1,721,379 research outputs found
Fluid-fluid phase separation of nonadditive hard sphere mixtures as predicted by integral equation theories.
No full textWe investigate the existence of a fluid-fluid phase separation in binary mixtures of equal-size hard spheres with positively nonadditive diameters [i.e., d11 = d22 ≡d, d12 = (1 + Δ)d with Δ > 0]. An integral-equation approach is used to evaluate both thermodynamics and structure of many symmetric (equal to equimolar) mixtures (with Δ=0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1) and some asymmetric cases. We present the results obtained via the Percus-Yevick, the Martynov-Sarkisov, and the Ballone-Pastore-Galli-Gazzillo closures; the thermodynamic consistency of these approximations is discussed and some possible ways to get further improvements are proposed too. The integral-equation results are then compared with the available "exact" simulation data, a first-order perturbation approach, and a scaled particle theory. Our study predicts that there exists a demixing for each considered value of the nonadditivity parameter Δ. © 1991 American Institute of Physics
THE INTERPERSONAL GUILT RATING SCALE-15 SELF-REPORT (IGRS-15S): AN OVERVIEW OF THE EMPIRICAL DATA
No full textOur aim is to provide a complete review of the data collected so far with the Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scale-15 self-report (IGRS-15 s; Gazzillo et al., 2018), a 15-item clinician tool aimed at the assessment of interpersonal guilt according to Control-Mastery Theory (CMT; Gazzillo, 2016; Weiss, 1993). A CFA conducted on a sample of 645 subject found a three-factor solution: Survivor guilt, Omnipotence guilt (comprising the items assessing Omnipotent responsibility guilt and Separation/disloyalty guilt) and Self-hate. The re-test reliability assessed on a random subsample of 54 subjects was good (r from .70 to.76). To assess its concurrent and discriminant validity, we calculated the correlations between IGRS-15s and the Scale for the Measurement of the Impending Punishment (SMIP; Caprara et al., 1990) (r from .31 to .37), and the Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaire-67 (IGQ-67; O’Connor et al., 1997) (r from .34 to .88). To test its construct validity, we assessed the relationships with the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS; Davis et al., 2003) (r from -.14 to .28, all consistent with our theoretical predictions), and the Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWBI; Dupuy, 1984), (r from -.19 to -.29). Finally, in a sample of 448 subjects, we found positive correlations between guilt and shame (r from .31 to .60) assessed with the Other As Shamer (OAS; Gross et al., 1994); no correlation between guilt and social desirability, assessed with the Marlow and Crow-Social Desirability Scale (MC-SDS; Italian brief form by Manganelli et al., 2000), negative correlations between guilt and self-esteem (r from -.29 to -.53), assessed with the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSE; Rosemberg, 1965); differences between people who report traumas in their early childhood and people who don’t; and negative correlations between guilt and therapeutic alliance assessed with the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI; Horvath, 1991) (r from -.17 to -.30)
Patients' testing activity in psychotherapy, therapeutic alliance and treatment outcome
No full textAccording to Control-Mastery Theory (Gazzillo, 2021; Silberschatz, 2005; Weiss, 1993), people come to therapy with an unconscious plan to overcome their pathogenic beliefs. The primary way patients work in therapy to disconfirm their pathogenic beliefs is by testing them in the therapeutic relationship. Previous studies suggest that therapist’s pro-plan responses to patient tests are predictive of patient’s within-session progress (e.g., Silberschatz & Curtis, 1993). The aim of this study is partly to replicate the results of previous research, but also to investigate whether these interventions are predictive of treatment outcome and strong therapeutic alliance. The transcripts of five brief psychodynamic psychotherapies were studied. For each case, the patients’ plan was formulated, patients’ tests were identified, the case-specific accuracy of the therapists responses to these incidents was rated, and the impact of these interventions on subsequent patient’s affect and behavior, on therapeutic alliance and on treatment outcome was measured. If our predictions are confirmed, the results of this study may increase our understanding of the link between psychotherapy processes and treatment outcome
La valutazione della personalità con i Prototipi Diagnostici Psicodinamici: una ricerca empirica nata dalla collaborazione tra Università e Servizi pubblici
