648 research outputs found
On large families of automorphic L-functions on GL2
No full textThe goal of this dissertation is analytical investigation of large families of automorphic L-functions on GL2. With a view towards potential applications in Analytic Number Theory, we investigate families of holomorphic modular forms, but additionally averaged over the nebentypus - characters and over the levels. We establish orthogonality in such a family in the limited range in the form of large sieve type inequality. Further we investigate non-vanishing at the central point of the corresponding L-functions and give a bound for the sixth moment for ¡1(q)-family, consistent with Lindelöf hypothesis on average.Ph.D.Includes abstractVitaIncludes bibliographical referencesby Goran Djankovi
Analysis of the formation of occlusal disorders in children with nasal obstruction
No full textNosna opstrukcija obično definira fiziološki ireverzibilno stanje u kojemu je strujanje zraka kroz nos otežano. Znanstvenici već dugi niz godina raspravljaju o povezanosti između nosne opstrukcije i malokluzija i dentofacijalnih deformacija. Istraživanja pokazuju da se odmah nakon pojave nosne opstrukcije aktivira refleksni mehanizam prelaska na primarno disanje na usta. Poznato je da disbalans sila jezika i obraznih mišića uzrokuje pomak zubi iz normookluzije i dentofacijalne promjene. Moderna se ortodoncija temelji na upotrebi umjerenih i dugotrajnih sila na zube, a na isti način djeluju i okolna tkiva ako su dugo u nefiziološkom položaju. Posljedice su negativan utjecaj na obrazac rasta gornje i donje čeljusti u djeteta, narušena estetika lica, a posredno su moguće čak i psihološke traume. Vrlo je važan rani utjecaj terapeuta kako bi se spriječilo razvijanje dugoročnih posljedica. Potrebno je prvo otkriti i ukloniti uzrok nosne opstrukcije, a nakon toga ortodontskom intervencijom djelovati u svrhu normalizacije obrasca rasta. Holistički pristup prema pacijentu usko je povezan s uspješnošću liječenja. Bliska suradnja otorinolaringologa, pedijatra i stomatologa vrlo je je bitna.Nasal obstruction is usually defined as a physiologically irreversible state in which the air flow is difficult through the nose. Researchers have been debating about the relationship between the nasal obstruction and malocclusion as well as dento-facial deformities for a number of years. Research shows that right after the nasal obstruction appears a reflex mechanism is triggered which shifts the nasal breathing habit to mouth-breathing habit. It is well know that a misbalance between the forces of the tongue and buccal muscles cause the teeth to reallocate from normal occlusion position and dento-facial changes start to occur over time. Modern orthodontics are founded on the usage of mild and long-lasting forces on teeth. Surrounding tissues have the same impact if a non physiological position is maintained for a prolonged period of time. Consequences include: negative influence on the growth pattern of both upper and lower jaw, decreased level of facial aesthetics and even psychological traumas in some cases. It is very important for the physician to intervene at an early stage to stop the
development of long term consequences. Firstly, the nasal obstruction cause must be identified and removed and then orthodontic treatment with the goal to normalize the growth pattern must be administrated. A holistic approach towards the patient is tightly linked to the treatment success. The child’s otorhinolaryngologist, paediatrician and dentist need to work closely together
Nosna polipoza : dijagnoza i liječenje
No full textNosni je polip edematozno zadebljanje sluznice koje formira viseći proces na široj ili užoj peteljci. Najčešće je lokaliziran u gornjem dijelu nosa i oko otvora paranazalnih sinusa uz širenje u nosnu šupljinu. U slučaju većeg broja polipa govorimo o polipozi čije je obilježje poremećena funkcija nosa. Nosna polipoza je dio upalne reakcije koja zahvaća mukoznu membranu nosa, paranzalnih šupljina, a često i donjih dišnih putova. To su najčešći dobroćudni tumori u nosu i nalazimo ih u 1 do 4 % slučajeva u ukupnoj populaciji. Sve je veća učestalost pojave kroničnih upalnih bolesti dišnog puta, prije svega astme s kojom je nosna polipoza često udružena, pa je tako i učestalost pojavljivanja nosne polipoze sve veća. Konzervativno liječenje nosnih polipa usmjereno je na lokalnu ili sustavnu primjenu lijekova iz skupine steroida. Danas se smatra da ovaj način liječenja ima prednost u usporedbi s kirurškim. Funkcionalna endoskopska sinusna kirurgija drugi je oblik liječenja koji je u praksi zamijenio radikalnu