregon (Gelder, unpub. data) and eastern Shasta County, California (Maria J. Ellis, unpub. data).</p> <p> <b>Distribution—exotic.</b> As a result of commercial translocations of <i>P. leniusculus</i> to Japan: Hokkaido Prefecture (Kawai <i>et al</i>. 2004: 863; Ohtaka <i>et al</i>. 2005: 152; Ohtaka 2007: 484; Ohtaka 2010: 465; Yamauchi & Kawai 2022: 52), Fukushima Prefecture (Kawai <i>et al</i>. 2004: 863), Gunma Prefecture (Hoshino <i>et al</i>. 2023), Ishikawa Prefecture (Ohtaka <i>et al</i>. 2005: 152), and Niigata Prefecture (Shida & Kawai 2022: 25).</p> <p> <b>Host.</b> <i>Pacifastacus leniusculus</i> (Dana, 1852).</p> <p> <b>Habitat.</b> Live specimens are pink, often forming aggregates on the ventral cephalothorax and carapace with occasional observations on the ventral abdomen. Hosts with <i>S. tetrodonta</i> were often found with cohabiting <i>Cambarincola okadai</i> (Yamaguchi, 1934) and <i>Xironogiton victoriensis</i> Gelder & Hall, 1990 (Gelder unpub. obs.), and <i>Cambarincola gracilis</i> Robinson, 1954, <i>Magmatodrilus obscurus</i> (Goodnight, 1940a), and <i>Xironogiton victoriensis</i> Gelder & Hall, 1990 (Maria J. Ellis, unpub. data).</p>Published as part of <i>Gelder, Stuart R., 2024, A reevaluation and redescription of the branchiobdellidan Sathodrilus tetrodonta (Pierantoni, 1906) new comb. (Annelida: Clitellata), pp. 130-140 in Zootaxa 5403 (1)</i> on pages 134-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5403.1.9, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10561669">http://zenodo.org/record/10561669</a>
Fig. 2 in Description of a New Species of Branchiobdellida (Annelida: Clitellata) and Comparison with Other Cirrodrilus Species in Northern Honshu, Japan
No full textFig. 2. Cirrodrilus iwakiensis sp. nov. Frontal view of oral region showing arrangement of peristomial tentacles and jaws located centrally. Scale bar: 100 µm.Published as part of Ohtaka, Akifumi & Gelder, Stuart R., 2015, Description of a New Species of Branchiobdellida (Annelida: Clitellata) and Comparison with Other Cirrodrilus Species in Northern Honshu, Japan, pp. 67-71 in Species Diversity 20 on page 69, DOI: 10.12782/sd.20.1.067, http://zenodo.org/record/573747
Branchiobdella tetrodonta Gelder 2024, n. sp.
No full text<i>Branchiobdella tetrodonta</i> n. sp. <p> Questa nuova specie è molto affine alla Br. pentodonta <i>[sic!]</i> di Whitman, di cui mi sono estesamente occupato nel mio citato lavoro (1) [Pierantoni 1906b]. Gli esemplari studiati furono rinvenuti su Astacus klamathensis (del fiume Klamath) di california, facienti parte delle collezioni de Museo di Vienna.</p> <p>Caratteri esteni—Ha forma sottile ed allungata, quasi cilindrica, con capo ovoidale, provvisto di due labra, liuno dorsale, l’altro ventral.</p> <p> È anche questa una piccolo species, nonoltrepassando I 2mm di lunghezza e avendo una grossezza di non oltre 1/5 dimm. La ventosa posteriiore non é molto slargata, ed ha la forma di una piccolo coppa. I pori genital sono poco visibili. Il clitello occupa il 7 th segmento dopo il capo.</p> <p>Caratteri interni.—Le du mascelle (Fig. 8) sono provviste ciascuna di quattro dentalli</p> <p>Uguali, e sono esattamente simili fra loro.</p> <p>La spermateca éfatta ad ampulla, con breve condotto di uscita.</p> <p>Lo spermasacco é molto evidente; l’ atrio é slargato, sacciforme; il pene provvisto di rigonfiamento a forma di bulbo, e sprovvisto, come in tutte le piccolo specie, di uncinetti e di guaina chitinosa.</p> <p> Gli ovarî sono bene sviluppati, e grosse le uova che ricolmano la cavità del 7 th segmento postcefalico.</p> <p>Diagnosi riassuntiva.—Corpo allungato, capo poco rigionfio, bocca provista di due labra. Mascelle simili e provviste di quatto dentalli uguali ciascuna. Spermateca in formdi ampulla, atrio sacciforme</p> <p>Dimensioni: Linghezza 2mm grossezza 1/ 5 mm.</p> <p>Habitat: Astacus klamathensis; fiume Klamath (California).”</p> Translation <p> ‘This new species is very similar to Whitman’s <i>Br. pentadonta</i>, with which I have dealt extensively in my cited work (1). The studied specimens were found on <i>Astacus klamathensis</i> (from the Klamath River) of California, part of the collections of the Vienna Museum.