160,661 research outputs found
Transmastoid repair of temporal meningoencephaloceles and cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea
No full textThis paper reviews the diagnosis and treatment of temporal bone meningoencephaloceles, defined as the herniation of meninges or brain tissue into empty spaces within the temporal bone, i.e. tympanic or mastoid cavity, through the tegmen tympani or antri respectively. It also describes the current methods of control of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, which commonly present as serous otorrhea or rhinorrhea in addition to a variety of symptoms, such as conductive hearing loss. Imaging is the mainstay of the diagnostic process. Management of the condition is surgical, and this review outlines the surgical options with special emphasis on the transmastoid approach and the materials applicable for repair of the bony dehiscences
Trichomycterus plumbeus Wosiacki & Garavello 2004
No full text<i>Trichomycterus plumbeus</i> Wosiacki & Garavello, 2004: 14, fig. 8. <p> <b>Paratypes:</b> 1 lot, 3 specimens —NUP 1614, 3, 1614, 72.5–78.5 mm SL: Brazil, Paraná, Foz do Jordão, Jordão reservoir, rio Jordão near at its mouth, tributary of rio Iguaçu, rio Paraná Basin, 25°45’S, 52°10’W, Nupélia & Copel staffs, Aug 1995.</p> <p> <b>Remarks:</b> Valid as <i>Cambeva plumbea</i> (Wosiacki & Garavello 2004) (see Katz <i>et al</i>., 2018).</p>Published as part of <i>De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1)</i> on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/6479497">http://zenodo.org/record/6479497</a>
Trichomycterus papilliferus Wosiacki & Garavello 2004
No full text<i>Trichomycterus papilliferus</i> Wosiacki & Garavello, 2004: 6, fig. 3. <p> <b>Paratypes:</b> 1 lot, 1 specimen —NUP 1615, 1, 94.4 mm SL: Brazil, Paraná, Foz do Jordão, Jordão reservoir, rio Jordão near at its mouth, tributary of rio Iguaçu, rio Paraná Basin, 25°45’S, 52°10’W, Nupélia & Copel staffs, Aug 1995.</p> <p> <b>Remarks:</b> Valid as <i>Cambeva papillifera</i> (Wosiacki & Garavello 2004) (see Costa <i>et al</i>., 2021).</p>Published as part of <i>De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1)</i> on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/6479497">http://zenodo.org/record/6479497</a>
Trichomycterus taroba Wosiacki & Garavello 2004
No full text<i>Trichomycterus taroba</i> Wosiacki & Garavello, 2004: 11, fig. 6. <p> <b>Paratypes:</b> 1 lot, 3 specimens —NUP 1616, 3, 47.4–53.8 mm SL: Brazil, Paraná, Foz do Jordão, Jordão reservoir, rio Jordão near at its mouth, tributary of rio Iguaçu, rio Paraná Basin, 25°45’S, 52°10’W, Nupélia & Copel staffs, Aug 1995.</p> <p> <b>Remarks:</b> Valid as <i>Cambeva taroba</i> (Wosiacki & Garavello 2004) (see Donin <i>et al.</i>, 2020).</p>Published as part of <i>De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1)</i> on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/6479497">http://zenodo.org/record/6479497</a>
Recurrences of surgery for antrochoanal polyps in children: A systematic review.
No full textObjectives: The main purpose was to evaluate the recurrence rate after surgery for antrochoanal polyps (ACPs) in children; secondly, we have analyzed the rate of recurrence for different types of surgery and the risk factors involved.
Methods: We performed a systematic review searching PubMed and MEDLINE databases including English language published studies from June 1989 to October 2017 regarding surgical treatment of ACPs in children.
Results: We included thirteen studies, eight were retrospective and five prospective, with 285 participants, the mean rate of recurrence after ACPs surgery was 15.0% (95% CI:11.0-20.0). Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) was the main type of surgery used for primary cases (75.4%) followed by the combined approach i.e. FESS with a transcanine sinusoscopy or mini Caldwell-Luc (14%), the Caldwell-Luc (CWL) (8%) and simple polypectomy (SP) (2.8%). Our analysis has demonstrated a significant reduction of recurrences using the combined approach 0% (95% CI: 0.0-8.0) compared with FESS 17.7% (95% CI: 12.8-23.4) or SP 50% (95% CI:15.7-84.3) (p .05). The analysis of the possible risk factors involved in recurrences are inconclusive.
