511 research outputs found
Intermunicipal Constabulary of Mežica Valley municipalities
No full textObčinsko redarstvo se v zadnjih letih vse bolj razvija. Občinski redarji dobivajo vedno več pristojnosti in bodo počasi postali že skoraj kot policisti. Redarstvo se je skozi čas močno razvijalo in se pojavljalo v različnih oblikah. Nočni stražar, stražnik, sodni sluga so le nekateri nazivi, ki so jih redarji imeli v preteklosti. Danes poznamo občinske redarje kot osebe, ki nadzorujejo javni red in mir v posameznih občinah. Ena izmed osnovnih nalog občinskega redarja je opozarjanje na nepravilnosti v cestnem prometu. Sledijo si še vse ostale naloge, ki sodijo v okvir dela občinskih redarjev in jih bomo opisali v nadaljevanju.
Občinski redar ima, tako kot policist, pooblastila, urejena po vrstnem redu od najblažjega do najstrožjega. Med najmilejša pooblastila štejemo opozorilo, ustno odredbo ter ugotavljanje istovetnosti. Občinski redar lahko poseže tudi po strožjih pooblastilih, ki si sledijo po sledečem vrstnem redu: sredstva za vklepanje in vezanje, uporaba plinskega razpršilca, uporaba fizične sile. Doslej poznamo zelo malo primerov, kjer bi prišlo do konfliktov oz. fizičnega obračunavanja med občani in občinskimi redarji. Leta 2006 je bil sprejet Zakon o občinskem redarstvu, ki ureja vse podrobnosti, ki jih morajo občinski redarji upoštevati in spoštovati.
V diplomskem delu smo se osredotočili na delo medobčinskega redarja v Mežiški dolini. V našem primeru deluje na območju celotne Mežiške doline, ki šteje okoli 25.000 prebivalcev, en medobčinski redar. Sedež medobčinskega redarstva je v občini Ravne na Koroškem, kjer delujeta dve osebi, in sicer vodja medobčinskega redarstva in redar sam. Za konec smo v diplomskem delu »potegnili črto« in primerjali število prekrškov v posameznih občinah ter te podatke nekoliko analizirali in jih tudi opisali. Občinski redar je kot pooblaščena uradna oseba v zadnjem času vse bolj priljubljen, kajti ljudje so spoznali, da ni zgolj »pobiralec denarja«, ki piše položnice, ampak je tudi razumljiva oseba, ki želi zagotoviti varnost slehernega občana.Municipal constabulary is developing increasingly more within last years. The municipal traffic wardens are getting larger competences and in a few years they will become some kind of local sheriffs. During time constabulary was developing strongly and was appearing in different dimensions.The night guard, a constable, bailiff are only some names that traffic wardens had in the past. We know traffic wardens today as people, who supervise public order and peace in individual municipalities. Their basic task is warnings on irregularity of citizens. The municipal warden and police officers have in common a few mildest mandates such as warnings, oral order and verifiying identety. But if things go rough, can municipal traffic warden reaches for: means for handcuffing and bondage, round gas diffuser, and all the way to the use of physical force. We know very few cases so far, where wars and physical charging would take place with citizens and the municipal traffic warden. Law was passed about municipal constabulary in 2006. This act is regulating all details, that the municipal traffic wardens must comply with and to admire them. We concentrated on work of the inter-municipal traffic warden in a dissertation in the Mežica valley. Just one inter-municipal traffic warden is taking care of order and peace for almost 25,000 inhabitants of the entire Mežica valley. Seat of inter-municipal constabulary is in a municipality Ravne na Koroškem, where two people work namely, the leader of inter-municipal constabulary and a traffic warden alone. For an end in the dissertation we »pulled a line« and compared number of offences in individual municipalities and these analysed data. The municipal traffic warden as an official person, is in individual municipalities growing more popular, because people realised now, that traffic warden is not only »money taker«, but it is also an understandable person, who wants to ensure safety of the every citizen
Polymorphism rs2274911 of GPRC6A as a Novel Risk Factor for Testis Failure
No full textThe G protein-coupled receptor GPRC6A is an emerging effector with multiple endocrine roles, including stimulation of T production from the testis. Recently, two men with an inactivating mutation (F464Y) of GPRC6A have been identified, and they showed primary testicular failure and deranged spermatogenesis. Furthermore, one of them also reported cryptorchidism at birth. In addition, a polymorphism (rs2274911, Pro91Ser) in GPRC6A is associated with prostate cancer, a typical androgen-sensitive cancer
