2,618 research outputs found
Optically stimulated luminescent response of the LiMgPO4 silicone foils to protons and its dependence on proton energy
No full textThe prototype of the LiMgPO4 (LMP) silicone foils has been tested to find their OSL relative response to protons and their dependence on proton energy. The proton depth–-dose distribution was measured for the pristine monoenergetic 58 MeV Bragg Peak (BP) available from the AIC-144 isochronous cyclotron. 40 LMP flat sheet silicone foils stacked together inside a specially designed PMMA phantom, have been irradiated in the therapeutic room of the proton eye radiotherapy facility (IFJ PAN). The Co-60 gamma source in the same facility was used as the reference radiation. The data provided raw images registered for each LMP silicone foil after irradiation with protons and images captured after irradiation with the reference Co-60 gamma source and metadata. Data were used in the paper: Sądel Michał, Leszek Grzanka, Jan Swakoń, Jakub Baran, Jan Gajewski, and Paweł Bilski. 2023. "Optically Stimulated Luminescent Response of the LiMgPO4 Silicone Foils to Protons and Its Dependence on Proton Energy" Materials 16, no. 5: 1978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051978
Prototypowe folie silikonowe na bazie LiMgPO4 (LMP) przetestowano, w celu wyznaczenia ich względnej wydajność luminescencyjnej (OSL) na protony oraz ich zależność od energii protonów. Zmierzono rozkład głębokościowy dawki protonów dla monoenergetycznej wiązki tzw. pojedynczy Pik Bragga (BP), dostępnej z izochronicznego cyklotronu AIC-144, w pomieszczeniu terapeutycznym radioterapii protonowej oka (IFJ PAN). Napromienianiu poddano 40 płaskich folii silikonowych, ułożonych wewnątrz specjalnie zaprojektowanego fantomu PMMA w formie stosu. Jako promieniowanie referencyjne wykorzystano źródło gamma Co-60. Udostępnione dane składają się z zestawu surowych obrazów zarejestrowanych dla każdej z 40 folii LMP, napromienionej wiązką protonów oraz promieniowaniem gamma, przy użyciu dedykowanego systemu obrazowania optycznego, składającego się ze źródła LED oraz wysokoczułej kamery CCD wraz z metadanymi. Udostępnione dane wykorzystane zostały w artykule: Sądel Michał, Leszek Grzanka, Jan Swakoń, Jakub Baran, Jan Gajewski, and Paweł Bilski. 2023. "Optically Stimulated Luminescent Response of the LiMgPO4 Silicone Foils to Protons and Its Dependence on Proton Energy" Materials 16, no. 5: 1978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051978Narodowe Centrum Nauki2021/43/D/ST5/0304
Doświadczenia z reform fiskalnych w okresie tworzenia Unii Gospodarczej i Walutowej
Get PDFThe author analyzes the experience of fiscal reforms carried out in the European Union after the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. The treaty provides for what are called convergence criteria for countries aspiring to join the eurozone. After the treaty was signed a period of fiscal adjustments began in Europe. In the following years, individual countries pursued different strategies and attained different results in the process. The article aspires to be a source of information for those seeking to develop an optimal reform strategy for Poland—now that the Polish government has clearly stated that Poland should become part of the euro zone in the future. Using statistical data, Gajewski discusses how the convergence criteria adopted in the Maastricht Treaty (reference values for the deficit and public debt) influence fiscal policy in terms of the effectiveness of the strategy for adjusting government revenue and expenditure. It turns out that the fiscal convergence criterion could increase the pro-cyclical aspect of fiscal policy in the period directly preceding the launch of the third stage of the Economic and Monetary Union and in the first few years of the system’s functioning, Gajewski says. His research confirms earlier findings that effectively bringing down the deficit below the reference level requires focusing one’s efforts on the expenditure rather than revenue side of the budget. This may be because limiting expenditure calls for more comprehensive reforms covering structural changes and increased effectiveness of available resources. According to Gajewski, countries that have met the fiscal criterion by limiting expenditure generally took longer to meet this criterion and had a higher budget balance on average, during the period of the eurozone’s functioning, than countries that focused their strategies on the revenue side of the budget and stopgap measures. The author concludesthat the adopted strategy for public finance consolidation had far-reaching consequences for the competitiveness of individual countries and may have been one of the main causes behind the crisis, which hit the eurozone in 2008
Nierównowaga finansów publicznych w krajach Unii Europejskiej
Get PDFThe article aims to estimate the current level of public finance sustainability in the European Union, taking into account the starting fiscal position, the possibility of withdrawing fiscal impulses, the future costs of population aging, and possible financial market responses. The author achieves this objective by using an indicator method similar to that used by the European Commission. However, this method has been modified by diversifying projected GDP growth rates and public debt interest rates, Gajewski says. The assumption is that the interest rate may vary depending on the response of financial markets to the debt-to-GDP ratio. The author demonstrates that almost all EU countries have lost their medium- and long-term fiscal sustainability. Greece and Ireland appear to be the worst off among the analyzed countries, Gajewski says. Both these economies suffer from a high structural budget deficit and potentially high costs of population aging. Most other countries will also be forced to make strong fiscal adjustments to achieve primary surpluses far exceeding those in the period before the financial crisis. The calculations also show that Sweden, Estonia and Bulgaria boast the highest levels of public finance sustainability in the European Union, the author concludes