No full textRIASSUNTO: Obiettivi: In questo lavoro verrà illustrata una ricerca nata dalla collaborazione tra la cattedra di Valutazione Clinica e Diagnosi, Facoltà di Medicina e Psicologia, “Sapienza” Università di Roma, e alcuni centri di salute mentale di varie città italiane. Il suo obiettivo è stato la validazione di uno strumento di valutazione della personalità derivato dall’Asse P del Manuale Diagnostico Psicodinamico (PDM; PDM Task Force, 2006). Metodo: Sei laureande psicologhe che svolgevano il tirocinio presso alcuni servizi pubblici sono state formate alla valutazione della personalità con la Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (SWAP-200; Westen e Shedler, 1999a, 1999b) e con il PDM. Hanno quindi condotto un’intervista sistematica sulla personalità con 173 pazienti dei servizi pubblici che sono stati poi valutati con la SWAP, il DSM e il nuovo strumento da validare: i Prototipi Diagnostici Psicodinamici (PDP; Gazzillo e Lingiardi, 2010). I clinici di riferimento hanno valutato gli stessi pazienti con i PDP. Infine, rater e clinici hanno compilato un format per la raccolta di informazioni su se stessi e i pazienti. In questo lavoro, ci concentreremo sui risultati relativi a 37 soggetti giovani adulti. Risultati: I dati raccolti hanno permesso di validare empiricamente i PDP. Conclusioni: I PDP permettono di elaborare diagnosi e formulazioni del caso affidabili e clinicamente utili.ABSTRACT: Objective: In this paper, we will show procedures and results of an empirical study on the assessment of personality which has been possible thanks to a joint research collaboration between the research group coordinated by Vittorio Lingiardi (Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome) and several mental health unities of the Italian National Health System. The aim of this study is to empirically validate a new instrument for the assessment of personality styles derived from the Axis P of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM; PDM Task Force, 2006). Methodology: Six students graduating in Psychology, who were working on their dissertation thesis in Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis and were having a clinical training in the National Health System services, have been trained at the diagnosis with the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (SWAP-200; Westen e Shedler, 1999a, b) and the PDM. These raters have administered a systematic interview for personality assessment to 173 patients who were receiving psychological or pharmacological treatment by clinicians who worked in the mental health unities of the National Health System. These patients have been assessed with SWAP, DSM Axis II criteria and the new instrument to be validated: the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Prototypes (PDP; Gazzillo e Lingiardi, 2010). The clinicians who were treating these patients have independently assessed them with PDP. Eventually, raters and clinicians have utilized a specific clinical form for gathering information about themselves and their patients. In this paper, we will pay a particular attention to a subgroup of 37 patients between 18 and 28 years old. Results: The results of this study seem to support the empirical soundness (face validity, inter-rater reliability, convergent, discriminant and predictive validity) and the clinical usefulness of the PDP. Conclusion: This study gives a good evidence of the usefulness of the cooperation between university and clinical centres. The students/raters have been able to increase their clinical knowledge and their assessment ability thanks to the synergy between the research group of “Sapienza” University and the clinical practitioners working in the National Health System. This synergy seems to be one of the main roads to bridge the gap between empirical research and clinical practice on personality diagnosis
Primary emotional systems and interpersonal guilt: an empirical study
No full textGuilt is a complex and distressing emotion that can be experienced in different situations. The majority of psychoanalytic authors focused on the intrapsychic origins of guilt, connecting it with perverse desires and unconscious wishes to hurt others. On the contrary, according to Control-Mastery Theory (CMT), guilt is interpersonal in its origin, its aim is pro-social and its function is adaptive. Guilt, however, can be pathogenic when it derives from pathogenic beliefs, is generalized and leads to distress and symptoms (O'Connor et al. 1997). Both evolutionary and moral psychology researches support the hypothesis of the pro-social origin of guilt and its adaptive function for individual and group evolution (Wilson, Wilson, 2008; Haidt, 2012; Tomasello 2016). The aim of this study is to investigate 1) the relation between guilt, assessed with the Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaire-67 (IGQ-67; O'Connor et al. 1997) and the Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scale 15 self (IGRS-15-s; Gazzillo et al. 2017) and motivational systems assessed with the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scale (ANPS; Davis, Panksepp, 2003) and 2) the relation between guilt and well-being assessed with Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWBI; Grossi et al. 2002) in a sample of 600 subjects. The first step of the study is the Italian validation of IGQ-67 and IGRS-15-s, where the factor structure differentiates interpersonal guilt (survivor, separation and omnipotent) from self-hate guilt. The second step investigates the relation between guilt and the motivational systems. The third step investigates the relation between guilt and well-being. Preliminary analysis show a positive and significant relation between interpersonal guilt and care and attachment system, as well as between self-hate guilt and panic-grief system and a negative and significant relation between guilt and well-being. These results confirm the hypothesis that guilt, as interpersonal emotion, is primarily related to pro-social motivations
VICIOUS RELATIONAL CYCLES: A METHOD FOR ASSESSING COUPLES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CONTROL MASTERY THEORY
No full textControl Mastery Theory (CMT) is a cognitive-psychodynamic theory of psychological functioning and psychopathology (Weiss, 1993; Gazzillo, 2016). A central tenet of CMT is that human beings are guided by unconscious plans to achieve normal and adaptive goals obstructed by pathogenic beliefs that have their origins in traumatic childhood experiences. Human beings have innate strivings toward adaptation, growth and mastery and, in their important relationships (like with an intimate partner or a therapist), try to overcome their pathogenic beliefs and work to disconfirm them and feel safe. Human beings try to disconfirm their pathogenic beliefs by unconsciously testing them. Couples utilize these tests both in their everyday lives and in therapy (Zeitlin, 1991), and if a partner doesn’t pass the test, the risk is that a relational vicious cycle will come up with the partners feeling bad, afflicted or angry. This work presents a clinical method aimed at assessing the partners and identifying the relational vicious cycles of a couple relationship that often impede them from achieving healthy goals. This assessment procedure consists of: (1) a first couple session aimed to identify the central problem; (2) one/two individual sessions oriented to the Plan Formulation Method; (3) the administration of the Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaire-67 (IGQ-67; O'Connor et al; 1997), the Interpersonal Guilt Rating Scale-15 (IGRS-15; Gazzillo et al., 2017), the Pathogenic/Problematic Beliefs Scale (PBS; Silberschatz, 2016), clinician e self-report versions, and the Shedler Westen Assessment Procedure-200 (SWAP-200; Shedler, Westen, Lingiardi; 2003). At the end of the assessment, the clinician may propose a case-specific treatment
Erratum: "Dipolar sticky hard spheres within the Percus-Yevick approximation plus orientational linearization" [J. Chem. Phys. 133, 034511 (2010)]
No full textSymmetric mixtures of hard spheres with positively non-additive diameters: an approximate analytic solution of the Percus-Yevick integral equation.
No full textWe study the properties of symmetric binary mixtures of hard spheres with positive nonadditive diameters Rij, namely two-component systems with R11 = R22 = R and R12>R, at equimolar concentration. The functional form of the direct correlation functions c ij(r) is investigated, within the Percus-Yevick approximation, by using Hiroike and Fukui's version of the Ornstein-Zernike integral equation for multicomponent fluids. It is shown that, by introducing simple polynomial expressions for the cross term C12(r) = rc12(r), the problem of finding an approximate analytic solution of the abovementioned integral equations can be reduced to an algebraic one, i.e., to solving a closed set of a few nonlinear algebraic equations for some unknown parameters. Results corresponding to three different approximations are presented for the radial distribution functions at contact, the virial pressure and the so called bulk modulus. Comparison is made with our exact numerical solutions of the Percus-Yevick integral equation and a very good agreement is found. Finally, calculations based on a simple first-order perturbation method, which gives a slight extension of analytic expressions derived from the Barker-Henderson perturbation theory, are reported and discussed. © 1987 American Institute of Physics
TERMODINAMICA e ... Lezioni e riflessioni didattiche (Seconda Edizione)
No full textLibro di testo universitari
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