Evaluation of hydroxypyridinecarboxylic acids as new possible chelating agents for aluminium: solution chemistry, cytotoxicity, octanol/water partitioning, and chelation efficiency
No full textChelation therapy is the most efficient therapeutic approach for metal ion overload [1]. The chelators presently used for Al overload therapies, desferal and deferiprone, have several drawbacks. A multidisciplinary search for alternative molecules is being actively pursued [1-5]. We proposed some hydroxy-pyridine-carboxylic acids (HP) ([6] and references therein) as potential chelating agents for Al, as they have several requirements for an ideal chelator [3]. They have negligible or low toxicity, high stability of the Al(III) complexes at physiological conditions, low affinity towards essential metal ions to reduce undesired metal depletion, low molecular mass (less than 400 Dalton) to allow oral administration, no redox activity in vivo, and their Al(III) complex at physiological pH are hydrophilic so to enhance metal ion urinary elimination. In the present poster, the following results of several HP derivatives will be reported: Al(III)/HP solution chemistry, cytotoxicity, octanol/water partitioning, and chelation efficiency.
1. C. Hershko (Guest Editor), Sem. Hematol. 2005, 42, Issue 2, Supplement 1
2. M. J. Cunningham and D. G. Nathan, Curr. Opin. Hematol., 2005, 12, 129.
3. R. C. Hider and T. Zhou, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2005, 1054, 141.
4. R. A. Yokel, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2002, 228, 97.
5. G. J. Kontoghiorghes, Drugs Fut., 2005, 30, 1241.
6. A. Dean, M. G. Ferlin, P. Brun, I. Castagliuolo, D. Badocco, P. Pastore, A. Venzo, G. G. Bombi and V. B. Di Marco, Dalton Trans., 2008, 1689
Lack of the T54A polymorphism of the DAZL gene in infertile Italian patients
No full textThe Thr54Ala polymorphism of the deleted-in-azoospermia-like (DAZL) protein has been associated with susceptibility to spermatogenic failure in the Taiwanese population. We used single-strand conformation polymorphism and restriction fragment analyses to investigate the presence of the A-->G transition in exon 3 of the DAZL gene in 95 infertile Italian patients. The patients had oligozoospermia or non-obstructive azoospermia with different degrees of testicular cytological picture. The allele carrying T54A polymorphism was not present in this group of patients nor in 63 controls, indicating that the frequency of this putative mutation is <1% in Italy. Since the Italian population usually shows allelic frequencies similar to the other Caucasian populations, we suggest that the T54A allele might play a role in infertility only in Taiwanese or Asiatic individuals
Paracrine and endocrine roles of insulin-like factor 3
No full textInsulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) is expressed in Leydig cells of the testis and theca cells of the ovary. This peptide affects testicular descent by acting on gubernaculum via its specific receptor leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 8 (LGR8). From initial animal data showing the cryptorchid phenotype of Insl3/Lgr8 mutants, an extensive search for mutations in INSL3 and LGR8 genes was undertaken in human patients with cryptorchidism, and a frequency of mutation of 4-5% has been detected. However, definitive proofs of a causative role for some of these mutations are still lacking. More recent data suggest additional paracrine (in the testis and ovary) and endocrine actions of INSL3 in adults. INSL3 circulates at high concentrations in serum of adult males and its production is dependent on the differentiation effect of LH. Therefore, INSL3 is increasingly used as a specific marker of Leydig cell differentiation and function
Insulin-like factor 3: A novel circulating hormone of testis origin in humans