The Economic Effects of Regional Policy
No full textThe author analyses the relationship between regional disparities and economic efficiency. He also examines the efficiency of regional policy tools in the context of regional disproportions and economic efficiency. In the first part of the paper, the author discusses the main areas of controversy concerned with the regional distribution of business activity and its influence on economic growth. Then, using a graphic model to present the theory of endogenous growth and the New Economic Geography-and additionally considering social capital-Gajewski analyzes the economic effects of interregional transfers, subsidies for enterprises, investment in transport infrastructure and innovation policy. The author concludes that regional policy measures designed to support the regional diffusion of innovation and reduce its costs are the most effective instrument of regional policy, from the perspective of economic efficiency and the need to level out regional differences. Subsidies to enterprises seem to be the least beneficial, if not harmful, regional policy tool, Gajewski says. His research findings indicate that the use of various other regional policy instruments leads to an “equity-efficiency tradeoff,” or a conflict between economic and social objectives
Public Finance Sustainability in European Union Countries
No full textThe article aims to estimate the current level of public finance sustainability in the European Union, taking into account the starting fiscal position, the possibility of withdrawing fiscal impulses, the future costs of population aging, and possible financial market responses. The author achieves this objective by using an indicator method similar to that used by the European Commission. However, this method has been modified by diversifying projected GDP growth rates and public debt interest rates, Gajewski says. The assumption is that the interest rate may vary depending on the response of financial markets to the debt-to-GDP ratio. The author demonstrates that almost all EU countries have lost their medium- and long-term fiscal sustainability. Greece and Ireland appear to be the worst off among the analyzed countries, Gajewski says. Both these economies suffer from a high structural budget deficit and potentially high costs of population aging. Most other countries will also be forced to make strong fiscal adjustments to achieve primary surpluses far exceeding those in the period before the financial crisis. The calculations also show that Sweden, Estonia and Bulgaria boast the highest levels of public finance sustainability in the European Union, the author concludes
Ekonomiczne efekty polityki regionalnej
Get PDFThe author analyses the relationship between regional disparities and economic efficiency. He also examines the efficiency of regional policy tools in the context of regional disproportions and economic efficiency. In the first part of the paper, the author discusses the main areas of controversy concerned with the regional distribution of business activity and its influence on economic growth. Then, using a graphic model to present the theory of endogenous growth and the New Economic Geography—and additionally considering social capital—Gajewski analyzes the economic effects of interregional transfers, subsidies for enterprises, investment in transport infrastructure and innovation policy. The author concludes that regional policy measures designed to support the regional diffusion of innovation and reduce its costs are the most effective instrument of regional policy, from the perspective of economic efficiency and the need to level out regional differences. Subsidies to enterprises seem to be the least beneficial, if not harmful, regional policy tool, Gajewski says. His research findings indicate that the use of various other regional policy instruments leads to an “equity-efficiency tradeoff,” or a conflict between economic and social objectives
The Fiscal Reform Experience of the Early Days of the Economic and Monetary Union
No full textThe author analyzes the experience of fiscal reforms carried out in the European Union after the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. The treaty provides for what are called convergence criteria for countries aspiring to join the eurozone. After the treaty was signed a period of fiscal adjustments began in Europe. In the following years, individual countries pursued different strategies and attained different results in the process. The article aspires to be a source of information for those seeking to develop an optimal reform strategy for Poland-now that the Polish government has clearly stated that Poland should become part of the euro zone in the future. Using statistical data, Gajewski discusses how the convergence criteria adopted in the Maastricht Treaty (reference values for the deficit and public debt) influence fiscal policy in terms of the effectiveness of the strategy for adjusting government revenue and expenditure. It turns out that the fiscal convergence criterion could increase the pro-cyclical aspect of fiscal policy in the period directly preceding the launch of the third stage of the Economic and Monetary Union and