1,721,066 research outputs found
La nullità della clausola 'MFN' nei contratti tra agenzie di intermediazione telematiche e imprese alberghiere
No full textNella legge annuale per il mercato e la concorrenza del 4 agosto 2017, il Parlamento italiano ha stabilito nel comma 166° la nullità della clausola con la quale un gestore di una piattaforma di prenotazione online vincola l’impresa alberghiera che usufruisce del servizio di intermediazione a non praticare alla clientela finale prezzi e condizioni migliorative rispetto a quelle praticate per il tramite della piattaforma stessa. Dopo un breve accenno alla natura della pattuizione in esame e al procedimento avviato da alcune Autorità Antitrust, tra cui anche l’AGCM, volto ad indagare i profili anticoncorrenziali della clausola, si evidenzieranno le diverse criticità del dettato legislativo. Il compito del presente contributo sarà dunque quello di ricostruire la ratio e il regime giuridico della nullità in esame, considerando anche le scelte legislative di altri paesi europei che hanno optato per la medesima soluzione normativa. Infine, si farà menzione della posizione dell’UE adottata nella recente proposta di regolamento del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio che promuove equità e trasparenza per gli utenti commerciali dei servizi di intermediazione. Concluderanno osservazioni critiche
LA PUBBLICITA` MIRATA AL TEMPO DELL’INTELLIGENZA ARTIFICIALE: QUALI REGOLE A TUTELA DEICONSUMATORI?
No full textIl contributo ricostruisce e analizza il quadro legislativo applicabile alla pubblicità mirata nei mercati digitali. Dopo una breve descrizione degli sviluppi tecnologici nella pubblicità online e delle sfide che essa pone per il legislatore, si passa all’analisi dell’attuale della legislazione applicabile alla pubblicità mirata, con particolare riferimento a quattro aspetti fondamentali: il trattamento dei dati personali, la trasparenza commerciale, gli effetti vietati e l’applicazione delle norme. Nell’analisi si prenderà in considerazione la normativa europea esistente sulla privacy e la protezione dei dati personali e sulla tutela dei consumatori, insieme al quadro normativo delineato dalle quattro recenti proposte di intervento nei mercati digitali, e cioè il regolamento sulla privacy elettronica, la legge sui servizi digitali, la legge sui mercati digitali e la proposta di regolamento sull’intelligenza artificiale
Online Behavioural Advertising and Unfair Manipulation Between the GDPR and the UCPD
No full textOnline behavioural advertising, i.e. the practice of targeting digital advertising according to consumers’ online behaviour, is posing threats to consumers’ autonomy. This is happening not only because behavioural advertising intrinsically has the effect of restricting options for consumers, but also and especially because it increasingly enables customisation of advertising messages according to psychological traits and vulnerabilities of consumers. Against this background, the present work evaluates if, how and to what extent the EU General Data Protection Regulation EU/2016/697 (GDPR) and the Directive 2005/29/EC on unfair commercial practices (UCPD) contribute to safeguarding autonomous decision-making of individuals in front of new data and technology-driven subtle forms of manipulative advertising
Recommended from our members
Algorithmic marketing and EU law on unfair commercial practices. Rethinking consumer protection with AI
Full text linkThe background of the book is provided by the increased deployment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems by marketing entities in consumers interactions. Thanks to machine learning (ML) and cognitive computing technologies, businesses can today analyse vast amounts of data about consumers, generate new knowledge, and act thereupon to optimize certain processes, and undertake tasks previously impossible.
Against this background, the objective of the proposed book is to analyse new algorithmic commercial practices, their challenges to consumers, and measure such developments against current EU legislative framework on consumer protection.
The book adopts an interdisciplinary methodology, building on empirical findings from AI applications in marketing, theoretical insights from surveillance and marketing studies, and condensing them with normative analysis on EU privacy and consumer protection.
The target audience of the proposed book is academia, in particular ICT, consumer protection and data protection lawyers, as well as computer scientists involved in AI and its ethical/legal impact.
The book is organized into two parts. The first part analyses the phenomenon of algorithmic marketing practices. It reviews main AI technologies in marketing, such as ML and NLP. It describes new commercial practices, including the massive monitoring and profiling of consumers, the personalization of advertising and offers, the exploitation of psychological and emotional insights, and the use of human-like interfaces for triggering consumers’ affection. It highlights the risks of the increased power of businesses to influence consumers’ behaviour and to undermine their ability to pursue personal and collective interests.
