1,721,165 research outputs found
L'Introduzione delle Biotecnologie nell'Industria Farmaceutica Statunitense
No full textIl libro descrive gli sviluppi delle biotecnologie negli Stati Uniti e i comportamenti delle impres
Le Reazioni dei Concorrenti all'Innovazione Tecnologica
No full textIl paper discute diversi aspetti della reazione dei concorrenti all'innovazione tecnologic
Science and Innovation
No full textThis book develops a systematic study of the US pharmaceutical industry in the 1980s. It focuses on the changing nature of pharmaceutical research with the advent of biotechnology, and the implications thereof for corporate strategy and industry structure
The economic value of patented inventions: thoughts and some open questions
No full textThe economic value of upstream research outcomes has raised increasing attention. Not only are these outcomes central to the development of many innovations, but they are also the object of many transactions in technology. This note discusses a few representative papers that try to better understand the value of patented inventions. It deals with three topics: the value of patent rights, the value of patents as quality signals, and the value of patented inventions as a whole. In the latter case, it focuses on the creation of value through the number of inventions produced rather than increase in the value of individual invention. The note also sketches open questions for future research
Competitive advantages from in-house scientific research: The US pharmaceutical industry in the 1980s
No full textThe public nature of science may lead to the simplistic conclusion that firms can at no cost avail of the scientific knowledge generated by academia or other non-profit institutions. This paper offers empirical evidence that in-house scientific research raises the ability of the firms to take advantage of "public" science. Case studies of a few large US drug manufacturers show that firms with better in-house scientific research programs have exploited more effectively outside scientific information. Statistical analysis reinforces this conclusion. Using data on the 14 largest US-based drug manufacturers between 1973 and 1986, I find that company patents are positively correlated with the scientific publications of the firms even after controlling for the scale of R&D. © 1992
Successes and Failures in the Markets for Technology
No full textThis paper discusses various features of the development of technology markets, along with implications for industry structur
Patents and the Division of Innovative Labor
No full textThis paper comments the paper by Arora and Merges on the relationships between patents and the division of inventive labor. It develops several policy arguments
Imprese Manageriali e "Nuovi" Sistemi Imprenditoriali
No full textCapitolo confronta grandi imprese e cluster industrial
Private and social functions of patents: Innovation, markets, and new firms
Full text linkThis article provides a review of the private and social functions of patents using data and evidence from the economic and management literature. While patents provide incentives to invent by providing private protection to appropriate the returns on inventions, they also have broader effects. For example, in this paper we focus on the fact that they provide signals about the value of new firms, disclose information about the invention, and encourage the exchange of inventions and ideas in markets for technology. In order to better understand the relative importance of the implications of patents, patent agencies and stakeholders should invest to a greater extent in data collections or in creating the conditions for research designs and experiments that nail down causal effects and mechanisms. Available data are not created with these identification strategies in mind, which limits the questions that scholars can ask. Systematic studies that identify different effects of patents can provide the basis for rigorous evidence-based management and policy about patents. This would imply a wider shift from a world in which managerial and policy analysis is distinct from practice, to a world in which analysis and implementation are increasingly co-produced, and there is greater integration between them
The changing technology of technological change: general and abstract knowledge and the division of innovative labour
No full textIn the past, most innovations have resulted from empiricist procedures; the outcome of each trial yielding knowledge that could not be readily extended to other contexts. While trial and-error may remain the primary engine of innovation, developments in many scientific disciplines, along with progress in computational capabilities and instrumentation, are encouraging a new approach to industrial research. Instead of relying purely on trial-and-error, the attempt is also to understand the principles governing the behaviour of objects and structures. The result is that relevant information, whatever its source, can now be cast in frameworks and categories that are more universal. The greater universality makes it possible for the innovation process to be organised in new ways: firms can specialise and focus upon producing new knowledge, and the locus of innovation may be spread across both users and producers. More generally the use of general and abstract knowledge in innovation opens up the possibility for a division of labour in inventive activity -the division of innovative labour. The implications for public policy, especially that on intellectual property rights, are discussed. © 1994
- …
