1,720,972 research outputs found
A streaming approach to reveal crowded events from cellular data
No full textAnomaly detection has been a very popular research topics over the last few years and applies to many scenarios from different disciplines. This research focuses on crowded phenomena, and addresses the detection of popular events by looking for “anomalous” patterns in cellular traffic data. In particular, the paper elaborates upon previous proposals and presents two streaming algorithms based on the wavelet decomposition of traffic data. The new algorithms consume traffic samples as soon as they are available, elaborate the data in real time and possibly raise alarms upon threshold crossing. The effectiveness of the approach is assessed by using the public dataset containing the real cellular data acquired over the network of the most popular Italian traffic operator. The experiments prove that the streaming algorithms generally achieve performance comparable to that of their offline counterparts, and that the small degradation that may occasionally be observed is however well counterbalanced by the obvious advantage of detecting anomalies in real-time with no need to wait for the elaboration of overly long traffic timeseries
A Tutorial On Privacy, RCM and Its Implications in WLAN
No full textThe proliferation of Wi-Fi devices has led to the rise of privacy concerns related to MAC Address-based systems used for people tracking and localization across various applications, such as smart cities, intelligent transportation systems, and marketing. These systems have highlighted the necessity for mobile device manufacturers to implement Randomized And Changing MAC address (RCM) techniques as a countermeasure for device identification. In response to the challenges posed by diverse RCM implementations, the IEEE has taken steps to standardize RCM operations through the 802.11aq Task Group (TG). However, while RCM implementation addresses some concerns, it can disrupt services that span both Layer 2 and upper-layers, which were originally designed assuming static MAC addresses. To address these challenges, the IEEE has established the 802.11bh TG, focusing on defining new device identification methods, particularly for Layer 2 services that require pre-association identification. Simultaneously, the IETF launched the MAC Address Device Identification for Network and Application Services (MADINAS) Working Group to investigate the repercussions of RCM on upper-layer services, including the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). Concurrently, derandomization techniques have emerged to counteract RCM defense mechanisms. The exploration of these techniques has suggested the need for a broader privacy enhancement framework for WLANs that goes beyond simple MAC address randomization. These findings have prompted the inception of the 802.11bi TG, which aims to compile an exhaustive list of potential privacy vulnerabilities and prerequisites for a more private IEEE 802.11 standard. In this context, this tutorial aims to provide insights into the motivations behind RCM, its implementation, and its evolution over the years. It elucidates the influence of RCM on network processes and services. Furthermore, the tutorial delves into the recent progress made within the domains of 802.11bh, 802.11bi, and MADINAS. It offers a thorough analysis of the initial work undertaken by these groups, along with an overview of the relevant research challenges. The tutorial objective is to inspire the research community to explore innovative approaches and solutions that contribute to the ongoing efforts to enhance WLAN privacy through standardization initiatives
Increasing the reliability of IEEE 802.11ad for industrial applications
No full textWe consider two main aspects related to the application of the IEEE 802.11ad in the industrial environment: the guarantee of a low delivery delay and the reliability of the communication system. Firstly, we discuss the parameter settings of the IEEE802.11ad MAC aimed to guarantee a delivery delay of 1 ms. Then, we formulate a binary linear programming model to enhance the reliability of the system under the Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP), while minimizing the number of Access Points (APs) and taking into account the low delivery delay requisite. We propose a heuristic to efficiently solve the design problem, and present the results of a preliminary computational study. The reported results highlight the features of the obtained solutions and give insights on how the proposed heuristic can be used and improved
A Vulnerability Assessment of Open-Source Implementations of Fifth-Generation Core Network Functions
No full textThe paper presents an experimental security assessment within two widely used open-source 5G projects, namely Open5GS and OAI (Open-Air Interface). The examination concentrates on two network functions (NFs) that are externally exposed within the core network architecture, i.e., the Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) and the Network Repository Function/Network Exposure Function (NRF/NEF) of the Service-Based Architecture (SBA). Focusing on the Service-Based Interface (SBI) of these exposed NFs, the analysis not only identifies potential security gaps but also underscores the crucial role of Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) in implementing robust security measures. Furthermore, given the shift towards Network Function Virtualization (NFV), this paper emphasizes the importance of secure development practices to enhance the integrity of 5G network functions. In essence, this paper underscores the significance of scrutinizing security vulnerabilities in open-source 5G projects, particularly within the core network’s SBI and externally exposed NFs. The research outcomes provide valuable insights for MNOs, enabling them to establish effective security measures and promote secure development practices to safeguard the integrity of 5G network functions. Additionally, the empirical investigation aids in identifying potential vulnerabilities in open-source 5G projects, paving the way for future enhancements and standard releases
Design model of an IEEE 802.11ad infrastructure for TSN-based industrial applications
Full text linkThis paper addresses two main aspects related to the application of the IEEE 802.11ad technology in an industrial environment, i.e., to guarantee a low latency and reliable data delivery while reducing the number of the deployed Access Points (APs). First, we discuss the parameter settings of the IEEE802.11ad MAC which guarantee a low delay by exploiting the synchronous service periods (SPs) mechanism. Then, we propose a binary linear programming model to enhance the reliability of the system under the Frame Replication and Elimination for Reliability (FRER). The model minimizes the number of deployed APs by taking into account the constraints on the available synchronous SPs. We also propose two heuristics, based on the described mathematical model, in order to efficiently solve the design problem, then compare the computational performance of the proposed approaches. The reported computational results highlight the complementary features of the compared methods and provide useful guidelines about the usage of the proposed approaches