kliničku kirurgiju. Kombinirano liječenje podrazumijeva primjenu steroida prije kirurškog zahvata, kao i nakon zahvata, u svrhu smanjenja vraćanja bolesti.A nasal polyp is an oedematous thickening of a mucous membrane that forms a suspension process in the broad or narrow stalk. It is usually localized in the upper part of the nose and around the opening of the paranasal sinuses with the expansion in the nasal cavity. In the case of a larger number of polyps we are talking about polyposis which is characterized by an impaired function of the nose. Nasal polyposis is a part of an inflammatory reaction that affects the mucous membrane of the nose, paranasal sinuses and often the lower respiratory tract. These are the most common benign tumors of the nose and they are found in 1 to 4 % of the total population. There is an increasing incidence of chronic inflammatory diseases of the airway, especially asthma which the nasal polyps are often associated with, and so the incidence of nasal polyposis is increasing, too. The conservative treatment of nasal polyps is focused on the local or systematic use of medication from the group of steroids. Today, it is considered that this kind of treatment has an advantage compared to a surgical treatment. Another form of treatment is a functional endoscopic sinus surgery and in practice it has replaced the radical clinical surgery. A combined treatment involves application of steroids prior to surgery and after surgery in order to reduce the recurrence of the disease
Treatment of oroantral fistula
No full textOroantralna komunikacija je neprirodan prostor koji povezuje maksilarni sinus i usnu šupljinu. U stomatološkoj praksi najčešće nastaje nakon ekstrakcije gornjih distalnih zubiju, posebice molara s izrazito divergentnim i dugim korjenovima. Osim kod ekstrakcija, komunikacija može nastati jatrogeno prilikom apikotomije, implantološke terapije, enukleacije cista. Drugi razlozi
su trauma i patološka zbivanja poput osteomijelitisa. Ne liječenjem komunikacije ona epitelizira i nastaje oroantralna fistula. Oroantralna fistula je patološki kanal pokriven epitelom koji povezuje sinus s usnom šupljinom. Fistula se ne može spontano zatvoriti i bakterije nesmetano ulaze u sinus uzrokujući upalu, maksilarni sinusitis. Kod donošenja dijagnoze potrebno je napraviti kliničke testove, rendgenske snimke i uzeti anamnezu. Pacijent će se najčešće žaliti na neugodan zadah, prodiranje tekućine u nosnu šupljinu tijekom konzumacije pića, strujanje zraka kroz fistulu, a također nam je važan podatak o mogućim ekstrakcijama ili prijašnjim operacijama. Kod liječenja je potrebno obratiti pažnju na moguću upalu u sinusu koju je potrebno zbrinuti prije kirurškog zatvaranja fistule. Kiruršku tehniku je potrebno odabrati individualno prema potrebama i mogućnostima pacijenta.Oroantral communication is an unnatural space that connects the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus. In dental practice, it most often occurs after an extraction of the upper distal teeth, especially molars with extremely divergent and long roots. Communication can be of iatrogenic nature which usually occurs during apicoectomy, implant therapy, cyst enucleation. Other causes are trauma and pathological processes, such as osteomyelitis. After unsuccessful treatment, the communication epithelializes and forms an oroantral fistula. Oroantral fistula is a pathological pathway covered with epithelium that connects the sinus with the oral cavity. The fistula cannot close spontaneously and bacteria easily enter into the sinus and cause inflammation known as maxillary sinusitis. Clinical tests, X-rays and medical history are required for diagnosis. Patients most often complain about bad breath, penetration of fluids into the nasal cavity during drinking and the flow of air through the fistula. Patients may as well give us information about possible extractions or previous surgeries. During treatment, it is necessary to pay attention to possible inflammation in the sinuses, which should be taken care of before surgical fistula closure. The surgical technique should be selected individually according to patients’ needs and status
Diseases of the oral cavity in patients with nasal polyposis
No full textNosni polipi dobroćudne su nakupine hiperplastičnog kronično upaljenog tkiva koje su užom ili širom bazom vezane uz sluznicu nosne šupljine ili paranazalnih sinusa. Iako se mogu pojaviti na bilo kojem dijelu sluznice nosne šupljine i paranazalnih sinusa, najčešće ih se može naći na području ostiomeatalnog kompleksa, ušćima sinusa te rubovima tankih etmoidalnih lamela.
