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Effect on sport hemolysis of cold water leg immersion in athletes after training sessions
No full textThe principal source of increased turnover of erythrocytes in athletes is sport hemolysis, the intravascular hemolysis that characteristically occurs with athletic performance in sport. The use of the parameter mean sphered cell volume (MSCV), automatically measured by means of the Coulter LH750, could be useful for diagnosing the presence of sport hemolysis. We studied the behavior of MSCV and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in 30 top-level rugby players who underwent a heavy training session followed by 3 different recovery methods, administered to 3 subgroups of 10 athletes. We tested the use of active recovery consisting of cold water (5 degrees C) immersion of legs for 10 minutes either before (n = 10) or after (n = 10) cycling at 180 W for 10 minutes. In the whole group of athletes, measurements performed at rest and after training session and recovery showed no differences in MCV and MSCV values. The difference between MCV and MSCV was significant in the whole group and in the subgroup performing passive recovery, whereas the difference was not significant in the subgroups performing active recovery. This finding indicates that the use of active recovery in the top-level rugby players prevented the modifications of erythrocyte volume and shape. We outline that the values of the difference between MCV and MSCV was significantly modified in the whole group but the variations were not significant in the active recovery subgroups. The use of an index of erythrocyte shape modification (MCV - MSCV) can be very useful for evaluating sport hemolysis
Effect on sport hemolysis of cold water leg immersion in athletes after training sessions
No full textThe principal source of increased turnover of erythrocytes in athletes is sport hemolysis, the intravascular hemolysis that characteristically occurs with athletic performance in sport. The use of the parameter mean sphered cell volume (MSCV), automatically measured by means of the Coulter LH750, could be useful for diagnosing the presence of sport hemolysis. We studied the behavior of MSCV and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in 30 top-level rugby players who underwent a heavy training session followed by 3 different recovery methods, administered to 3 subgroups of 10 athletes. We tested the use of active recovery consisting of cold water (5 degrees C) immersion of legs for 10 minutes either before (n = 10) or after (n = 10) cycling at 180 W for 10 minutes. In the whole group of athletes, measurements performed at rest and after training session and recovery showed no differences in MCV and MSCV values. The difference between MCV and MSCV was significant in the whole group and in the subgroup performing passive recovery, whereas the difference was not significant in the subgroups performing active recovery. This finding indicates that the use of active recovery in the top-level rugby players prevented the modifications of erythrocyte volume and shape. We outline that the values of the difference between MCV and MSCV was significantly modified in the whole group but the variations were not significant in the active recovery subgroups. The use of an index of erythrocyte shape modification (MCV - MSCV) can be very useful for evaluating sport hemolysis
The values of immature reticulocytes fraction in elite athletes measured by means of two different technologies are concordant
No full textEffects of cold-water immersion of legs after training session on serum creatine kinase concentrations in rugby players
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Effects of the whole-body cryotherapy on NTproBNP, hsCRP and troponin I in athletes
No full textWhole-body cryotherapy refers to brief exposure to very cold air for treating symptoms of various illnesses. In sports medicine, whole-body cryotherapy is administered to improve recovery from muscular trauma. As specific studies are lacking, we measured cardiac markers in 10 top-level rugby players of the Italian National team before and after a 1-week course of daily sessions of whole-body cryotherapy. All subjects continued with the same training workload as that of the previous weeks. N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) levels increased but remained within the normal range, whilst troponin I (TnI) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were unchanged. Whole-body cryotherapy did not impair cardiac function in this sample of elite athletes
Decreased mean sphered cell volume values in top-level rugby players are related to the intravascular hemolysis induced by exercise
No full textSports anemia is a common risk for athletes. Intravasclar hemolysis is the principal source of an accelerated turnover of erythrocytes in sportsmen. The hemolysis induces some biochemical and hematological modifications; in particular, high concentrations of total and indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin could be reported in professional athletes. We recruited 24 rugby players of the Italian National Team. In these athletes we measured hematological parameters, including mean sphered cell volume (MSCV) by means of Coulter LH 750 (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA), beside biochemical parameters, including bilirubin and haptoglobin. We observed differences in the athletes' indirect bilirubin between the blood drawing performed before the start of training and competitions and the one performed at the end of the competition season. The bilirubin was increased during competition season from 7% to 329% when compared with the baseline value measured before training and competitions. MSCV, in contrast, decreased from a mean of 88.4 fL to 86 fL. The MSCV decrease in association with an indirect bilirubin increase is a specific sign of erythrocyte destruction, and specific training and competitions schemes and diet or therapy modifications should be decided according to their values. The modifications of MSCV are correlated with those of haptoglobin and hemoglobin, but not with reticulocytosis