Conclusion: Recurrences of ACPs in children are still high. The endoscopic sinus surgery is considered the first choice for primary treatment, whilst the external approach may be a valid option in case of recurrence. It seems that the combined approach could reduce recurrence rates in selected patients that cannot be completely managed with endoscopy
Parotocinclus haroldoi , Garavello 1988
No full text<i>Parotocinclus haroldoi</i> Garavello, 1988 <p>Figs. 1–4, Tables 1–2</p> <p> <i>Parotocinclus haroldoi</i> Garavello, 1988: 117–128, fig. 1. Type locality: Córrego do Otaviano, Poço do Sanharó, Riacho Sanharó, Piauí, Brazil (Otaviano stream, Sanharó pit, creek Sanharó, Piauí, Brazil)”, holotype MNRJ 10531.</p> <p> <i>Parotocinclus haroldoi</i> Garavello (1988): Lacerda & Evers (1996): 88, 92 (ilustration); Burgess & Finley (1996):170; Isbrücker (2001): 31 (literature compilation); Ribeiro <i>et al</i>. (2002): 218; Britski & Garavello (2002): 287 (literature compilation); Isbrücker (2002): 25 (literature compilation); Reis <i>et al.</i> (2003): 326 (checklist of species); Rosa <i>et al</i>. (2003) (list of species); Lehmann A. & Reis (2012):62 (literature compilation); Gauger & Buckup (2005): 517 (literature compilation); Ferraris, Jr. (2007): 282 (checklist and catalogue of species); Ramos <i>et al</i>. (2013): 788 (literature compilation); Ramos <i>et al</i>. (2014): 4; Ramos <i>et al</i>. (2016):10 (comparative material); Rodrigues-Filho <i>et al.</i> (2016): (new record); Lima <i>et al</i>. (2017): (literature compilation); Ramos <i>et al</i>. (2017):7 (comparative material); Berbel-Filho <i>et al</i>. (2018) (literature compilation).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Parotocinclus haroldoi</i> is distinguished from all its congeners, except from <i>P. amazonensis</i> Garavello, <i>P. aripuanensis</i> Garavello, <i>P. bidentatus</i> Gauger & Buckup, <i>P. britskii</i> Boeseman, <i>P. cabessadecuia</i> Ramos, Lima & Ramos, <i>P. collinsae</i> Schmidt & Ferraris, <i>P. cristatus</i> Garavello, <i>P. dani</i> Roxo, Silva & Oliveira, <i>P. jimi</i> Garavello, <i>P. longirostris</i> Garavello, <i>P. yaka</i> Lehmann, Lima & Reis, <i>P. maculicauda</i> (Steindachner) <i>P. muriaensis</i> Gauger & Buckup, <i>P. planicauda</i> Garavello & Britski, <i>P. polyochrus</i> Schaefer, <i>P. spilurus</i> (Fowler) and <i>P. variola</i> Lehmann, Schvambach & Reis by having the abdomen entirely covered by plates between the pectoral girdle and preanal region (Figs. 1, 2 and 3), (<i>vs.</i> abdomen completely naked or abdomen nearly naked, with only one or two row of plates on each side and median row of platelets irregularly distributed). <i>Parotocinclus haroldoi</i> differs from <i>P. amazonensis</i> by having a higher number of teeth (26) (<i>vs</i>. less 16) and from <i>P. longirostris</i> and <i>P. polyochrus</i> by having a smaller number of teeth in the premaxillary and dentary (18–26) (<i>vs</i>.>31); from <i>P. bidentatus</i>, <i>P. cabessadecuia</i>, <i>P. dani</i>, <i>P. muriaensis</i> and <i>P. spilurus</i> by present presence of an adipose fin (<i>vs</i>. adipose fin rudimentary or absent); from <i>P. cristatus</i> and <i>P. jimi</i> by having the abdomen covered by relatively broad dermal plates (<i>vs.</i> covered by small dermal plates). <i>Parotocinclus haroldoi</i> differs from <i>P. aripuanensis</i>, <i>P. britskii, P. collinsae, P. yaka</i>, <i>P. maculicauda</i>, <i>P. planicauda</i> and <i>P. variola</i> by the presence of small bright spots on the head and the body, usually less than the eye diameter predominantly disposed in rows (<i>vs</i>. body without bright spots). Besides the presence of the spots, <i>P. haroldoi</i> differ from <i>P. britskii</i> and <i>P. collinsae</i> by having 24–26 lateral plates (<i>vs</i>. 