No full textInsulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) is a member of the relaxin-insulin family, and it is expressed in pre- and postnatal Leydig cells of the testis. This peptide affects testicular descent during embryonic development, and mutations in INSL3 gene or its receptor LGR8 (leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 8)/GREAT (G protein-coupled receptor affecting testicular descent) cause cryptorchidism in humans. The expression of LGR8/GREAT in different tissues and the production of INSL3 also by adult-type Leydig cells suggest additional roles of this hormonal system in adulthood. In this preliminary report we performed the first analysis in humans of INSL3 using a novel RIA kit to measure INSL3 concentrations in serum of normal men and with different testicular pathologies. The results show that INSL3 is circulating in adult men, and it is almost exclusively of testicular origin. Subjects with severe testicular damage, such as men with severe infertility, produce low amount of INSL3, and the concentrations of this hormone seem to reflect the functional status of the Leydig cells. In particular, INSL3 concentrations may be an even more sensitive marker of Leydig cell function than testosterone itself. Analysis of men treated with different combinations of hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis suggests that the production of INSL3 is related to LH in a manner similar to that of the LH-testosterone axis
Toward a pharmacogenetic approach to male infertility: polymorphism of follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit promoter
No full textObjective: To verify in another population (Italians) whether a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the FSHB gene
promoter previously associated with serum FSH levels in Estonians is indeed associated with sperm count and FSH
plasma levels, and especially to verify whether it could be a pharmacogenetic tool for the treatment of male
infertility with FSH.
Design: Cross-sectional and prospective study.
Setting: Infertility center at a university hospital.
Patient(s): Five hundred fourteen subjects with nonobstructive azoospermia and oligozoospermia and 248 subjects
with normozoospermia.
Intervention(s): None.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Semen parameters, reproductive hormone levels, and FSHB 211 G/T polymorphism
(rs10835638).
Result(s): FSHB 211 TT genotype was associated with significantly lower FSH levels (mean SD: 3.3 2.5
IU/L vs. 9.1 8.9 IU/L in GG homozygotes). TT homozygotes were seen in 25% of subjects with azoooligozoospermia
and low FSH levels (%1.5 IU/L). We did not observe this genotype in men with high FSH
levels (>8 IU/L) or in men with normozoospermia. Treatment with FSH induced a significantly higher
improvement in sperm count and quality in TT homozygotes regarding carriers of the G allele.
Conclusion(s): FSHB 211 TT genotype might represent a novel treatable form of male infertility characterized
by severe spermatogenic impairment and low or inappropriately normal FSH plasma levels. This genetic marker
could represent a valid pharmacogenetic approach for identification of potential responders to FSH treatment
Insulin-like factor 3 gene mutations in testicular dysgenesis syndrome: clinical and functional characterization
No full textInsulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) plays a crucial role in testicular descent. Genetic ablation of Insl3 or its G protein-coupled receptor, leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor (Lgr8), causes cryptorchidism in mice. Mutation analyses of INSL3 in humans showed an association with cryptorchidism but led to non-conclusive data about a causative role. In this study, we explored the hypothesis that mutations in INSL3 may be associated with the signs of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). We screened for mutations in INSL3 gene in 967 subjects with a history of maldescended testes and/or infertility and/or testicular cancer and in 450 controls. Furthermore, we carried out in vitro functional analysis of three novel mutations by analysis of INSL3-dependent cAMP increase in cells expressing LGR8. We found six INSL3 mutations in 18 of 967 patients (1.9%) and no mutations in controls. Prevalence of mutations was similar in the different groups of patients (cryptorchidism and/or infertility and/testicular cancer). Three mutations were novel findings (R4H, W69R, and R72K); however, their analysis showed normal cAMP increase after the activation of LGR8 receptor. In conclusion, we found a significant association of INSL3 gene mutations in men presenting one or more signs of TDS syndrome. However, a causative role for some of these mutations is not clearly supported by functional analyses. Although a role for mutations of INSL3 and LGR8 genes in cryptorchidism is reasonable, additional studies are needed to establish an association between the disruption of INSL3 pathway and higher risk of infertility or testicular cancer
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