</p> <p> External characters.—It has a thin and elongate shape, almost cylindrical, with an ovoid head, provided with two lips, one dorsal, the other ventral. This is also a small species, not exceeding 2 mm in length and having a thickness of not more than 1/5 of a mm. The rear sucker is not very wide and has the shape of a small cup. The genital pores are barely visible. The clitellum occupies the 7 th segment after the head [Fig. 2A].</p> <p> Internal characters.—The two jaws (Fig. 8) are each provided with four teeth. Equal, and they are exactly similar to each other. The spermatheca is made in the form of an ampulla, with a short duct. The sperm bag is very evident; the atrium is widened, sac-like; the penis provided with a bulbous swelling, and without, as in all small species, hooks and chitinous sheath [Fig. 2C]. The ovaries are well developed, and the eggs filling the cavity of the 7 th post-cephalic segment are large.</p> <p>Summary diagnosis. Elongated body, slightly swollen head, mouth with two lips. Jaws similar and provided with four equal teeth each. Spermatheca in ampulla form, saccular atrium.</p> <p>Dimensions.—length 2mm thickness 1/ 5mm.</p> <p> Habitat— <i>Astacus klamathensis</i>; Klamath River (California).’</p>Published as part of <i>Gelder, Stuart R., 2024, A reevaluation and redescription of the branchiobdellidan Sathodrilus tetrodonta (Pierantoni, 1906) new comb. (Annelida: Clitellata), pp. 130-140 in Zootaxa 5403 (1)</i> on page 131, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5403.1.9, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10561669">http://zenodo.org/record/10561669</a>
FIGURE 3 in A taxonomic reassessment of Cirrodrilus japonicus (Pierantoni, 1912) (Annelida, Clitellata, Branchiobdellida)
No full textFIGURE 3. Syntypes of Cirrodrilus japonicus (Pierantoni, 1912) A. Two specimens in fluid, ZMH V-2912a (#1) and 2912b (#2). Upper indicates anterior in both worms. scale bar = 0.5 mm. B. Anterior end of body in #1 with everted pharynx, scale bar = 100 μm. C. Lateral view of peristomium in #2, scale bar = 50 μm. D, E. Dorsal (D) and ventral (E) jaw of #2 from anterior aspects, scale bar = 10 μm. Legends: d, dorsal lobe; dj, dorsal jaw; l, lateral lobe; p, pharynx; v, ventral lip; vj, ventral jaw.Published as part of Ohtaka, Akifumi & Gelder, Stuart R., 2023, A taxonomic reassessment of Cirrodrilus japonicus (Pierantoni, 1912) (Annelida, Clitellata, Branchiobdellida), pp. 557-565 in Zootaxa 5263 (4) on page 562, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/783596
First report of two North American branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata) or crayfish worms on Signal crayfish in Europe with a discussion of similar introductions into Japan
No full textTwo species of North American branchiobdellidans, Cambarincola gracilis Robinson, 1954 and Cambarincola okadai Yamaguchi, 1933, have been reported in Europe for the first time. These branchiobdellidans together with Xirogoniton victoriensis Gelder and Hall, 1990 were found on signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852), collected from the Lot and Tarn River drainages in southern France. Specimens of X. victoriensis were also reported on the same host in the Mayenne River drainage in northeastern France. Brief morphological descriptions of the three alien branchiobdellidan species are given. These introductions are briefly discussed and compared with similar alien ectosymbiotic associations found in Japan
FIGURE 2 in A taxonomic reassessment of Cirrodrilus japonicus (Pierantoni, 1912) (Annelida, Clitellata, Branchiobdellida)