in the first few years of the system’s functioning, Gajewski says. His research confirms earlier findings that effectively bringing down the deficit below the reference level requires focusing one’s efforts on the expenditure rather than revenue side of the budget. This may be because limiting expenditure calls for more comprehensive reforms covering structural changes and increased effectiveness of available resources. According to Gajewski, countries that have met the fiscal criterion by limiting expenditure generally took longer to meet this criterion and had a higher budget balance on average, during the period of the eurozone’s functioning, than countries that focused their strategies on the revenue side of the budget and stopgap measures. The author concludesthat the adopted strategy for public finance consolidation had far-reaching consequences for the competitiveness of individual countries and may have been one of the main causes behind the crisis, which hit the eurozone in 2008
Regionalne zróżnicowanie efektów impulsu polityki pieniężnej w Polsce
Get PDFThe article looks at the problem of regional differences in monetary policy in Poland. The author seeks to identify key differences in the effects of monetary policy between the country’s eastern and western macroregions. The empirical exercise uses the standard vector autoregressive model with exogenous variables (VARX), expanded to include variables describing economic activity in the two macroregions. The results point to varying responses to a monetary shock – chiefly diverse adjustments following the shock as well as different reactions to monetary policy impulses, the author argues. While in the western macroregion a tighter monetary policy triggers a strong reaction on the part of industrial production, Gajewski says, the eastern macroregion is mostly affected via the labor market
The Regional Asymmetry of Monetary Policy Effects in Poland
No full textThe article looks at the problem of regional differences in monetary policy in Poland. The author seeks to identify key differences in the effects of monetary policy between the country’s eastern and western macroregions. The empirical exercise uses the standard vector autoregressive model with exogenous variables (VARX), expanded to include variables describing economic activity in the two macroregions. The results point to varying responses to a monetary shock – chiefly diverse adjustments following the shock as well as different reactions to monetary policy impulses, the author argues. While in the western macroregion a tighter monetary policy triggers a strong reaction on the part of industrial production, Gajewski says, the eastern macroregion is mostly affected via the labor market.Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja ogólnych różnic w efektach polityki pieniężnej między wschodnim i zachodnim makroregionem w Polsce. Artykuł jest w istocie pierwszym spojrzeniem na problem regionalnego zróżnicowania efektów polityki pieniężnej w Polsce. W celu zachowania przejrzystości, a także spójności z analizami prowadzonymi dla Polski jako całości, badanie empiryczne przeprowadzone zostało w oparciu o standardowy model VARX, rozszerzony o zmienne charakteryzujące aktywność gospodarczą w obu makroregionach. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają odmienność odpowiedzi tych zmiennych. W szczególności wyniki sugerują nie tyle zróżnicowaną siłę reakcji na impuls polityki pieniężnej, ile odmienny charakter dostosowań po impulsie. W makroregionie zachodnim zacieśnienie polityki pieniężnej powoduje relatywnie silną reakcję produkcji przemysłowej, natomiast w makroregionie wschodnim dostosowania przebiegają raczej na rynku pracy. Uzyskane rezultaty mogą stanowić przyczynek do dalszych badań, a także do dyskusji nad ich implikacjami dla polityki gospodarczej
Paweł Piechnik
Get PDFIn the “Author Gallery”, we present frames from Paweł Piechnik’s comic Bread of Freedom. It may be that, being surrounded by contemporary images diverse in content, form, genre, style, function and medium, we do not battle with ourselves over which religious content to depict, if any. Even Leo III the Syrian (with whom the iconoclasm dispute began) would not question such a “meeting” between a comic and religion, probably because the line and frame are not “deified”, but rather prompt questions about the limits of the image as the limits of religion – as is the case with Bread of Freedom – as the boundaries of metaphysics. But not everything can be presented and justified. The iconoclasm dispute has left many traces in Western culture, including those in the form of questions related to what might be presented. The comic Bread of Freedom designs unobvious responses to questions of this nature.W „Author Gallery” prezentujemy kadry z komiksu Pawła Piechnika Chleb wolnościowy. Być może, otoczeni współcześnie obrazami różnorodnymi co do treści, formy, gatunku, stylu, funkcji i medium, nie toczymy z sobą walk o to, które treści religijne przedstawiać, jeśli w ogóle. Nawet Leon III Izauryjczyk (od którego rozpoczął się spór o ikonoklazm) nie kwestionowałby „spotkania” komiksu i religii – zapewne dlatego, że kreska i kadr nie są „przebóstwione”, raczej prowokują do pytań o granice obrazu jako granice religii, a nawet – jak w przypadku komiksu Chleb wolnościowy – jako granice metafizyki. Nie wszystko bowiem, co się da przedstawić, da się też uzasadnić. Spór o ikonoklazm zostawił po sobie wiele śladów w kulturze zachodniej, między innymi w postaci pytań o to, co można przedstawić. Komiks Chleb wolnościowy projektuje nieoczywiste odpowiedzi na tego typu pytania
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