64 research outputs found
A general overview of causes of death in Scotland 1855-1955 - Eilidh Garrett
No full textFrom ague to pyrexia and from smallpox to heart disease: a broad overview of mortality in Scotland for the century following the inception of civil registration in 1855. The analysis raises important new questions about Omran's thesis of epidemiological transition, and about the McKeown thesis regarding the reasons for mortality decline
The Dawning of a New Era? Women's Work in England and Wa1es at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Get PDFThe early twentieth-century belief that jobs for women were increasing during the
late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries belied the experience of the majority
of women in earlier centuries and proved over-optimistic in its prognosis for the
coming decades. The author sets out to discover what changes were observable in
women's workfrom a series of individual-level census retumsfrom the 1891, 1901,
1911, and 1921 censuses, taken from a selection of 13 registration districts across
England and Wales. Examination of the published census reports, the instructions
on the census schedules, and individual replies reveals that women did not likely
experience a rise in full-time paid employment which they could report as their
main occupation. There is a spectrum of "home duties", however, about which the
census remains stubbornly silent.La croyance du début du XXe siècle voulant que le nombre d'emplois pour les
femmes augmentait depuis la fin du XIXe siècle démentissait l'expérience de la
majorité des femmes des siècles précédents et traduisait un optimisme exagéré face
aux décennies à venir. L'auteur essaie de déterminer que les changements pouvaient
s'observer chez les femmes en examinant pour ce faire un ensemble de résultats des
recensements de 1891, de 1901, de 1911 et de 1921 provenant de 13 districts
d'enregistrement de l'Angleterre et du pays de Galles. Il apparaît peu probable, à
la lumière des données publiées, des instructions sur les bulletins de recensement
et des réponses individuelles, qu'il y ait eu chez les femmes de l'époque une
augmentation du nombre d'emplois à temps plein qu'elles auraient pu déclarer
comme leur travail principal. Le recensement demeure toutefois obstinément muet
sur un large éventail de « tâches domestiques »
Changing family size in England and Wales : place, class, and demography, 1891-1911 /
No full textThis volume is an important study in demographic history. It draws on the individual returns from the 1891, 1901 and 1911 censuses of England and Wales, to which Garrett, Reid, Schrer and Szreter were permitted access ahead of scheduled release dates. Using the responses of the inhabitants of thirteen communities to the special questions included in the 1911 'fertility' census, they consider the interactions between the social, economic and physical environments in which people lived and their family building experience and behaviour. Techniques and approaches based in demography, history and geography enable the authors to re-examine the declines in infant mortality and marital fertility which occurred at the turn of the twentieth century. Comparisons are drawn within and between white collar, agricultural and industrial communities and the analyses, conducted at both local and national level, lead to conclusions which challenge both contemporary and current orthodoxies.Includes bibliographical references (p. 478-500) and index.This volume is an important study in demographic history. It draws on the individual returns from the 1891, 1901 and 1911 censuses of England and Wales, to which Garrett, Reid, Schrer and Szreter were permitted access ahead of scheduled release dates. Using the responses of the inhabitants of thirteen communities to the special questions included in the 1911 'fertility' census, they consider the interactions between the social, economic and physical environments in which people lived and their family building experience and behaviour. Techniques and approaches based in demography, history and geography enable the authors to re-examine the declines in infant mortality and marital fertility which occurred at the turn of the twentieth century. Comparisons are drawn within and between white collar, agricultural and industrial communities and the analyses, conducted at both local and national level, lead to conclusions which challenge both contemporary and current orthodoxies
Urban-rural Differences in Infant Mortality: A View from the Death Registers of Skye and Kilmarnock 1
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Medical provision and urban-rural differences in maternal mortality in late nineteenth century Scotland.
Get PDFThis paper examines the effect of variable reporting and coding practices on the measurement of maternal mortality in urban and rural Scotland, 1861-1901, using recorded causes of death and women who died within six weeks of childbirth. This setting provides data (n = 604 maternal deaths) to compare maternal mortality identified by cause of death with maternal mortality identified by record linkage and to contrast urban and rural settings with different certification practices. We find that underreporting was most significant for indirect causes, and that indirect causes accounted for a high proportion of maternal mortality where the infectious disease load was high. However, distinguishing between indirect and direct maternal mortality can be problematic even where cause of death reporting appears accurate. Paradoxically, underreporting of maternal deaths was higher in urban areas where deaths were routinely certified by doctors, and we argue that where there are significant differences in medical provision and reported deaths, differences in maternal mortality may reflect certification practices as much as true differences. Better health services might therefore give the impression that maternal mortality was lower than it actually was. We end with reflections on the interpretation of maternal mortality statistics and implications for the concept of the obstetric transition
What was Killing Babies in Ipswich Between 1872 and 1909?
Get PDFThis paper examines the causes of infant mortality for the port town of Ipswich between 1872 and 1909. Ipswich is the only town in England for which a complete run of computer-readable, individual-level causes of death are available in the late 19th and early 20th century. Our work makes use of the ICD10h coding system being developed to contribute to two projects: Digitising Scotland (University of Edinburgh) and SHiP — Studying the history of Health in Port Cities (Radboud University, Nijmegen). We consider annual and quinquennial mortality rates amongst Ipswich's youngest residents by age, sex, seasonality and cause. The individual causes of death not only offer insight into conditions in the town, but also highlight questions concerning how best to interpret the information provided when both medical terminology and registration practices were changing over the decades of the study. Ipswich infant mortality rates very closely mirrored those of England as a whole, rather than the most unhealthy large cities, such as Liverpool or Manchester. It becomes clear that birth itself was a major cause of neonatal, even some post-neonatal, deaths. While water-food borne diseases killed large numbers in the summer months, it was the ever-present airborne diseases which carried off a greater number of small victims. Although the records offer a rich vein of data to explore, some causes of death, such as convulsions and teething, remain enigmatic and require further research
The Trials of Labour: Motherhood Versus Employment in a Nineteenth-Century Textile Centre
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