Mogu se javiti kao izolirani entitet ili pak kao multiple nakupine i tada se radi o entitetu koji nosi naziv nosna polipoza. Polipi uzrokuju mehaničku opstrukciju gornjih dišnih puteva i čine ih neprohodnima, a često se javljaju udruženi s drugim bolestima kao što su alergijski i nealergijski rinitis, bronhalna asta, cistična fibroza te aspirinska intolerancija. Dijagnosticiraju se prvenstveno kliničkim pregledom i pravilnim uzimnjem anamneze. Liječenje može biti konzervativno, terapijom lokalnim ili sistemskim kortikosteroidima, antibioticima, antihistaminicima i dekongestivima ili uklanjanjem polipoznih masa kirurškim zahvatom.
Kirurški zahvat kojim se uklanjaju polipi funkcionalna je endoskopska sinusna kirurgija koja je minimalno invazivna te maksimalno čuva anatomske strukture, uz zadovoljavajuću restituciju funkcije gornjih dišnih puteva. Pacijenti s uznapredovalom polipozom često zbog opstrukcije nosne šupljine razviju parafunkcijsku naviku disanja na usta. Prilikom takvog načina disanja usna se šupljina prekomjerno isušuje te slina gubi svoju zaštitnu funkciju. Ukoliko takvi uvjeti perzistiraju kroz dulji period, utoliko dolazi do povećanog rizika za nastanak karijesa i parodontitisa, a kod djece i do razvoja ortodontskih anomalija, stoga takvi pacijenti zahtijevaju odgovarajuću stomatološku skrb.Nasal polyps are benign chronically inflamed tissue growths that are connected to an underlying mucous membrane with a thin or thick stem. Even though they occur anywhere on the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, they are most commonly found in the region of ostiomeatal complex, ostia of paranasal sinuses, and thin-walled ethmoid cells. They can occur as solitary entities or multiple ones, in which case the disease is called nasal polyposis. Nasal polyps cause mechanical obstruction of the upper airway which then becomes blocked. Nasal polyposis is often associated with other diseases such as bronchial asthma, allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, aspirin intolerance, and cystic fibrosis. They are diagnosed primarily through clinical examination and good medical history. Nasal polyposis therapy consists of conservative therapy in which a patient is prescribed topical corticosteroids, systemic corticosteroids, antibiotics, antihistamines, and decongestants. Alternatively, there is an option of surgical removal of nasal polyps if conservative therapy doesn't give satisfactory results. The surgical operation, called functional endoscopic sinus surgery, is used for the removal of the polyps. The surgery is minimally invasive or damaging to the surrounding anatomical structures and provides satisfactory restitution of the upper airway function. Patients with advanced polyposis often develop a parafunctional habit of mouth breathing because their nasal cavity is blocked with polyps. Mouth breathing pattern causes increased drying of the oral cavity and loss of the protective function of the saliva. If these conditions persist over longer time periods, there is an increased risk of developing tooth decay,
periodontal disease, and orthodontic anomalies in children. Therefore, these patients require
proper dental care
Surgical treatment of odontogenic sinusitis
No full textOdontogeni maksilarni sinusitis (hrvatska istoznačnica je sinuitis) česta je bolest nepoznate incidencije, ali dokazano je u porastu. Predstavlja dijagnostički izazov s obzirom na to da su simptomi nespecifični. Vrlo su slični sinuitisima rinogene etiologije, ali se različito liječe. Simptomi koji prevladavaju su bol u predjelu lica, kongestija nosa i postnazalna sekrecija. U liječenju je potreban interdisciplinarni pristup otorinolaringologa, doktora dentalne medicine i radiologa. Neophodan dio terapije konzervativni je stomatološki ili oralnokirurški zahvat radi uklanjanja primarnog uzroka. U kombinaciji s ordiniranjem antibiotika i kirurškim zahvatom sprječava se napredovanje upale, a u tu se svrhu koriste kirurške metode kao što su Caldwell-Luc operacija ili funkcijska endoskopska sinusna kirurgija (FESS). FESS je poštedni kirurški postupak uz pomoć endoskopa koji se podređuje funkciji i prirodnom ozdravljenju bolesnika te je danas prvi izbor u kirurgiji nosa i sinusa.Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis is a common condition of an unknown, but proven increasing incidence. It presents a diagnostic challenge due to unspecific symptoms similar to rinogenic sinusitis, but a different therapy method. Main symptoms are facial pain, nose congestion and postnasal drip. An interdisciplinary approach of an otorhinolaryngologist, dentist and a radiologist is required in the disease management. A necessary part of the treatment is conservative dental or oral surgery to eliminate the primary cause. In combination with the prescription of antibiotics and surgery, the progression of the inflammation is prevented. The surgical methods used in the treatment are Caldwell-Luc surgery or functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). FESS is a minimally invasive surgical procedure using an endoscope that is orientated towards the function of the sinuses and the natural healing of the patient and is the first choice in nasal and sinus surgery today
Oroantral fistula treatment
No full textOroantralna fistula najčešće nastaje kao posljedica oroantralne komunikacije nakon ekstrakcije maksilarnih premolara ili molara zbog njihovog bliskog anatomskog odnosa s maksilarnim sinusom. Mogući su i drugi jatrogeni uzroci nastanka oroantralne fistule radi komplikacija tijekom različitih stomatoloških intervencija (cistektomija, pogrešno planirana implantološka terapija), a oroantralna fistula može biti posljedica i nejatrogenih uzroka vezanih uz zubnu etiologiju (neliječeni karijes) i odontogene ciste u regiji. Može se reći da je to komplikacija je s kojom se doktor dentalne medicine susreće relativno često u svom svakodnevnom radu. Stoga je vrlo važno poznavati uzroke nastanka te procijeniti vrijeme nastanka, veličinu i potencijalne posljedice neliječenja oroantralne komunikacije. Liječenje treba planirati prema individualiziranom pristupu pacijentu budući da isto ovisi o brojnim čimbenicima i nema idealnog ili jednostavnog rješenja. Liječenje je u izravnoj vezi s mogućnostima terapeuta jer ovisi i o suradnji i dobi pacijenta, ali i drugim okolnostima (dostupnost materijala, financijske i mogućnosti dolaska, motiviranost pacijenta) tijekom procesa provođenja medicinskih intervencija što je sve važno poznavati kako bi zajednički postigli optimalni terapijski cilj.Oroantral fistula most commonly occurs as a result of oroantral communication following the extraction of maxillary premolars or molars due to their close anatomical relationship with the maxillary sinus. Other iatrogenic causes of oroantral fistula formation are possible due to complications during various dental procedures (cystectomy, improperly planned implant therapy). Additionally, oroantral fistula can result from non-iatrogenic causes related to dental etiology (untreated caries) and odontogenic cysts in the region. It can be said that dental practitioners encounter this complication relatively frequently in their daily work. Therefore, it is crucial to be aware of the causes of its development and to assess the time of onset, size, and potential consequences of untreated oroantral communication. Treatment should be planned according to an individualized approach to the patient, as it depends on numerous factors and does not have an ideal or straightforward solution. Treatment is directly related to the capabilities of the therapist, and it also depends on the patient's cooperation and age, as well as other circumstances (availability of materials, financial and logistical considerations, patient motivation) during medical interventions. Understanding all these factors is important to collectively achieve the optimal therapeutic goal
Diagnosis and treatment of oroantral communication
No full textOroantralna komunikacija umjetno je stvorena veza maksilarnog sinusa i usne šupljine koja
može nastati kao posljedica ekstrakcije gornjih premolara i molara. Ako se ne liječi, može se
razviti u oroantralnu fistulu ili kronični maksilarni sinusitis. Zato je važno dobro poznavati
metode dijagnostike i pravovremenog liječenja kako bi se preduhitrile moguće komplikacije.
Postoje određeni predisponirajući faktori za nastanak oroantralne komunikacije poput
pneumatiziranih maksilarnih sinusa, dugih i divergentnih korjenova zuba te neadekvatna, gruba
tehnika vađenja. Oroantralna komunikacija može nastati i kad se poduzmu odgovarajuće
preventivne mjere. Najčešći način dijagnosticiranja test je puhanja na nos, tzv. Valsalvin test.
