1,721,027 research outputs found
Neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer.
No full textBeyond their well-known functions in the acute phases of the immune response, neutrophils play important roles in the various phases of tumor initiation and progression, through the release of their stored or newly synthesized mediators. In addition to reactive oxygen species, cytokines, chemokines, granule proteins and lipid mediators, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can also be released upon neutrophil activation. NET formation can be achieved through a cell-death process or in association with the release of mitochondrial DNA from viable neutrophils. NETs are described as extracellular fibers of DNA and decorating proteins responsible for trapping and killing extracellular pathogens, playing a protective role in the antimicrobial defense. There is increasing evidence, however, that NETs play multiple roles in the scenario of cancer-related inflammation. For instance, NETs directly or indirectly promote tumor growth and progression, fostering tumor spread at distant sites and shielding cancer cells thus preventing the effects of cytotoxic lymphocytes. NETs can also promote tumor angiogenesis and cancer-associated thrombosis. On the other hand, there is some evidence that NETs may play anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic roles. In this review, we focus on the main mechanisms underlying the emerging effects of NETs in cancer initiation and progression
Novel actors on the stage of cardiac dysfunction induced by anti-PD1 oncological treatments
No full textGALDIERO is CO-FIRST AUTHOR. Phagocytes as Corrupted Policemen in Cancer-Related Inflammation
No full textInflammation is a key component of the tumor microenvironment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) are prototypic inflammatory cells in cancer-related inflammation. Macrophages provide a first line of resistance against infectious agents but in the ecological niche of cancer behave as corrupted policemen. TAMs promote tumor growth and metastasis by direct interactions with cancer cells, including cancer stem cells, as well as by promoting angiogenesis and tissue remodeling and suppressing effective adaptive immunity. In addition, the efficacy of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and checkpoint blockade inhibitors is profoundly affected by regulation of TAMs. In particular, TAMs can protect and rescue tumor cells from cytotoxic therapy by orchestrating a misguided tissue repair response. Following extensive preclinical studies, there is now proof of concept that targeting tumor-promoting macrophages by diverse strategies (e.g., Trabectedin, anti-colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor antibodies) can result in antitumor activity in human cancer and further studies are ongoing. Neutrophils have long been overlooked as a minor component of the tumor microenvironment, but there is evidence for an important role of TANs in tumor progression. Targeting phagocytes (TAMs and TANs) as corrupted policemen in cancer may pave the way to innovative therapeutic strategies complementing cytoreductive therapies and immunotherapy
Cancer Inflammation and Cytokines
No full textChronic inflammation is a well-recognized tumor-enabling capability, which allows nascent tumors to escape immunosurveillance. A number of soluble and cellular inflammatory mediators take part in the various phases of cancer initiation and progression, giving rise to a fatal conspiracy, which is difficult to efficiently overcome. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are pivotal players of the tumor microenvironment and, because of their characteristic plasticity, can acquire a number of distinct phenotypes and contribute in different ways to the various phases of cancerogenesis. Tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) are also emerging as important components of the tumor microenvironment, given their unexpected heterogeneity and plasticity. TAMs and TANs are both integrated in cancer-related inflammation and an ever better understanding of their functions can be useful to tailor the use of anticancer therapeutic approaches and patient follow-up
Mast cells and basophils in angiogenesis: bridging the gap between inflammation and tumors
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Cardiac Toxicity in Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: It Is Now Time for Cardio-Immuno-Oncology
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