187,391 research outputs found
Curiosity, Opportunity, and Luck: Were the 1970s Different?
No full textControl of Breathing Using an Extracorporeal Membrane Lung. By T Kolobow, L Gattinoni, TA Tomlinson, JE Pierce. Anesthesiology 1977; 46:138–41. Reprinted with permission. Body Position Changes Redistribute Lung Computed-Tomographic Density in Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure. By L Gattinoni, P Pelosi, G Vitale, A Pesenti, L D’Andrea, D Mascheroni. Anesthesiology 1991; 74:15–23. Reprinted with permission. Dr. Gattinoni’s scientific career was primarily driven by curiosity. His generation was not formally trained, but he was part of a community of young and enthusiastic colleagues who were forging a new discipline: intensive care medicine. The most significant opportunity of Dr. Gattinoni’s career was becoming the research fellow of a visionary genius, Dr. Theodor Kolobow, who focused on extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal after the failure of the first trial on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. CO2 removal, by allowing control over the intensity of mechanical ventilation, opened the path to “lung rest” to prevent ventilator-induced lung injury. A unique opportunity for research was the spontaneous birth of a network of scientists who became friends in the European Group of Research in Intensive Care Medicine. In this environment, it was possible to develop core concepts such as the “baby lung” and to understand the mechanisms underlying computed tomography–density redistribution in the prone position. Physiology guided us in the 1970s, and understanding mechanisms remains of paramount importance today
La tomografia assiale computerizzata ed il polmone affetto da insufficienza respiratoria acuta dell'adulto.
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Stochastic modelling of groundwater flow for hazard assessment along the underground infrastructures in Milan (northern Italy)
No full textThe paper discusses the hydrogeological hazard for the underground infrastructures caused by the rise of the groundwater level observed in Milan (Italy). The study is the prosecution of a previous paper (Gattinoni and Scesi, “The groundwater rise in the urban area of Milan (Italy) and its interactions with underground structures and infrastructures” TUST 62(2017): 103–114), that analysed the phenomenon through a deterministic groundwater flow numerical model, pointing out the related potential hazards and the possible mitigation solutions. Starting from the reconstruction of the phenomenon previously obtained, in the present paper the 3D numerical model of the groundwater flow was turned out into a stochastic model in order to assess the hydrogeological hazard (in probabilistic terms) for the underground infrastructures. At this aim, different scenarios of the aquifer system were considered: (1) the probability distribution of the recharge describing the present day conditions; (2) the decrease in the pumping rate of wells expected in the next 15 years; (3) an increase of the regional groundwater table, based on the projection of the rising trend for the next 15 years. Modelling results have pointed out a significant increase in water level by 5 m in the next 15 years, depending on the scenarios taken into account. The water table rise interests mainly the north-western zone of the study area, and it affects the metro tunnels located in the centre of the city. Therefore, some metro tunnels will be flooded (or even submerged) with different occurrence probability. The flooding hazard increases with the increasing depth of the infrastructures, especially in the northern-central zone of the study area
Time series analysis in hydrogeological conceptual model upgrading †
No full textThe modeling of hydrogeological processes often involves a quantitative description of complex systems in which a limited dataset is available, bringing about the formulation of conceptual models able to describe them in a simplified framework. In order to evaluate the reliability of these conceptual models, a statistical description of the elements composing the system can be useful, especially with reference to their mutual interactions. This study shows, through some applicative examples in the hydrogeological field, that the statistical analysis of characterizing the parameters and cause–effect relations arising from time series monitoring data can give useful information about the system dynamic, thus contributing to updating the conceptual model and therefore improving the results of following numerical modeling. Indeed, this dynamic description of the system, with the introduction of the verification and validation processes of the conceptual model, allows the correction of possible errors due to a lack of data or the phenomenon’s complexity. This leads to many hydrogeological issues, such as the identification of the most productive aquifer or the one that has the highest vulnerability to pollution, as well as zones of interest in groundwater flow that can trigger slope instability
Refining ventilatory treatment for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome
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