Perzistentna neliječena komunikacija uzrokuje stvaranje fistule. Kroz fistulu je omogućen
prolazak hrane i bakterija iz usne šupljine u maksilarni sinus i to uzrokuje nastanak maksilarnog
sinusitisa. Simptomi oroantralne fistule mogu biti: prolazak tekućine i hrane iz usne šupljine u
nos, poteškoće prilikom korištenja slamke, loš okus u ustima i piskutavi zvuk koji može biti
prisutan prilikom govora.
Liječenje je potrebno provesti što prije nakon postavljanja dijagnoze kako bi se izbjegle
navedene komplikacije.
Odabir vrste liječenja najviše ovisi o veličini komunikacije, o vremenu koje je prošlo od
nastanka problema te o prisutnosti maksilarnog sinusitisa. Potpomaganje stvaranja i održavanja
ugruška u alveoli temelj je liječenja manjih komunikacija, dok su za veće potrebni kirurški
zahvati.Oroantral communication is an unnatural connection between the maxillary sinus and the oral
cavity. It can result from the extraction of upper premolar and molar teeth, and if not treated, it
can develop into an oroantral fistula or chronic maxillary sinusitis. Therefore, it is necessary to
be acquainted with diagnostic methods and early treatment procedures to prevent further
complications.
There are certain predisposing factors for the occurrence of oroantral communication, such as
pneumatized maxillary sinuses, long and divergent roots, and an inadequate and rough tooth
extraction technique. The appearance of the communication is possible even when preventive
measures are taken. The most common diagnostic method is the nose blowing test, known as
the Valsalva test.
Persistent and untreated communication leads to the formation of a fistula. The fistula allows
the food and bacteria to pass from the oral cavity to the maxillary sinus, thus causing maxillary
sinusitis. The symptoms of the oroantral fistula include fluids and food passing from the oral
cavity to the nose, difficulties while using a straw, unpleasant taste in the mouth and a whistling
sound that may be present whilst speaking.
Treatment should be carried out as soon as the diagnosis is determined in order to prevent the
complications.
Selecting the type of treatment depends significantly on the size of the communication, the time
elapsed since the formation, and the presence of maxillary sinusitis. Blood clot formation and
maintenance in the alveolus is the basic form of treatment for smaller communications, while
larger communications require surgical procedures
TINNITUS IN DENTAL PRACTICE
No full textŠum u uhu ili tinitus predstavlja percepciju zvuka koji osoba moţe osjećati unutar glave ili uha, a nastaje iako ne postoji očiti vanjski podraţaj. Šum u uhu ne predstavlja bolest, već je simptom u čijoj se pozadini mogu nalaziti brojne bolesti i stanja, stoga zahtjeva pravovremeno prepoznavanje te detaljnu dijagnostičku obradu koja najčešće uključuje više specijalista različitih grana medicine. Terapija šuma u uhu uvelike ovisi o njegovoj etiologiji te je sukladno s time manje ili više učinkovita. Tinitus je najčešće posljedica oštećenja ili gubitka sluha, drugi najčešći uzrok nastanka šuma u uhu je prekomjerno izlaganje buci visokog intenziteta. Šum u uhu u stomatološkoj praksi najčešće se javlja kao posljedica dugotrajne izloţenosti buci na radnom mjestu, moţe se takoĎer javiti kao posljedica akutne akustične traume. U stomatološkoj praksi koja uključuje rad u ordinacijama dentalne medicine kao i rad u dentalnim laboratorijima razina intenziteta buke vrlo često prelazi granicu od 85 dB koja predstavlja najvišu dopuštenu izloţenost buci tijekom radnog dana ili tjedna na radnim mjestima na kojima je prisutna buka promjenjivog intenziteta. Iako postoji više različitih pristupa u terapiji tinitusa, potpuni nestanak simptoma često nije moguć. Prevencija nastanka oštećenja sluha i pojave šuma u uhu temelji se na primjeni osobnih zaštitnih sredstava za zaštitu sluha.Ringing in ears or tinnitus represents the perception of sound that a person can feel inside the head or ears, and it is a sensation even though there are no obvious external stimuli. Tinnitus is not a disease, but a symptom in the background of which there could be numerous diseases and conditions, so it requires timely recognition and detailed diagnostic processing, which usually involves multiple specialists from different branches of medicine. The