2,625 research outputs found
Eliciting, antimicrobial and film-forming properties of chitosan applied on fresh fruit and vegetables.
No full textClimatic classification: a consultants' meeting at ICRISAT Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India, 14-16 Apr 1980
Get PDFThis proceedings consists of the following papers: welcome address ( Swindale, L.D.); need, relevance, and objectives of the consultants' meeting on climatic classification (Virmani, S.M.); first session: current concepts and approaches; climatic classification: concepts for dry tropical environments (Grove, A.T.); classification of semi-arid tropics: climatic and phytogeographic approaches (Meher-Homji, V.M.); use of principal component analysis in rational classification of climates (Gadgil, S; J oshi, N.V.); second session: a practical classification system for agriculture in the SAT: climatic classification of semi -arid tropics in relation to farming systems research (Vi rmani, S.M. ; Sivakumar, M.V.K.; Reddy, S.J.); climatic classification, agroclimatic resource assessment, and possibilities for application in the semi -arid tropics ( Williams, G.D.V.; Masterton, J.); agroclimatic classification methods and their application to India (Krishnan, A.); agroclimatic classification for assessment of crop potential and its application to and dry farming tract s of India ( Sarker, R.P.; Biswas, B.C.
. Uso di oli essenziali per il controllo dei marciumi di ortofrutticoli in postraccolta: attività, meccanismi d’azione e strategie di applicazione.
No full textComment on a paper by Rindani and Sivakumar
No full textIn a recent work Rindani and Sivakumar claim to have found a new spin-3/2 theory with novel properties. It is shown here that the system which they consider is equivalent to the conventional Rarita-Schwinger equation. Their approach therefore appears unlikely to succeed in eliminating any of the long-standing problems associated with the interacting spin-3/2 field
Eliciting, antimicrobial and film-forming properties of chitosan applied on fresh fruit and vegetables.
No full textsj-docx-1-wmr-10.1177_0734242X211048131 – Supplemental material for Stabilization of mechanically biologically treated waste in anaerobic, aerobic and semi-aerobic bioreactors
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-wmr-10.1177_0734242X211048131 for Stabilization of mechanically biologically treated waste in anaerobic, aerobic and semi-aerobic bioreactors by Pundarika Sughosh, Periyaswami Lakshmikanthan and G L Sivakumar Babu in Waste Management & Research</p
A Comprehensive Review on the Impact of Edible Coatings, Essential Oils, and Their Nano Formulations on Postharvest Decay Anthracnose of Avocados, Mangoes, and Papayas
Get PDFSubtropical fruit such as avocados (Persea americana), mangoes (Mangifera indica L.), and papayas (Carica papaya L.) are economically important in international trade and predominantly exported to European destinations. These fruits are highly consumed due to their health benefits. However, due to long-distance shipping and the time required to reach the retail department stores, postharvest losses, due to postharvest decay occurring during the supply chain, affect the fruit quality on arrival at the long-distance distribution points. Currently, the use of synthetic fungicide, Prochloraz®, is used at the packing line to reduce postharvest decay and retain the overall quality of mangoes and avocados. Due to the ban imposed on the use of synthetic fungicides on fresh fruit, several studies have focused on the development of alternative technologies to retain the overall quality during marketing. Among the developed alternative technologies for commercial adoption is the use of edible coatings, such as chitosan biocontrol agents and essential oil vapors. The objective of this review is to summarize and analyze the recent advances and trends in the use of these alternative postharvest treatments on anthracnose decay in avocados, mangoes, and papayas
Effects of chitosan treatment on avocado postharvest diseases and expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chitinase and lipoxygenase genes
No full textStem-end rot (Lasiodiplodia theobromae) and anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) are major postharvest diseases in avocado that cause severe postharvest losses throughout the supply chain. One of the strategies to reduce development of such decay agents resides in the application of resistance inducers (e.g. chitosan), capable of reducing fungal growth and inducing resistance in fruit tissues. The influence of chitosan treatment (1% or 1.5% w/v) was investigated on decay incidence, gene expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chitinase (CHI) and lipoxygenase (LOX) and antioxidant enzyme activity [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] in i) drop-inoculated (without wounding) or ii) artificially infected (with wounding) avocado (cv. ‘Hass’) with L. theobromae or C. gloeosporioides pathogens and also in iii) naturally infected (natural inoculum) avocado. Fruit were dipped in 1% or 1.5% w/v chitosan dissolved in water for 3 min, followed by storage for 14 d and 28 d respectively at 7.5 °C, and thereafter for 5 d at 18 °C to simulate market shelf conditions. Chitosan at 1.5% significantly reduced the incidence of stem-end rot and anthracnose in both inoculated and naturally infected avocados. The up-regulation of PAL and down-regulation of LOX genes moderately allowed higher epicatechin contents (90 mg kg−1 FW) in the exocarp, which could have contributed to improved anthracnose control. The up-regulation of CHI genes and higher SOD activity could have contributed to control of stem-end rot. Chitosan solution (1.5%) retained moderate levels of C7 sugars and firmness up to 5 d shelf life. The control of stem-end rot and anthracnose of avocados obtained with 1.5% chitosan can be ascribed to a combination of its antifungal and eliciting properties
Macrochlamys leggeae Chandra & Sivakumar 2019, sp. nov.