No full textFIGURE 2. Cirrodrilus japonicus (Pierantoni, 1912) A. Lateral view of a whole specimen, redrawn from Yamaguchi (1934: Fig. 7A), scale bar = 200 μm. B. Ventral view of peristomium showing four dorsal lip lobes, two pairs of lateral lobes and the ventral lip with a median emargination, a whole-mounted specimen from Teuri Is. (see Fig. 1, site No. 24), scale bar = 50 μm. C. Anterior view of the dorsal over ventral jaws in a whole-mounted specimen from Hamanaka (see Fig. 1, site No. 18), scale bar = 10 μm. D. Lateral view of segment 5 (left) with the spermatheca and male genitalia in segment 6 (right), a whole-mounted specimen from Esashi (see Fig. 1, site No. 21), scale bar = 50 μm. Legend: Stippled, spermathecal bulb; short transverse lines, spermathecal duct and muscular atrium; stippled discs, glandular atrium; longitudinal lines, muscular bursa. Vasa deferentia not shown. E, F. Dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) jaws of C. japonicus from an anterior aspect showing variations of the small lateral teeth and ridges. E. A specimen from Obihiro (see Fig. 1, site No. 19). F. A specimen from Hamanaka (see Fig. 1, site No. 18), scale bar = 10 μm. G–I. Original figures from Pierantoni (1912: Tab. 5, Figs. 11, 12 & 13), redrawn. G. "Fig. 11—Regione cefalica di Stephanodrilus japonicus n. sp. x120" [head region of Stephanodrilus japonicus]. H. "Fig. 13—Mascella della stessa species, x1200" [jaws of the same species]. I. "Figure 12—Regione genitale della stessa. x500." [genital region]. Legend gives original abbreviations and, in square brackets, names in modern terminology: at, atrio [glandular atrium]; isp, imbuto spermarico [sperm funnel]; ov, ovario [ovary]; spd, spermadutto [sperm duct]; spt, spermateca [spermatheca]; te, testicolo [testis]; tp, tasco peniale [muscular bursa]. Additional features: msp, mature sperm; sps, sperm sac (grey).Published as part of Ohtaka, Akifumi & Gelder, Stuart R., 2023, A taxonomic reassessment of Cirrodrilus japonicus (Pierantoni, 1912) (Annelida, Clitellata, Branchiobdellida), pp. 557-565 in Zootaxa 5263 (4) on page 561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/783596
Cirrodrilus japonicus A. Lateral
No full text<i>Cirrodrilus japonicus</i> (Pierantoni, 1912) <p>Japanese name: Ko-zariganimimizu</p> <p>(Figures 2, 3)</p> <p> <i>Stephanodrilus japonicus</i> Pierantoni, 1912: 20, Fig. 14, Tab. 5, Figs. 11–13.</p> <p> <i>Stephanodrilus</i> (<i>Stephanodrilus</i>) <i>japonicus</i> Pierantoni: Yamaguchi 1934: 199; Yamaguchi 1935a: 24.</p> <p> <i>Stephanodrilus japonicus</i> Pierantoni: Yamaguchi 1954: 101.</p> <p> <i>Cirrodrilus japonicus</i> (Pierantoni): Timm 1991: 329, Fig. 46; Gelder 1996: 658; Gelder 2019: 490.</p> <p> <i>Stephanodrilus</i> (<i>Stephanodrilus</i>) <i>ezoensis</i> Yamaguchi, 1934: 197, Fig. 7.</p> <p> <i>Stephanodrilus</i> (<i>Stephanodrilus</i>) <i>ezoensis</i> Yamaguchi: Yamaguchi 1935a: 23, Fig. 10.2a, 2b; Yamaguchi 1935b: 14, Fig. 6.</p> <p> <i>Stephanodrilus ezoensis</i> Yamaguchi: Yamaguchi 1954: 101.</p> <p> <i>Cirrodrilus ezoensis</i> (Yamaguchi): Timm 1991: 329, Fig. 46; Gelder 1996: 658; Gelder & Ohtaka 2002: 338, Tabs. 1, 2; Ohtaka 2010: 460, Fig. 12; Gelder 2019: 489; Ohtaka <i>et al.</i> 2020: 184, Tab. 1.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> In 1912, Pierantoni deposited 16 specimens in a fluid-filled small jar labeled “ <i>Stephanodrilus japonicus</i> Syntypes ” under the catalogue number, ZMH V-2912, in the Museum of Nature Hamburg —Zoology, Germany; two specimens were mounted whole in Canada balsam on separate slides by AO in 2023. Yamaguchi (1934) did not designate any type specimens either or a type location, but slide-mounted whole specimens of <i>Stephanodrilus ezoensis</i> in his collection were identified and designated syntypes according to Article 73.2. of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999) by Ohtaka <i>et al.</i> (2020) (ICHUM-1666, -1799, -1801, -1809, -1802, -1806, -1807, -1811, -1815, -1821). Yamaguchi reported collecting specimens from 15 sites on Hokkaido, Japan (Gelder & Ohtaka 2002), but only one slide (ICHUM-1811) bore a location name, that of Soranuma (Fig. 1: site No. 6).</p> <p> <b>Material investigated.</b> Two specimens of syntype series of <i>C. japonicus</i>, and extant syntype series of <i>C. ezoensis</i> (see above). Sixty-eight non-type specimens, collected by the first author and his colleagues on Hokkaido at sites No. 2, 9, 16–37 (Fig. 1), together with specimens whole-mounted on slides, in the first author's collection.