1,721,205 research outputs found
Il trattamento della placenta per l’esame istopatologico finalizzato allo studio ed alla diagnostica del danno neurologico feto- neonatale
No full textHER2 heterogeneity in gastric/gastroesophageal cancers: From benchside to practice
No full textHER2 is overexpressed in approximately 10%-20% of gastric and gastroesophageal junction carcinomas. In these types of cancer, accurate assessment of HER2 status is mandatory, for selecting patients who may benefit from targeted therapies with anti-HER2 drugs such as Trastuzumab. This manuscript focuses on HER2 in gastric carcinogenesis, on optimal evaluation of HER2 and on the possible causes which may contribute to inaccurate HER2 evaluation. Similarly to breast cancer HER2 evaluation, standardization of HER2 testing in gastric cancer is necessary in diagnostic practice. The three principle aspects which require consideration are: (1) the choice of sample with regards to cancer morphology - intestinal vs diffuse areas; (2) the choice of scoring criteria - use of HER2 scoring criteria specific for gastric cancer; and (3) the choice of HER2 evaluation methods - use of an algorithm in which both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization play a role. Problematic issues include: (1) pre-analytic variables with particular emphasis on fixation; (2) recommended methodology for HER2 assessment (immunohistochemistry vs in situ hybridization); (3) HER2 heterogeneity both within the primary tumor and between primary tumor and metastases; (4) reliability of biopsies in HER 2 evaluation; and (5) quantity of sample (FFPE blocks from surgical specimens or endoscopic biopsies) necessary for an adequate assessment
Role of HER2 in esophageal and gastric carcinogenesis and reliability of its evaluation in endoscopic biopsies
No full textSuccessful DAA Treatment and Global Improvement in a Cirrhotic Patient with Concomitant HCV Infection and Autoimmune Hepatitis
No full textA charming molecular profile in the wrong tissue: the pathologist in the era of molecular diagnostics in the gastrointestinal tract
No full textthe pathologist in the era of molecular diagnostics in the gastrointestinal trac
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