1,720,991 research outputs found
OPIATERGIC MODULATION OF PREPARATORY AND CONSUMMATORY COMPONENTS OF FEEDING AND DRINKING
No full textWe present data here indicating that stimulation of kappa but not mu opiate receptors influences motivational and consummatory aspects of feeding and drinking. To differentiate mu and kappa mechanisms controlling preparatory (appetitive) and consummatory components of ingestive behavior, the effects of morphine (MORPH), compound U50488H (U50) and naloxone (NAL) were studied in rats trained to negotiate a straight runway using food or water as reinforcer. At doses that increase feeding and drinking in conditions of free access to food and water (i.e., 1-2 mg/kg IP), MORPH affected neither food- nor water-maintained runway performance. Since 1 mg/kg of NAL is also devoid of effects, mu-opiate mechanisms are probably not involved in food- or water-maintained behavior. Pharmacological manipulation of kappa-opiate mechanisms had complex effects. At 5 mg/kg, NAL accelerated satiation, depressing food intake, without affecting running. U50 did not increase food intake, but accelerated running for food, an effect that was antagonized by a high dose of NAL (5 mg/kg). These findings suggest that motivational and consummatory components of food-maintained runway performance are both activated by kappa-opiate mechanisms. NAL also reduced water intake but had minimal influences on running. In contrast, U50 depressed both water intake and runway performance; rather than being antagonized, these effects were slightly enhanced by NAL. The combined antidipsic and diuretic effects of U50 suggest that kappa-opiate mechanisms play a dissipatory role in water balance. However, the similar antidipsic effects of U50 and NAL, and the fact that NAL did not antagonize the antidipsic effects of U50, suggest that U50 may reduce drinking by mechanisms other than kappa-opiate agonism
PATOLOGIE IATROGENE DA FARMACI
No full textI tre principali tipi di patologia iatrogena sono rappresentati dalle infezioni nosocomiali, dagli interventi chirurgici non necessari e dalle conseguenze indesiderate di trattamenti farmacologici. Le patologie iatrogene da farmaci si possono verificare sia nella popolazione generale che in quella ospedaliera. Il presente capitolo tratta le patologie iatrogene da farmaci con un excursus che ripartendo dalla definizione delle Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR), comprende la epidemiologia, le metodiche di rilevazione, la incidenza ed il rischio relativo. In riferimento alla eziologia delle ADR, vengono trattati i meccanismi di azione, con relativa classificazione dellecorrispondenti ADR, e l’influenza della farmacogenetica e della farmacogenomica nell’insorgenza delle stesse
NOVITA' IN FARMACOLOGIA
No full textIl capitolo offre un excursus sui farmaci immessi sul mercato negli ultimi anni e che sono stati ritenuti particolarmente rilevanti in un ambito di interesse generale: farmaci antipsicotici, antidepressivi, farmaci per la prevenzione e la terapia del morbo di Alzheimer, triptani, FANS, farmaci antiasmatici, immunosoppressori, inibitori di pompa protonica, antidiabetici, et al
Effect of nimodipine on drinking behavior measured in the runway: comparison and interaction with (+/-)-amphetamine.
No full textThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of the calcium channel blocker (CCE), nimodipine (NIM), to interact with (+/-)-amphetamine (AMPH) in modifying ingestive behavior. Rats performed in a water-reinforced runway paradigm with multiple trials. Water was available in sufficient quantity to produce satiety under control conditions as measured by a decline in response rate over the session. NIM and AMPH, given alone, did not produce significant effects on performance but produced behavioral changes when administered in combination. In particular, the combination of the highest doses (13 mg/kg i.p. NIM plus 0.56 mg/kg i.p. AMPH) initially depressed both running and drinking, whereas in later trials it increased running rate, without producing a parallel increase in water intake. These results suggest that NIM enhances AMPH-produced inhibition of drinking, whereas it first depresses and then enhances the AMPH-mediated runway performance, suggesting the rate dependency of this latter effect
Dapiprazol prevents U50,488H-mediated suppression of preparatory components of drinking behavior in rats.
No full textIn a previous study, we found that the kappa opioid agonist U50,488H (U50) suppresses both appetitive and consummatory components of drinking behavior in rats trained to negotiate water in a straight runway. U50 also activates diuresis. Kappa opioid mechanisms could therefore play a dissipative role in the body's water balance. Since naloxone inhibits diuresis, but not hypodipsia produced by U50, these effects are probably mediated also by nonopioid mechanisms. In rats trained to negotiate water in a straight runway, we have studied the influence on the hypodipsic effects of U50 of the selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist dapiprazol (DAP), which we found to inhibit U50-mediated diuresis. When given alone, DAP (3 and 6 mg/kg IP) influenced neither running for water nor water intake; neither did it prevent the suppression of water intake produced by U50 (8 mg/kg IP) across the test. However, it did antagonize the U50-mediated slowing of running for water. Alpha-1 adrenoceptors thus appear to play a role in U50's effects on diuresis and the appetitive, but not consummatory, aspects of drinking
Gender difference in prescription opioid abuse: A focus on oxycodone and hydrocodone
No full textSeveral data gathered in the last decade indicate an increase of abuse of prescription opioid drugs oxycodone (OXY) and hydrocodone (HYDRO) in women. However, to date there are no conclusive evidences investigating the gender-dependent abuse liability of prescription opioids. This study aims to supply a specific focus on women's data through a selective summary of the literature analyzing gender differences in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic dimension of OXY and HYDRO. Findings from this study suggest that the majority of OXY and HYDRO pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects do not differ according to gender, though confirming a significant difference in the incidence of adverse effects as demonstrated by the increased gastrointestinal adverse reactions in female subjects. Although the majority of recent clinical studies include an equal number of female and male subjects, the main outcome parameters do not relate specifically to gender differences. Due to the gender influence in activity of CYP3A4 and its crucial role in metabolism of both OXY than HYDRO, we suggest that assessing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions in clinical studies may be useful to clarify the effect of the higher CYP3A4 activity in female in relation to CYP2D6 genotype. Overall, considering the paucity of data regarding gender differences in European Union, this work highlights that impact of new abuse deterrent formulations should be assessed with a special focus on data concerning female subjects
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