21–23) and from <i>P. planicauda</i> and <i>P. britskii</i> by the presence of an abdomen covered by broad dermal plates forming 3–5 series longitudinal of plates (<i>vs.</i> covered by small dermal plates; 7–10 series longitudinal of plates). In addition <i>Parotocinclus haroldoi</i> differs from geographically close species, <i>P. cabessadecuia</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>cesarpintoi</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>cearensis</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>spilosoma</i> by the presence of small light spots on the head and trunk (<i>vs</i>. absence); from <i>P. cabessadecuia, P. seridoensis</i> and <i>P. spilurus</i> by present presence of an adipose fin (<i>vs</i>. adipose fin rudimentary or absent).</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Morphometric and meristic data of topotypes are presented in Table 1 and 2, respectively (largest examined specimen 46.2 mm SL). Body slightly short and somewhat depressed. Greatest body width at cleithrum, progressively tapering to the end of caudal peduncle. Dorsal profile slightly convex from snout to dorsal-fin origin; slightly concave from dorsal-fin origin to adipose fin; straight at adipose fin base; slightly concave from this point to origin of uppermost caudal-fin rays. Ventral body profile of head straight or slightly concave; ventral profile of trunk somewhat convex from pectoral girdle to posterior base of pelvic fin; ventral profile of trunk somewhat convex from pectoral girdle to posterior base of pelvic fin; somewhat concave of the anus origin to lowermost caudal-fin rays. Head and snout depressed and rounded in dorsal view. Eyes relatively small, dorsolaterally positioned midway between snout tip and pterotic-supracleithrum anterior margin; distance between orbit margin and ventral surface of head greater than orbital diameter. Dorsal iris operculum present. Interorbital space slightly convex. Pectoral girdle completely exposed and covered by odontodes, except for small triangular anterior area over median suture where skin is visible in some specimens, <i>arrector fossae</i> small, almost meeting in at midline. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin, inferior rostral margin of snout with posteriorly directed odontodes; odontodes on upper part of head, arranged in rows and similar in size those of the inferior rostral margin of snout. Oral disk ovate with numerous small papillae; maxillary barbels shorter than orbital diameter. All teeth short and bifid. Trunk depressed at insertion of dorsal and anal fin. Caudal peduncle rounded in cross section.</p> <p>Dorsal fin i,7; its origin immediately posterior to unbranched first ray of the pelvic-fin; other rays branched; dorsal fin when adpressed extending to vertical through beyond anal-fin base. Adipose fin present. Pectoral fin i,6; unbranched pectoral fin first ray, slightly curved, covered with small odontodes, reaching one quarter to one third of length of first pelvic-fin ray; other rays branched. Pelvic-fin rays i,5; unbranched first ray curved, covered with small odontodes; pelvic-fin reaching beyond anus, ending just anterior to anal-fin origin. Anal-fin i,5; base covering three plates. Caudal fin i,14,i; slightly notched, with lower lobe slightly longer than upper. Lateral-line canal in median series complete, pore tube visible. Abdomen completely covered of dermal plates between the pectoral girdle and the anus; with five to seven rows of elongate plates. Dorsal-fin spine flexible, with locking mechanism nonfunctional, followed by seven branched rays. Nuchal plate exposed, not covered by skin. Dorsal-fin spinelet present, V-shaped, wider than base of dorsal spine. Total vertebrae 21 (2 c&s).