The second part provides a comprehensive analysis of current EU consumer protection laws and policies in the field of commercial practices. It includes consumer protection instruments (such as the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive) and data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR), and recent EU policies (e.g., AI Act). It focuses on two main legal concepts, their shortcomings, and potential refinements: vulnerability, understood as the conceptual benchmark for protecting consumers vis-à-vis unfair algorithmic practices; manipulation, as substantive legal measure for drawing the line between fair and unfair practices
Intellectual contributions meriting authorship: Survey results from the top cited authors across all science categories
No full textThese files contain the results of the survey that we published in PLOS ONE (doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198117
The Regulation of Content Moderation
No full textOnline platforms have become a key infrastructure for creating and sharing content, thus representing a paramount context for the individual/collective exercise of fundamental rights (e.g., freedom of expression, association) and the realisation of social values (citizens’ information, education, democratic dialogue). At the same time, platforms offer new opportunities for unfair or harmful behaviours, such as the unauthorised distribution of copyrighted content, privacy violation, unlawful content distribution (e.g., hate speech, child pornography), and fake news. To prevent or at least mitigate the spread of such content, online platforms have been encouraged to resort to content moderation. This activity uses automated systems to govern content flows to ensure lawful and productive user interactions. These systems deploy state-of-the-art AI technologies (e.g., deep learning, NLP) to detect prohibited content and restrict its further dissemination. In this Chapter, we will address the use of automated systems in content moderation and the related regulatory aspects. Section 2 will provide a general overview of content moderation on online platforms, focusing mainly on automated filtering. Further, Sect. 3 will describe existing techniques for automatically filtering content. Section 4 will discuss some critical challenges in automated content moderation, namely vulnerability, failures in accuracy, subjectivity and discrimination. Furthermore, Sect. 5 will define some of the steps needed to regulate moderation. Finally, in Sect. 6, we will review existing legislation that addresses content moderation in online environments
Recubrimiento radicular mediante un colgajo de doble papila con injerto de tejido conectivo. Caso clínico
No full textUna de las terapias cosméticas periodontales más usuales es el cubrimiento de recesiones radiculares.\nEn las últimas décadas se han desarrollado numerosas técnicas con este fin. En este caso clínico mostramos la utilización de una técnica de doble papila combinada con un injerto de tejido conectivo para solucionar un inconveniente estético en un canino superior.\nPresentamos resultados y seguimiento a 3 meses.\nFil: Zubizarreta, Maitane. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Periodoncia. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Fil: Galli, Federico. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Periodoncia. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Fil: Bontá, Hernán. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Periodoncia. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Fil: Caride, Facundo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Periodoncia. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Fil: Carranza, Nelson. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Periodoncia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
Recubrimiento radicular en el sector estético, empleando una técnica de túnel con injerto de tejido conectivo
No full textEl recubrimiento de recesiones gingivales es un tratamiento periodontal con gran impacto estético en el medio bucal. Diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas han sido desarrolladas con ese fin en las últimas décadas.Fil: Morales Orozco, Mario. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Periodoncia. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Fil: Bontá, Hernán. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Periodoncia. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Fil: Galli, Federico. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Periodoncia. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Fil: Caride, Facundo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Periodoncia. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Fil: Carranza, Nelson. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Periodoncia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
Flexible ethylene production: Electrified ethane cracking coupled with oxidative dehydrogenation
No full textThis work reports the design of a flexible combined process in which electrified cracking and oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) processes are coupled. An economic viable alternative to the conventional fuel-fired cracking for the production of ethylene is identified. This solution reduces energy consumptions and carbon dioxide emissions. Replacing the radiative heating (fuel-fired cracking) with electrical heating (electrified cracking) or partially combustion of the feed (ODH process) provides the necessary heat to compensate the endothermicity of the reaction.
Electrified cracking and ODH have higher thermal efficiency compared to fuel-fired cracking (97.1% and 98.1% vs 89.9%). Both electrified cracking and ODH process reduce the carbon dioxide emissions by 55.4 and 49.5 % compared to fuel-fired cracking. Moreover, coupling the 2 processes pushes the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions to 57.7 %. From an economic perspective, this innovative and flexible process has operating costs comparable to the ones of traditional fuel-fired ethane cracking: 0.84 € Nm−3 C2H4 and 0.94 € Nm−3 C2H4. Finally, this combined process is not only the most profitable but also the one with the low carbon footprint
- …