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Total body length 2.0–3.0 mm, the head width is usually subequal to segment 1, and the club-shaped body has distinct segments (Fig. 2A). Dorsal ridges and projections, supernumerary muscles and lateral paired lobes on segments 8 and 9 are all absent. Peristomium has four lobes on the dorsal lip, two pairs of lateral lobes, a median emargination in the ventral lip (Fig. 2B), and the mouth is surrounded by 16 oral papillae. The jaws differ in size and shape; dorsal being 1.5x the ventral. Dorsal jaw has a crescent-shaped base about 45 μm wide, with a large median tooth and small lateral teeth across the anterior surface along with ridges parallel to the median axes (Fig. 2C). The base of the ventral jaw is ovoid, smaller, 35 μm wide, also with a large median tooth and small lateral teeth across the anterior surface along with ridges parallel to the median axes. The dental formula is about 9/9 (4-1-4/4-1-4) and there is one pharyngeal sulcus. A pair of vasa deferentia or sperm tubes open separately into the glandular atrium; their exact entry has not been resolved. The tubular glandular atrium is about 0.7x the segment diameter in length; deferent lobes and a prostate gland are absent. A terete muscular atrium, about 0.2x segment diameter in length, and a sub-spherical muscular bursa length is 0.3x the segment diameter (Fig. 2D), and its atrium opens externally through the genital pore. The penis is eversible and when retracted, occupies the penial sheath that extends from the ental bursa back into the muscular atrium for about half the latter’s length. The spermatheca is about 0.7x segment diameter in length and consists of a spermathecal bulb (tubular when empty) about 0.2x the organ’s length and a terete muscular duct about 0.8x the organ’s length which opens externally through a spermathecal pore (Fig. 2D). The anterior excretory ducts open separately close to the median line on the dorsal surface of segment 3.</p> <p> <b>Variations.</b> Body length of adults vary from 2.0 mm to 3.0 mm depending on the response to the preservative before death. The dorsal jaw base varies from crescent-shaped to elongate oval, while the ventral jaw base is oval to banana-shaped. Measuring the width of the jaws was found to be less influenced by aspect than other jaw dimensions, e.g., height of the median tooth. The dorsal jaw widths ranged from 41.0 μm to 52.0 μm (N = 22, mean value 44.6 μm) and for the ventral jaw, 28.9 μm to 46.0 μm (N = 18, mean value 34.9 μm). Yamaguchi (1934: 197) drew the jaws and gave their magnification, and from his figures (7a & b) in a reprint, it was calculated that the dorsal jaw was 68 μm and the ventral 38 μm wide, respectively. Ridges parallel to the median axes on both jaws vary from distinct to absent (Fig. 2E, F); note the ventral jaw in figure 2F. The dental formula also varies due to the number of small teeth on each jaw, which range from 7/7 (3-1-3/3-1-3) to 11/13 (5-1-5/6-1-6).</p> <p>The glandular atrium is tubular and varies in appearance from straight to having two or more folds. As the atrium floats free in the coelom, other organs can push it into available spaces thus causing the folds. When the spermathecal bulb is filled with spermatozoa it can double in size, and the duct may temporarily contain spermatozoa causing it to dilate medially.</p> <p> <b>Syntypes.</b> Body lengths of the two syntypes, ZMH V-2912 a and 2912b are 2.3 mm and 1.8 mm long, respectively. Both specimens are slim terete, widest in segment 5 or 6, with their posterior discs being slightly narrower, and showing indistinct, partially autolyzed internal organs (Fig. 3A). Specimen 2912a has an everted pharynx with clearly visible jaws (Fig. 3B), and indistinguishable peristomial lobes. The constricted peristomium in specimen 2912b appears to have only 9, but actually 10 inwardly curved lobes (Fig. 3C); four dorsal lobes (d), two pairs are lateral lobes (l) and a ventral lip with a median emargination (v). The jaws are well preserved with distinct ridges parallel to their median axes, and the dorsal jaws are larger than the ventral ones (Fig. 3D,E). The base width of the dorsal jaws in 2912a and 2912b are 41 and 38 μm, respectively. The dental formula in 2912a and 2912b is 3-1-4/3- 1-4 and 3-1-3/3-1-4 (Fig. 3D,E), respectively.