</p> <p> <b>Coloration.</b> Background color in ethanol of dorsal and lateral surfaces dark brown to grayish, with four lighter dark brown bars inconspicuous on the upper part of the trunk; most previous at the dorsal fin origin; the second on the base of the dorsal fin; the third at the adipose fin origin and the last on the caudal peduncle, near the origin of the caudal fin. Side with a dark brown band extending from the previous part or the snout to the caudal peduncle. Clear yellowish small elongated spots on the dorsal and lateral regions of the head and trunk, lighter patch in the pineal region; the spots of the trunk generally converging in two series on the lateral (Figs. 1, 2). Ventral region of the head and abdomen (trunk) yellowish. Fins with dark chromatophores concentrated, forming irregular set of stripes that alternates between dark brown and yellow clear: dorsal fin of three or four stripes; pectoral, pelvic and anal fins of two or three stripes dark brown inconspicuous. Caudal fin with three stripes dark, the first two rather dark: one transversal on the base of fin, the second a bar oblique only in the lower lobe and third transversal inconspicuous in both lobes.</p> <p>Coloration in life follows the same pattern described above, with the small elongated spots yellowish pattern more evident (Fig. 4).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> <i>Parotocinclus haroldoi</i> is known from the Parnaíba river basin (Fig. 5). The Parnaíba river basin extends in Ceará, Piauí and Maranhão States, Northeast, Brazil, in Caatinga and Cerrado region. <i>Parotocinclus haroldoi</i> was collected at various locations in the upper, middle and low portions of the rio Parnaíba, suggesting a wide geographic distribution of the species within the basin, large portion of places under the Caatinga domain and a small portion of the high Parnaíba, in the Cerrado. Specimens were collected in the main course of the rio Parnaíba, and also on tributaries Gurgueia, Canindé-Piauí, Poti and Longá. In its original description, Garavello (1988) only mention the Córrego do Otaviano, Pocó do Sanharó, riacho Sanharó, Piauí as its type locality, not specifying the municipality.</p> <p> <b>Sexual dimorphism.</b> Males possess urogenital papilla positioned just behind anal opening. No other characters of sexual dimorphism were recorded in <i>Parotocinclus haroldoi</i>, as described for example for <i>P. cabessadecuia</i> in Ramos <i>et al</i>. (2017),</p> <p> <b>Ecological notes</b>. <i>Parotocinclus haroldoi</i> is usually found in moderate current flow in rivers with rock bottom and gravel substrate, at rivers under the dominion of the Caatinga and Cerrado. <i>Parotocinclus haroldoi</i> was registered in co-occurrence in rio Guaribas, tributary of Canindé-Piauí with other loricariids: <i>Ancistrus damasceni</i> (Steindachner), <i>Loricariichthys derbyi</i> Fowler, <i>Hypostomus johnii</i> (Steindachner) and <i>Hypostomus</i> sp. Other co-occuring species were <i>Aequidens tetramerus</i> (Heckel), <i>Astyanax bimaculatus</i> (Linnaeus), <i>Astyanax fasciatus</i> (Cuvier), <i>Caenotropus labyrinthicus</i> (Kner), <i>Characidium zebra</i> Eigenmann, <i>Cichlasoma sanctifranciscense</i> Kullander, <i>Compsura heterura</i> Eigenmann, <i>Crenicichla menezesi</i> Ploeg, <i>Curimatella immaculata</i> (Fernández-Yépez), <i>Geophagus parnaibae</i> Staeck & Schindler, <i>Hemiodus parnaguae</i> Eigenmann & Henn, <i>Hoplias malabaricus</i> (Bloch), <i>Leporinus piau</i> Lutken, <i>Jupiaba polylepis</i> (Günther), <i>Knodus victoriae</i> (Steindachner), <i>Phenacogaster calverti</i> (Fowl- er), <i>Pimelodus</i> sp., <i>Poecilia sarrafae</i> Bragança & Costa, <i>Potamotrygon signata</i> Garman, <i>Prochilodus lacustris</i> Steindachner, <i>Psellogrammus kennedyi</i> (Eigenmann), <i>Pygocentrus nattereri</i> Kner, <i>Schizodon rostratus</i> (Borodin), <i>Serrapinnus piaba</i> (Lütken), <i>Steindachnerina notonota</i> (Miranda Ribeiro) and <i>Triportheus signatus</i> (Garman).