No full textMacrochlamys leggeae sp. nov. (Figures 2 aı 3a – bı 4a – b; Table 1) Type material Holotype: 1 ex. (SL 10.28 mmı SW 7.08 mm) (NZSI M.31208/8)ı 300 m north-east of the Pushpawati River (30.72573°Nı 079.59150°E) 3544 mı Chamoli Districtı Uttarakhandı Western Himalayaı India; coll. S.K. Sajanı 28 August 2016. Paratypes: 4 ex. dry/ 7 ex. wet (NZSI M.31209/8)ı 300 m north-east of the Pushpawati River (30.72573° Nı 079.59150°E) 3544 mı Chamoli Districtı Uttarakhandı Western Himalayaı India (Figure 5)ı 5 ex. (NZSI MO.147)ı 300 m north-east of the Pushpawati River (30.72573° Nı 079.59150°E) 3544 mı Chamoli Districtı Uttarakhandı Western Himalayaı India deposited at Northern Regional Centreı Zoological Survey of Indiaı Dehradunı Uttarakhandı India; 2 ex. (NZSI M.316 – 319) 300 m north-east of the Pushpawati River (30.72573° Nı 079.59150°E) 3544 mı Chamoli Districtı Uttarakhandı Western Himalayaı India deposited at High Altitude Regional Centreı Zoological Survey of Indiaı Solanı Himachal Pradeshı Indiaı same date as holotype. Diagnosis The new species Macrochlamys leggeae has the following combination of characters: spire height is lowı the body whorl globose and largeı aperture width is greater than heightı lower whorl countı embryonic shell largerı smooth radial stair in protochonch and external shell surfaceı fewer teeth in each rowı penis very small (Figures 2 aı 3a – bı 4a – bı 7a – gı 8; Tables 1 – 2). Description The shell is medium (SL 8.66 – 10.28 mm)ı thin and smoothı convex and sub-globosely depressed; apex is obtuse and depressedı shell surface has smooth lirae over the whole bodyı shell pale in colour and horny; body whorl broad and globsely rounded at periphery and whorl largeı about two-thirds of shell height and convexı slightly descending in frontı spire is low (SH 1.16 ± 0.01 mm); whorls 4 ¼ – 5; peristome simple and thinı aperture is broadly ovate-lunate in shape; howeverı the width of the aperture is greater than its height (AH 4.76 ± 0.28 mm and AW 5.02 ± 0.33 mm)ı columellar region is straight and reflected at the perforationı umbilicus of shell narrowly perforate. Radula Each row of the radula consists of 73 teeth with the formula 22-1-13-1-13-1-22 (36-1-36). Central tooth (c) triangular tricuspid with large mesoconus (m). Lateral teeth (lt) asymmetric tricuspid with very small ectoconus (ec) and larger endoconus (et). Rachidian tooth central cusp base width 10.19 µm and rachidian tooth central cusp height 29.49 µm (Figure 7a – g). Genital organ Atrium (at) very shortı penis (p) short and cylindrical and corresponding to penial verge (pv)ı length of penis 1.20 mmı epiphallus (e) long and slender tubeı double length of penisı epiphallic caecum (epc) having one coiled circle located at middle of epiphallus and attached with penial retractor muscle (prm). Flagellum (fl) slightly larger then penis lengthı with single fold. Vas deferens (vd) thin slender tube connected between distal end of epiphallus and free oviduct (fo). Vagina (v) smaller than penis in length (0.8 mm) and cylindrical in shape. Dart apparatus (da) 4 times as long as penisı stout and cylindrical in shape and attached to proximal end of vaginaı tip of da attached with dart retractor muscle (drm). Gametolytic sac (gs) prolonged and bulbousı around 1 mm in diameter. Gametolytic duct (gd) long (double penis length)ı stout and cylindrical in shapeı free oviduct (fo) as long as penis and a cylindrical tube. Oviduct (ov) with large lobulesı with prostate gland (pg) running alongside. Hermaphrodite duct (hd) coiled and approximately 5 mm in length (Figure 8). External features Animal about 4 – 5 mm in length with reticulated skinı the shell is pale yellowı with a large and globose body whorl. The body surface is dark chocolate brown in colourı while the tentacle is darker. The caudal horn is raised and same colour as the body. The posterior left dorsal lobe is short and slightly visible. The animal secretes a very light slime during locomotion. Distribution. The specimens were collected from 300 m north-east of the Pushpawati River (30.72573°Nı 079.59150°E) 3544 mı