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Length about 2.5 mm, head width usually subequal segment 1, body club-shaped, segments distinct; dorsal lip four lobes, lateral lobes two pairs, ventral lip with median emargination; 16 oral papillae; jaws size different (dorsal 1.5x ventral), dorsal crescent-shaped, ventral ovoid, teeth single large median, small lateral, longitudinal striations, dental formula 9/9 (4-1-4/4-1-4); pharyngeal sulcus one; glandular atrium tubular, length 0.7x segment diameter; muscular atrium terete, length 0.7x segment diameter; bursa sub-spherical, length 0.25x segment diameter, penial sheath, ectal 0.1x muscular atrium, penis eversible; spermatheca shape club-like, length 0.7x segment diameter, duct shape terete, length 0.8x organ, bulb shape tubular (empty), length 0.2x organ.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Otaru, Hokkaido Island, Japan (Fig. 1, site No. 1), according to the Museum’s specimen ledger.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Specimens have only been recorded from Hokkaido Island, Japan,under the name of <i>Stephanodrilus japonicus</i> by Pierantoni (1912), <i>Stephanodrilus</i> (<i>St.</i>) <i>ezoensis</i> by Yamaguchi (1934) and of <i>Cirrodrilus japonicus</i> in the present study (Fig. 1).</p> <p> <b>Host.</b> <i>Cambaroides japonicus</i> (De Haan, 1841), the “Japanese crayfish” or “Nihon-zarigani” in Japanese.</p> <p> <b>Habitat.</b> Specimens have been observed alive on all parts of the exposed host and in the gill chambers.</p> <p> <b>Additional information.</b> Yamaguchi (1934: 198) observed that some individuals lacked a spermatheca but had eggs in segment 7, while in other specimens, spermatozoa were seen in the glandular atrium. Further studies of the life cycle of this species are needed to fully explain these observations.</p>Published as part of <i>Ohtaka, Akifumi & Gelder, Stuart R., 2023, A taxonomic reassessment of Cirrodrilus japonicus (Pierantoni, 1912) (Annelida, Clitellata, Branchiobdellida), pp. 557-565 in Zootaxa 5263 (4)</i> on pages 559-560, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.4.7, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7835969">http://zenodo.org/record/7835969</a>
Redemption in the work of Francis Stuart
No full textThe idea of redemption is central to an understanding of the work
of Francis Stuart. Through an examination of its development and
expression, it is possible to demonstrate the integrity of his work and
its distinctive qualities. Such a demonstration is necessary because
Stuart's writing has been subjected to comparatively little scholarly
inquiry, although reviews of his work, especially that produced since
1949, suggest that it is impressive and important.
First, a general background to Stuart's work, a discussion of the
special problems associated with reading it, and a summary of his corpus
is provided. This indicates that the idea of redemption is important to
his earliest writing. The state of redemption is shown to be a
necessary apotheosis for Stuart's outcast heroes; it involves spiritual
suffering through which may be found a sense of reintegration and a
higher reality. This is expressed through interrelated themes such as
those of gambler, artist and ordinary man; mystic and criminal; sacred
and profane love; and spirituality and the mundane. The nature of the
redemptive experience is further elaborated by distinctive, complex
motifs, especially the hare, the ark and the woman-Christ. Their
recurrence provides an important element in the unity of Stuart's work.
Because Stuart's idea of the outcast raises important biographical
questions, an examination of the relationship between Stuart's life and
his work is made. Finally, the way in which the idea of redemption
exists in the language structures of Stuart's novels is examined, with
especial reference to his most recent work, The High Consistory. The
thesis shows that the development of the these of redemption
demonstrates the integrity of Stuart's work
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