</p> <p> <b>Common name.</b> Cascudinho, chupa-pedra.</p> <p> <b>Conservation.</b> <i>Parotocinclus haroldoi</i> possesses a relatively broad distribution, occurring at the upper, middle and down portions of the rio Parnaíba basin, including well preserved areas close to the Parque Nacional das Nascentes do Rio Parnaíba, a national park. Therefore, is classified as Least Concern (LC) according MMA (2014) and IUCN (2019).</p> <p> <b>Comparative material examined.</b> All listed specimens are alcohol-preserved (except when noted). All from Brazil: <i>Parotocinclus haroldoi:</i> UFPB 7032, 4, 24.7–25.8 mm SL, rio Guaribas, Torrões village, Picos-Piauí, 07°08’11.2’’S 41°31’20.5’’W; UFPB 7039, 18, 18.1–24.5 mm SL, rio Guaribas, Picos-Piauí, 07°08’07.2’’S 41°31’26.5’’W; UFPB 7341, 49, 20.7–26.7 mm SL, stream Poção, São João village, Barras-Piauí, 04°07’04.4”S 42°20’36.8”W; UFPB 7342, 117, 16.3 –29.0 mm SL, rio Marathoan, tributary of rio Longá, under the bridge on highway PI-113, Barras-Piauí, 04°15’13.0”S 42°17’18.7”W; UFPB 8334, 4, 13.8–24.6 mm SL, rio Parnaíba, União- Piauí, 04°34’52.3’’S 42°52’31.3’’W; UFPB 8335, 4, 13.02–24.76 mm SL, rio Parnaíba, União-Piauí, 04°33’42.3’’S 42°52’01.8’’W; UFPB 9719, 2, 23.1–26.7 mm SL, stream of Cruz, on highway BR-316, Monsenhor Gil-Piauí, 05°35’00.9’’S 42°36’53.6’’W; UFPB 9717, 3, 15.3 mm SL, rio Longá, Parque Ecológico Cachoeira do Urubu, Esperantina-Piauí, 03°54’43.1”S 42°06’47.5”W; UFPB 9723, 5, 11.7–17.7 mm SL, stream Gameleira, Demerval Lobão-Piauí, 05°19’28.9”S 42°35’10.1”W; UFRN 1251, 1, 25.5 mm SL, rio Guaribas, Torrões Village, Picos-Piauí, 07°09’13.3’’S 41°30’10.8’’W; UFRN 2218, 31 (2 c&s), 21.2–28.7 mm SL, rio Piauí, leaking of Jenipapo reservoir, São João do Piauí-Piauí, 08°27’13.8’’S 42°09’53.2’’W; UFRN 5650, 1, 22.7 mm SL, Rio Pejuaba,, leaking of Piracuruca reservoir, Alto Alegre-Piauí, 04°00’15.6’’S 41°26’53.4’’W; UFPB 9718, 51, 13.7–19.2 mm SL, stream tributary of rio Longá, Esperantina-Piauí, 03°54’41.5’’S 42°15’22.0’’W; UFPB 9720, 6, 15.2–17.6 mm SL, rio Jenipapo, under bridge on highway BR 343, Campo Maior-Piauí, 04°46’45.5’’S 42°06’53.6’’W; UFPB 9721, 3, 21.0– 21.3 mm SL, stream Povo dos Homens, tributary of rio Longá, Caxingó-Piauí, 03°25’12.1”S 41°53’46.2”W; UFPB 9722, 7, 13.5–16.3 mm SL, rio Longá, Nossa Senhora de Nazaré-Piauí, 04°40’20.6’’S 42°13’00.5’’W; UFPB 7040, 80, 15.7–24.2 mm SL, rio Jacaraí, under bridge on highway PI-111, Piracuruca-Piauí, 03°44’00.1”S 41°40’56.4”W; <i>Parotocinclus cabessadecuia:</i> UFPB 10029, holótipo, 29.3 mm SL, rio Gurgueia, rio Parnaíba basin, São Gonçalo do Gurgueia-Piauí 10°06’27.0”S 45°21’24.0”W; <i>Parotocinclus minutus:</i> UFBA 3644, 5, 27.1–33.3 mm SL, rio Vaza Barris, APA Serra Branca, Raso da Catarina, Geremoabo-Bahia; <i>Parotocinclus bahiensis</i> <i>:</i> UFBA 4601, 18, 11.3–28.9 mm SL, Rio Paiaiá, in BA 131 between Saúde and Pindobaçu, rio Itapicuru basin, Saúde-Bahia; <i>Parotocinclus cristatus</i> <i>:</i> UFBA 5575, 3, 30.0– 36.1 mm SL, Rio Água Preta do Mocambo, rio Almada basin, Uruçuca-Bahia; <i>Parotocinclus jimi</i>: UFBA 3848, 12, 23.3–29.3 mm SL, Rio de Contas, Piatã-Bahia; <i>Parotocinclus cearensis</i>: MNRJ 8689, 10, paratypes, 20.6–24.2 mm SL, Cachoeira do Gusmão, Ipu-Paraíba; <i>P. cesarpintoi</i>: MNRJ 1022, 10, syntypes, 34.6–41.6 mm SL, Riacho Quebrângulo, Quebrângulo-Alagoas; <i>P. jumbo</i>: UFPB 4118, 6, paratypes, 