Prediction of mobile networks traffic: enhancement of the NMLS technique
No full textThe today networks evolution requires the prediction of traffic demand in order to efficiently use the available resources. The traffic load prediction can be exploited to dynamically allocate the network resources among the different users that, in the 5G world, can be the different verticals. In this scenario, we analyse the application of classical time series predictors to the mobile network traffic in order to evaluate the performance of the considered approaches in terms of complexity and prediction accuracy. Furthermore, we propose an enhancement to the classical Normalized Least Mean Square (NMLS) in order to increase its prediction accuracy, with a negligible complexity increase. The enhancement is based on the application of the Chebyshev's inequality to estimate the prediction error bound. This statistical bound is used to correct the prediction error. The simulation analysis shows the performance improvements given by the proposed scheme
Experimental comparison of migration strategies for MEC-assisted 5G-V2X applications
Full text linkThe introduction of 5G technology enables new V2X services requiring reliable and extremely low latency communications. To satisfy these requirements computing elements need to be located at the edge of the network, according to the Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) paradigm. The user mobility and the MEC approach lead to the need to carefully analysing the procedures for the migration of applications necessary to maintain the service proximity, fundamental to guarantee low latency. The paper provides an experimental comparison of three different migration strategies. The comparison is performed considering three different containerized MEC applications that can be used for developing V2X services. The experimental study is carried out by means of a testbed where the user mobility is emulated by the ETSI MEC Sandbox. The three strategies are compared considering the viability, the observed service downtime, and the amount of state preserved after the migration. The obtained results point out some trade-offs to consider in any migration scenario
Estimating Interception Density in the BB84 Protocol: A Study with a Noisy Quantum Simulator
No full textQuantum computers have the potential to break the public-key cryptosystems widely used in key exchange and digital signature applications. To address this issue, quantum key distribution (QKD) offers a robust countermeasure against quantum computer attacks. Among various QKD schemes, BB84 is the most widely used and studied. However, BB84 implementations are inherently imperfect, resulting in quantum bit error rates (QBERs) even in the absence of eavesdroppers. Distinguishing between QBERs caused by eavesdropping and QBERs due to channel imperfections is fundamentally infeasible. In this context, this paper proposes and examines a practical method for detecting eavesdropping via partial intercept-and-resend attacks in the BB84 protocol. A key feature of the proposed method is its consideration of quantum system noise. The efficacy of this method is assessed by employing the Quantum Solver library in conjunction with backend simulators inspired by real quantum machines that model quantum system noise. The simulation outcomes demonstrate the method's capacity to accurately estimate the eavesdropper's interception density in the presence of system noise. Moreover, the results indicate that the estimation accuracy of the eavesdropper's interception density in the presence of system noise is dependent on both the actual interception density value and the key length
Robust green Wireless Local Area Networks: A matheuristic approach
Full text linkWe consider the problem of designing a Wireless Local Area Network according to a Green paradigm (GWLAN), i.e. minimizing the power consumption of the network by powering-on just a subset of access points and associating users with the powered-on access points. To protect the system against fluctuations in the data rate transmission between users and access points, which naturally affect the problem because of uncertainty in measuring the exact user position and because of wireless propagation conditions, we address the robust extension of this problem, i.e. the Robust Green Wireless Local Area Networks Problem (RGWLAN), and we propose some robust matheuristics to solve it. Such matheuristics are based on two mathematical models to RGWLAN, i.e. a model based on a generalization of the classical Γ-Robustness framework, and a model exploiting the Multiband Robustness paradigm. The models are enriched by means of a preprocessing powering-on heuristic, aimed at fixing some access points as powered-on, and a reallocation algorithm, aimed at reallocating users to access points once the model solution has been computed, in order to enhance its degree of robustness. The aim is to achieve a good compromise between power saving, guaranteed level of robustness and required computational time. The results of an extensive computational analysis show that the proposed matheuristics solve the RGWLAN in a very efficient way both in terms of power consumption and computational time. Also, they are able to guarantee a high level of robustness with respect to the uncertainty in the user positions. This trend is particularly evident when the users to access points ratio is low, i.e. when the offered traffic to the wireless local area network is scarce, which is the most suitable and relevant scenario for the power consumption optimization
5G-MEC Testbeds for V2X Applications
No full textFifth-generation (5G) mobile networks fulfill the demands of critical applications, such as Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC), particularly in the automotive industry. Vehicular communication requires low latency and high computational capabilities at the network's edge. To meet these requirements, ETSI standardized Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC), which provides cloud computing capabilities and addresses the need for low latency. This paper presents a generalized overview for implementing a 5G-MEC testbed for Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) applications, as well as the analysis of some important testbeds and state-of-the-art implementations based on their deployment scenario, 5G use cases, and open source accessibility. The complexity of using the testbeds is also discussed, and the challenges researchers may face while replicating and deploying them are highlighted. Finally, the paper summarizes the tools used to build the testbeds and addresses open issues related to implementing the testbeds
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