therapy of tinnitus depends largely on its etiology and is accordingly more or less effective. Tinnitus is most often the result of damaged hearing or hearing loss, the second most common cause of tinnitus is high intensity noise. Ringing in ears in dental practice most commonly occurs as a result of prolonged exposure to workplace noise, and may also occur as a result of acute acoustic trauma. In dental practice, which often involves working in dental practice as well as in dental laboratories, the noise intensity level very often exceeds the 85 dB limit, which is the maximum permissible noise exposure during a work day or week in workplaces with variable intensity noise. Although there are several different approaches to tinnitus therapy, complete disappearance of symptoms is often not possible. The prevention of hearing damage and ringing in ears is based on the use of personal hearing protection aids
Benign Salivary Gland Tumours, diagnostics and treatment
No full textŽlijezde slinovnice egzokrine su žlijezde koje proizvode i izlučuju slinu kroz sustav kanala. U usnoj šupljini nalaze se tri para velikih žlijezda slinovnica: parotidna, submandibularna i sublingvalna te velik broj manlih žlijezda slinovnica smještenih u sluznici usana, jezika, nepca, obraza, retromolarnog prostora, ždrijela, grkljana i paranazalnih sinusa.
Tumori žlijezda slinovnica mogu se pojaviti u svim velikim i malim žlijezdama slinovnicama, rijetki su i predstavljaju oko 3% tumora usne šupljine. Približno 85% ih nastaje u velikim slinovnicama, od toga 90% u parotidi a 10 % u submandibularnoj žlijezdi. Sublingvalna žlijezda je izuzetno rijetko zahvaćena. Ostalih 15-25% nastaje u malim slinovnicama, prvenstveno nepca. Za razliku od tumora velikih žlijezda slinovnica koji su u 85% slučajeva dobroćudni, gotovo polovina neoplazmi malih slinovnica je zloćudna.
Najčešće benigne novotvorine žlijezda slinovnica su pleomorfni adenom (dobroćudni tumor mikstus) te Warthinov tumor (cystadenoma lymphomatosum papillare). Od malignih tumora žlijezda slinovnica najčešći su mukoepidermoidni karcinom, adenoidcistični karcinom, acinus-cell adenokarcinom, planocelularni karcinom te zloćudni tumor mikstus.
Dijagnostika bolesti žlijezda slinovnica uključuje anamnezu, klinički pregled, ultrazvučnu tehniku, magnetnu rezonanciju, kompjutoriziranu tomografiju, scintigrafiju, sijalografiju, citološku punkciju, biopsiju i konačnu patohistološku analizu.
Liječenje je isključivo kirurško. U slučaju dugotrajnog neliječenja može doći do maligne transformacije ili do pojave recidiva u slučaju nepotpunog odstranjenja.The salivary glands are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts. There are three pairs of major salivary glands in the mouth: parotid, submandibular and sublingual, and a large number of minor salivary glands, located in oral mucosa, in tongue, palate, retromolar triangle, pharynx, larynx and paranasal sinuses.
Salivary gland tumors can occur in every major salivary gland as well as in minor salivary glands, they are rare and represent about 3% of tumors occuring in oral cavity. Approximately 85% arise in major salivary glands of which 90% in parotid gland and 10% in submadibular gland. Sublingual gland is very rarely affected. The remaining 15- 25% are located in minor salivary glands, most frequently in the palate. Unlike tumors of the major salivary glands which are benign in 85% of cases, almost half of the minor salivary gland tumors are malignant.
The most common benign lesions are pleomorphic adenoma (mixed tumor) and Warthin's tumor (papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum). The most common malignant salivary gland tumors are mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adeniod cystic carcinoma, acinic cell carcinoma, squamos cell carcinoma, and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma.
Diagnostics of salivary gland diseases includes examination of the patient, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, scintigraphy, sialography, fine-needle aspiration cytology, salivary gland biopsy and in the end pathohistological diagnosis.
The treatment is exclusively surgical. In case of a long-term nontreatment, it can lead to malignant transformation and relapse if not removed completly
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