23.0– 27.4 mm SL, rio Gurinhem at bridge on road PB 055, Sapé-Paraíba, 7°08’54”S 35°14’03”W; <i>P. maculicauda</i>: UFRN 1010, 10, 23.0– 33.7 mm SL, rio São João, Silva Jardim-Rio de Janeiro, 22°34’58.53”S 42°34’30.73”W; <i>P. spilosoma</i>: UFRN 0698, 19 (1 c&s), 19.6–40.4 mm SL, rio Paraíba do Norte, Cruz do Espírito Santo-Paraíba, 7°8’57.6”S 35°7’17.8”W; <i>P. spilurus</i>: UFPB 9012, 9, topotypes, 17.7–31.3 mm SL, rio Salgado, rio Jaguaribe basin, Icó-Ceará, 6°24’28.9”S 38°52’6.6”W;</p> <p> <b>Discussion</b></p> <p> In the description of <i>Parotocinclus haroldoi</i>, Garavello (1988) registers as the type locality “córrego do Otaviano, Riacho Sanharó, Piauí State, Brazil ”. In hydrographic maps there is no mention of a stream called Otaviano, but there is a populated place called Sanharó (6°58’59.99”S 40°37’59.99”W), municipality of Pio IX, in eastern Piauí State. This locality is situated in the Canindé-Piauí tributary, in the Parnaíba basin, in the Caatinga region, and may be the type locality of <i>P. haroldoi</i>. Attempted collection in this locality was unsuccessful because the streams of the region were dry during the collection period, however, a few kilometers below, in the same drainage the species was collected.</p> <p> The presence of small bright spots on the head and trunk is not reported in the description of color presented by Garavello (1988) for the description of <i>Parotocinclus haroldoi</i>, likely because of the conditions of material col- lected. Another factor observed with freshly collected material is the difference found in the number of teeth of the premaxilla (20–24) and dental (19–23) <i>vs.</i> 20–28 and 20–25 in the new respectively material.</p> <p> Garavello (1977) separates the species of the <i>Parotocinclus</i> genus into two groups according to the size of the denticles on the body plates and on the lower surface of the rostral margin of head: the <i>P. maculicauda</i> and <i>P. spilosoma</i> groups. Garavello (1988) includes <i>Parotocinclus haroldoi</i> in the <i>spilosoma</i> group characterized by denticles as small and feeble. Furthermore, <i>P. haroldoi</i> has an abdomen entirely covered with many plates, a situation that is not found in the remaining species of the <i>P. spilosoma</i> group, which have the abdomen almost naked, with a single row of elongate reduced plates on each side and a group of small rounded plates irregularly distributed on preanal region, with exception of <i>P. spilurus</i>.</p> <p> Gauber & Buckup (2005) in a parsimony analysis of the subfamily Hypoptopomatinae, found that <i>P. haroldoi</i> forms a clade with <i>P. cearensis</i> and <i>P. cesarpintoi.</i> According to Lehmann (2006), in a study of phylogeny of the family Loricariidae using morphological characters, <i>P. haroldoi</i> forms a clade with other species from the Northeast: <i>P. cesarpintoi</i>, <i>P. spilurus</i> and <i>P. seridoensis. Parotocinclus haroldoi</i> is the only one of these species that has plates transversely elongated in median abdomen.</p> <p> <i>Parotocinclus haroldoi</i> was recorded occurring in syntopy with <i>P. cearensis</i> and <i>P. cabessadecuia</i> in the drainage system of the Parnaíba River basin.</p> <p> Some authors separate <i>Parotocinclus</i> into two nonmonop
Smoking cessation and the risk of oesophageal cancer : an overview of published studies
