1,721,042 research outputs found
When you have already made up your mind, but you don't know it yet
No full textStarting from the basic claim of the Gawronski and Bodenhausen’s APE model, the aim of this essay was the detection of the role of implicit and explicit attitudes in decision making.
The implicit and explicit attitudes of a group of participants about the enlargement of a USA military base in Vicenza were detected at Time 1 and one week later (time 2) using the ST-IAT, in the case of the implicit attitudes, and the answers to a survey, in the case of explicit attitudes. An intention of voting in favour of or against the enlargement was also registered (at Time 1 and Time 2). The data showed that when an attitude involves a choice, all of the components (implicit attitudes, explicit attitudes and behavioural intention) have to move in the same direction.
We found that the explicit component of the attitude controls the judgment preservation and/or the judgment change in the case of a defined attitude about a specific object. This explicit component is also able to affect the implicit component of the attitude. Moreover, in the case of a not yet defined attitude, the implicit component of the attitude drives the judgement construction at the explicit level. Instead, the implicit attitudes, but not the explicit attitudes, measured at the Time 1 anticipated the subsequent choices of people who initially defined themselves as uncertain In other words, only the ST-IAT index at Time 1 predicted the change in the survey responses and the participants’ ST-IAT performances at Time 2
Changing likes and dislikes through the back door: The US-revaluation effect
No full textWalther E, Gawronski B, Blank H, Langer T. Changing likes and dislikes through the back door: The US-revaluation effect. Cognition and Emotion. 2009;23(5):889-917
Automatic mental associations predict future choices of undecided decision-makers
Full text linkCommon wisdom holds that choice decisions are based on conscious deliberations of the available
information about choice options. On the basis of recent insights about unconscious influences on
information processing, we tested whether automatic mental associations of undecided individuals
bias future choices in a manner such that these choices reflect the evaluations implied by earlier
automatic associations. With the use of a computer-based, speeded categorization task to assess
automatic mental associations (i.e., associations that are activated unintentionally, difficult to
control, and not necessarily endorsed at a conscious level) and self-report measures to assess
consciously endorsed beliefs and choice preferences, automatic associations of undecided
participants predicted changes in consciously reported beliefs and future choices over a period
of 1 week. Conversely, for decided participants, consciously reported beliefs predicted changes
in automatic associations and future choices over the same period. These results indicate that
decision-makers sometimes have already made up their mind at an unconscious level, even
when they consciously indicate that they are still undecided
Losing on all fronts: The effects of negative versus positive person-based campaigns on implicit and explicit evaluations of political candidates
No full textThe current research investigated the effects of negative as compared to positive person-based political campaigns on explicit and implicit evaluations of the involved candidates. Participants were presented with two political candidates and statements that one of them ostensibly said during the last political campaign. For half of the participants, the campaign included positive remarks about the source of the statement ( positive campaign); for the remaining half, the campaign included negative remarks about the opponent (negative campaign). Afterwards, participants completed measures of explicit and implicit evaluations of both candidates. Results indicate that explicit evaluations of the source, but not the opponent, were less favourable after negative as compared to positive campaigns. In contrast, implicit evaluations were less favourable for both candidates after negative campaigns. The results are discussed in terms of associative and propositional processes, highlighting the importance of associative processes in political decision making
L’esposizione selettiva a nuove informazioni: una ricerca sugli atteggiamenti di persone decise a proposito del ponte sullo stretto di Messina
No full textWhat Can Political Psychology Learn from Implicit Measures? Empirical Evidence and New Directions
No full textImplicit measures have become very popular in virtually all areas of basic and applied psychology. However, there are empirical and theoretical arguments that might raise doubts about their usefulness in research on political attitudes. Based on a review of relevant evidence, we argue that implicit measures can be useful to identify sources of political preferences in domains where self-presentation may bias self-reports (e.g., influence of racial attitudes on voting decisions). In addition, implicit measures of regular political attitudes can contribute to the prediction of future political decisions by virtue of their capability to predict biases in the processing of decision-relevant information (e.g., prediction of voting behavior of undecided voters). These conclusions are supported by research showing that implicit measures predict real-world political behavior over and above explicit measures. The reviewed findings suggest that implicit measures may serve as a useful supplement to improve the prediction of election outcomes. Open questions and potential directions for future research are discussed
What Can Political Psychology Learn from Implicit Measures? Empirical Evidence and New Directions
No full textImplicit measures have become very popular in virtually all areas of basic and applied psychology. However, there are empirical and theoretical arguments that might raise doubts about their usefulness in research on political attitudes. Based on a review of relevant evidence, we argue that implicit measures can be useful to identify sources of political preferences in domains where self-presentation may bias self-reports (e.g., influence of racial attitudes on voting decisions). In addition, implicit measures of regular political attitudes can contribute to the prediction of future political decisions by virtue of their capability to predict biases in the processing of decision-relevant information (e.g., prediction of voting behavior of undecided voters). These conclusions are supported by research showing that implicit measures predict real-world political behavior over and above explicit measures. The reviewed findings suggest that implicit measures may serve as a useful supplement to improve the prediction of election outcomes. Open questions and potential directions for future research are discussed
On the determinants of implicit evaluations: When the present weighs more than the past
No full textIt is often assumed that implicit evaluations are influenced by early childhood experiences, whereas explicit evaluations reflect recent experiences. However, previous findings supporting this assumption remain ambiguous as to whether the differential effects of early versus recent experiences are driven by their temporal distance or their affective versus cognitive nature. Controlling for affectivity by using a predominantly affective attitude object (i.e., religion), the present study found that both implicit and explicit evaluations were related to recent, but not early, experiences. This pattern consistently emerged for self-reported experiences as well as independent reports from parents. Moreover, the relation of recent experiences to one type of evaluation remained significant after controlling for the respective other type of evaluation, suggesting that recent experiences influenced implicit and explicit evaluations independently. Implications for attitudinal dissociations and processes of attitude change are discussed
Temporal stability of implicit and explicit measures: A longitudinal analysis
Full text linkA common assumption about implicit measures is that they reflect early experiences, whereas explicit measures are assumed to reflect recent experiences. This assumption subsumes two distinct hypotheses: (a) Implicit measures are more resistant to situationally induced changes than explicit measures; (b) individual differences on implicit measures are more stable over time than individual differences on explicit measures. Although the first hypothesis has been the subject of numerous studies, the second hypothesis has received relatively little attention. The current research addressed the second hypothesis in two longitudinal studies that compared the temporal stability of individual differences on implicit and explicit measures in three content domains (self-concept, racial attitudes, political attitudes). In both studies, implicit measures showed significantly lower stability over time (weighted average r = .54) than conceptually corresponding explicit measures (weighted average r = .75), despite comparable estimates of internal consistency. Implications for theories of implicit social cognition and
interpretations of implicit and explicit measures are discussed
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