Chamoli Districtı Uttarakhandı Western Himalayaı India (Figures 4c – fı 5). Habitat. The new species was usually found more than 3500 m above sea level on the ground surface and on small bushes (vegetation) of Meconopsis aculeata and Aconitum sp. in the sub-alpine zone of the main valley. This species is probably endemic to this particular region and known only from the type locality (Figure 5). The species is mostly active during the monsoon and post-monsoon season. Etymology. The specific epithet ‘leggeae’ is named after Joan Margaret Leggeı Botanist of the Royal Botanical Gardensı Kewı who came to India to study flora of the Valley of Flowersı and lost her life there on 4 July 1939. Remarks. The new species M. leggeae sp. nov. is compared with M. nuda (Pfeifferı 1852) (Figure 2e). In M. nuda the shell is thickı larger and less globose and the spire is highı and the aperture is shortı while in the new species the shell is thin and sub-globoseı and the aperture is wider than long. Howeverı the height of the body whorl is greater than in M. nuda and the number of whorls is also fewer (4 ¼ – 5)ı whereas in M. nuda the whorl number is 5 – 5 ½. In M. vesicula (Bensonı 1838) the shell is larger in size (SL 13.05 ± 1.38 mm)ı whereas the ratio of the aperture height to shell height is also greater (4.48 mm). In M. glauca (Pfeifferı 1846) the shell is also large in size (SL 16.64 ± 3 mm)ı and the height to width ratio of the aperture is also less (0.93 mm) than in M. leggeae (0.95 mm). In comparison to M. kuluensis Blanfordı 1904 the shell length and width are also greater (SL 11.28 ± 2.02 mmı SW 8.41 ± 1.49 mm)ı and the aperture ratio is greater than in M. leggeae. In M. leggeae the diameter of the spire without the last whorl is also less than in all the compared species (4.80 ± 0.28 mm) (see Tables 1 and 2; Figure 2b – d). The unique large body whorlı aperture openingı and morphometric measurements are reliable characters to distinguish the species. Statistical species differentiation. For morphometric differentiation among five individuals of Macrochlamys leggeae sp. nov. (paratype NZSI M.31ı209/8ı n = 5) and five individuals each of the congeneric species M. vesicula ı M. glauca ı M. kuluensis and M. nuda (n = 5)ı a PCA was performedı using Past3. The variables SL/SW – shell length/shell widthı AH/AW – aperture height/aperture widthı AW/SH – aperture width/spire heightı HBW/AH – height of the body whorl/aperture heightı and HBW/SH – height of the body whorl/spire height were calculated. PC1 explained 93.7% of the total variance and PC2 explained 5% of the variance in th eshell ratio (Figure 6). The most significant variance was observed in the ratios AW/SH (0.822) and HBW/SH (0.567) which are significantly different from those of the closely related species (Tables 1 and 3; Figure 6). (Continued) (Continued)Published as part of Sajan, Sheikh, Basudev Tripathy, Chandra, Kailash & Sivakumar, Kuppusamy, 2019, A new species of the genus Macrochlamys Grayı 1847 (Stylommatophora: Ariophantidae) from Western Himalayaı India, pp. 797-813 in Journal of Natural History 53 (13) on pages 800-808, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1615566, http://zenodo.org/record/367562
Reevaluating the perception of Space:Is Space Truly Black or colorless?
No full textThis research explores a fundamental question in astrophysics: Is space truly black, or does it only appear so due to the absence of light? Challenging the conventional view that space is inherently black, the author proposes that space is actually colorless, and the perception of blackness is a result of the lack of light particles reaching the observer’s eye. The paper evaluates the nature of natural light, including that from stars and the Sun, and argues that no natural source emits black as part of its spectrum. This independent research is authored by Sivakumar, an original thinker based in India, and aims to stimulate deeper inquiry into cosmic perception, light behavior, and the limitations of human visual understanding in interpreting space
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