No full textThe epidemiologic studies on oesophageal cancer and smoking cessation published before December 2005 were reviewed here. The results from at least 10 cohort and 10 case-control studies indicated that former smokers had a tower risk of squamous-cell or unspecified oesophageal cancer than current smokers. Most investigations showed that the risk of oesophageal cancer remains elevated many years (at least 10) after cessation of smoking, to decline by about 40% only thereafter. Moreover, after 10 years since cessation of smoking, ex-smokers still have a twofold increased risk as compared to never smokers. A few studies investigated the effect of smoking cessation on adenocarcinoma, and did not report a clear reduction of risk. Data on oesophageal. adenocarcinoma are however too limited to provide adequate inference on the relation with time since smoking cessation. In conclusion, cessation of smoking could have an appreciable impact in reducing (squamous-cell) oesophageal cancer, and represents an obvious priority for prevention and public-health purposes. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
The role of foods and nutrients on oral and pharyngeal cancer risk
No full textThe relation between selected aspects of diet and the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer was considered in a few cohort studies and approximately 30 case-control studies. These studies reported consistent inverse associations with fruit and vegetable consumption. beta-carotene, vitamin C and selected flavonoids were also inversely related to risk, although it remains difficult to disentangle their potential effect from that of fruit and vegetables. Whole-grain cereals, but not refined grain ones, were also favorably related to the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. The results were not consistent for other foods, including meat, fish, eggs, milk and dairy products, but it is now possible to exclude a strong relation with oral and pharyngeal cancer risk. Data are also reassuring for coffee and tea, while hot maté drinking has been related to increased risk in studies from Argentina and Brazil. There is no consistent association with total fat intake, but monounsaturated fats (and olive oil) have resulted inversely related to risk. In developed countries, selected aspects of diet may account for 20% to 25% of oral and pharyngeal cancers. This proportion is likely greater in selected developing countries
Risk of recurrence in children operated for thyroglossal duct cysts: A systematic review.
No full textPurpose: To determine the rate of recurrence following surgical treatment of thyroglossal duct cysts (TDGCs) in children. Methods: A search of electronic databases (Pubmed and MEDLINE) was performed in order to identify studies concerning surgical treatment of TGDCs in children published between 1980 and 2012. The following terms were used: "thyroglossal duct cysts", "recurrent", "recurrence", "children", "pediatric". Results: Sixteen articles were selected with the majority published during the last decade. The total number of included subjects was 1233. The mean (95% confidence interval (CI)) rate of recurrences was 10.7% (9.1%-12.6%). Eleven studies involving 751 subjects reported the frequency of recurrences separately for primary cases. The mean (95% CI) rate of recurrences was 10.8% (8.7%-13.3%). Five studies reported separately results of surgery for secondary cases. The mean (95% CI) rate of recurrences was 20.0% (12.2%-30.8%). Eight of the sixteen studies reported data on risk factors for recurrence. The use of the Sistrunk technique is a protective factor, whereas children who experienced repeated episodes of infection prior to surgery are exposed to a higher risk of recurrence. Conclusion: Recurrences after surgery for TDGCs remain a clinically relevant issue. One of ten operated children experiences a recurrence. Available data support the use of the Sistrunk technique but further studies aimed at improving the clinical management of TDGCs are required
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