Beneficial effects of the whole-body cryotherapy on sport haemolysis
No full textBackground. Sport’s anemia is a common risk for athletes. The principal source of an accelerated
turnover of the erythrocytes in sportsmen is the intravascular hemolysis. This phenomenon is induced
by mechanical breakage for impact of feet and muscular contractions, but also by osmotic changes
causing membrane fragility, typically evident after exercise, when free radicals are increased. Wholebody
cryotherapy (WBC) covers a wide range of therapeutic applications and consists of briefly
exposing the body to extremely cold air. In sports medicine, WBC is used to improve recovery from
muscle injury; however, empirical studies on its application to this area are lacking. Design and
Methods. We recruited ten rugby players of the Italian National Team. In these athletes we measured
hematological parameters, before including mean sphered cell volume (MSCV) by means of Coulter
LH750, besides of haptoglobin, and after WBC. The subjects underwent five sessions on alternate
days once daily for one week. During the study period, the training workload was the same as that of
the previous weeks. Results. We observed in the athletes increase of haptoglobin and an increase of
MSCV after the treament period. Conclusions. WBC reduces sports haemolysis, as judged from
MSCV and haptoglobin data, supported from other haematological values, as well as the absence of
mean corpuscolar volume and reticulocytes increase. Th
Whole-body cryotherapy in athletes
No full textCold therapy is commonly used as a procedure to relieve pain symptoms, particularly in inflammatory diseases, injuries and overuse symptoms. A peculiar form of cold therapy (or stimulation) was proposed 30 years ago for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. The therapy, called whole-body cryotherapy (WBC), consists of exposure to very cold air that is maintained at -110 degrees C to -140 degrees C in special temperature-controlled cryochambers, generally for 2 minutes. WBC is used to relieve pain and inflammatory symptoms caused by numerous disorders, particularly those associated with rheumatic conditions, and is recommended for the treatment of arthritis, fibromyalgia and ankylosing spondylitis. In sports medicine, WBC has gained wider acceptance as a method to improve recovery from muscle injury. Unfortunately, there are few papers concerning the application of the treatment on athletes. The study of possible enhancement of recovery from injuries and possible modification of physiological parameters, taking into consideration the limits imposed by antidoping rules, is crucial for athletes and sports physicians for judging the real benefits and/or limits of WBC. According to the available literature, WBC is not harmful or detrimental in healthy subjects. The treatment does not enhance bone marrow production and could reduce the sport-induced haemolysis. WBC induces oxidative stress, but at a low level. Repeated treatments are apparently not able to induce cumulative effects; on the contrary, adaptive changes on antioxidant status are elicited--the adaptation is evident where WBC precedes or accompanies intense training. WBC is not characterized by modifications of immunological markers and leukocytes, and it seems to not be harmful to the immunological system. The WBC effect is probably linked to the modifications of immunological molecules having paracrine effects, and not to systemic immunological functions. In fact, there is an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10, and a decrease in proinflammatory cytokine IL-2 and chemokine IL-8. Moreover, the decrease in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 supported the anti-inflammatory response. Lysosomal membranes are stabilized by WBC, reducing potential negative effects on proteins of lysosomal enzymes. The cold stimulation shows positive effects on the muscular enzymes creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, and it should be considered a procedure that facilitates athletes' recovery. Cardiac markers troponin I and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, parameters linked to damage and necrosis of cardiac muscular tissue, but also to tissue repair, were unchanged, demonstrating that there was no damage, even minimal, in the heart during the treatment. N-Terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a parameter linked to heart failure and ventricular power decrease, showed an increase, due to cold stress. However, the NT-proBNP concentrations observed after WBC were lower than those measured after a heavy training session, suggesting that the treatment limits the increase of the parameter that is typical of physical exercise. WBC did not stimulate the pituitary-adrenal cortex axis: the hormonal modifications are linked mainly to the body's adaptation to the stress, shown by an increase of noradrenaline (norepinephrine). We conclude that WBC is not harmful and does not induce general or specific negative effects in athletes. The treatment does not induce modifications of biochemical and haematological parameters, which could be suspected in athletes who may be cheating. The published data are generally not controversial, but further studies are necessary to confirm the present observations
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