878 research outputs found
The ade4 Package: Implementing the Duality Diagram for Ecologists
No full textMultivariate analyses are well known and widely used to identify and understand structures of ecological communities. The ade4 package for the R statistical environment proposes a great number of multivariate methods. Its implementation follows the tradition of the French school of "Analyse des Donnees" and is based on the use of the duality diagram. We present the theory of the duality diagram and discuss its implementation in ade4. Classes and main functions are presented. An example is given to illustrate the ade4 philosophy.
First zoeal stages of grapsoid crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura) from the East African coast
No full textFigure 12. Pachygrapsus plicatus (H. Milne Edwards). First zoeal stage: (f) maxillule; (g) maxilla; (h) first maxilliped; (i) second maxilliped. Scale bars as in Figure 2.Published as part of Flores, Augusto A. V., Paula, José & Dray, Tiago, 2003, First zoeal stages of grapsoid crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura) from the East African coast, pp. 355-383 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137 (3) on page 372, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00054.x, http://zenodo.org/record/543872
Studi Komparasi tentang Eksplanasi Deduktif-Nomologis dalam Ilmu Sejarah Menurut Carl G. Hempel, William Dray, dan Ernest Nagel
No full textFilsafat sejarah kritis atau filsafat ilmu sejarah berusaha untuk mengkaji bagaimana sejarawan merekonstruksi kejadian masa lampau. Sejarawan dalam usahanya untuk menenangkan kejadian masa lampau, menurut para filsuf sejarah, dapat menggunakan pola penalaran deduktif. Penelitian ini pertama-tama ditujukan untuk mengeksplorasi dan merefleksikan konsep tentang eksplanasi deduktif normologis, sebagaimana yang dikemukakan oleh Carl Gustav Hempel, William Dray, dan Ernest Nagel serta implementasinya dalam ilmu sejarah. Mmeberikan kritik sekaligus jalan keluar terhadap penerapan eksplanasi deduktif normologis dalam ilmu sejarah.
Penelitian iniadalah penelitian kepustakaan dengan menggunakan model penelitian historis-faktual dengan bahan penelitian berupa pustaka yang memuat pemikiran Hempel, Dray dan Nagel yang relevan dengan tema penelitian. Unsur metodis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah: interpretasi, komparasi,koherensi-internal, dan kesinambungan historis. Penelitian ini penting untuk dilakukan, karena dengan mengetahui eksplanasi deduktif normologis berarti mengetahui apakah mungkin keterangan historis itu memiliki kebenaran niscaya atau hanya bersiat probabilistik. Perbandingan ketiga pemikir tersebut akan semakin jelas menunjukkan bagaimana sesungguhnya eksplanasi deduktif normologis dalam ilmu sejarah tersebut: hakekatnya, sifatnya, d an kemungkinan implementasinya.
Hasil penelitian dapat dikemukakan di antaranya: eksplanasi deduktif normologis dalam ilmu sejarah diilhami oleh eksplanasi deduktif dalam ilmu alam. Ekspalanasi ini digunakan, karena dalam kenyataannya bahwa sejarah itu bukan semata-mata sebagai ilmu ideografis, melainkan juga sebagai ilmu nomotetis. Sejarahselai membahas hal yang khusus dan sekali terjadi, namun juga banyak menggunakan pola hukum dalam memberikan eksplanasinya, meskipun hanya secara implisit. Eksplanasi deduktif nomologis itu menggunakan: hukum umum, pernyataan partikular, dan konklusi. Eksplanasi ini dianjurkan oleh Hempel, dikritik oleh Dray, sedangkan Nagel dengan beberapa catatan setuju dengan penerapan eksplanasi ini. Eksplanasi ini hanya merupakan salah satu cara untuk memberikan keterangan historis di antara pola pemberian keterangan yang lain. eksplanasi ini dapat diterapkan sesuai dengan konteks bahan yang tersedia dan dapat dijadikan pelengka bagi versyehen
Interactive Multivariate Data Analysis in R with the ade4 and ade4TkGUI Packages
No full textade4 is a multivariate data analysis package for the R statistical environment, and ade4TkGUI is a Tcl/Tk graphical user interface for the most essential methods of ade4. Both packages are available on CRAN. An overview of ade4TkGUI is presented, and the pros and cons of this approach are discussed. We conclude that command line interfaces (CLI) and graphical user interfaces (GUI) are complementary. ade4TkGUI can be valuable for biologists and particularly for ecologists who are often occasional users of R. It can spare them having to acquire an in-depth knowledge of R, and it can help first time users in a first approach.
William H. Dray se analise van historiese verklaring
No full textM.A. (Philosopy)This dissertation is a preliminary investigation of William Dray's work on explanation in history, viewed in its philosophical context. The reasons for undertaking it were: Firstly, to introduce Dray's work as a systematic whole to South African historians and philosophers of history. No previous attempt to systematize Dray's theory of explanation being traceable, the major accent falls on description rather than criticism or an attempt to offer an alternative theory. Secondly, the author is convinced that the crisis currently affecting history can best be resolved through a greater awareness by historians of the contribution philosophy can make to historical practice. By showing that Dray's 1t.0rk is of value to the practising historian and that it is the product of applying Ordinary Language Philosophy to philosophy of history, the author hopes to increase this awareness. The latter rrotif played a major role in structuring the dissertation In chapter one, the author outlines the purpose of and reasons for the study, indicating that it deals with a highly relevant topic, directly involved with many major issues in the philosophy of history. This introduces a discussion of the author's views on the nature of history. The chapter concludes with definitions of unusual and important terms used. Chapter two places Dray's work in its philosophical context (Analytical Philosophy). It comprises a brief description of Mcore's Corrirron Sense Philosophy, Logical Atomism and, in greater detail, Logical Positivism up to circa 1950. Because Dray's work is clearly part of the Ordinary Language tradition, it receives more attention and those characteristics which are most obvious in Dray's work are highlighted. The author concludes that Ordinary Language Philosophy is a specific approach and way of thinking, rather than a body of doctrine. In chapter three, examples of Dray's work are discussed to show that they are typical products of Ordinary Language Philosophy. The suggestion that Dray is an Idealist philosopher of history is examined and the conclusion reached that, while his work indicates certain Idealist assulrDtions, it is clearly a product of Ordinary Language Philosophy. Chapter four comprises a discussion of Dray's concept of explanation. Aspects of his theory which are discussed include: the minimum condition for an explanation, the various sorts and types of explanation Dray identifies and the subjectivism of his concept of explanation. - Chapter five is a discussion of Dray's "rational model" of explanation. The model is discussed in detail and certain criticisms and conirion misconceptions are examined. The author concludes that the rational model is a valuable theoretical contribution to the practice of history, but may be difficult to implement. In chapter six, the relevance of the rational model for South African historiography is examined. By an analysis of extracts from three historical works, the model is shown to be very relevant for South African historians, and and often used by them. However, there is decidedly rocm for improvement. The dissertation closes on a renewed plea for the recognition of the value of philosophy for the practice of history
Bill Harney talking to an Aboriginal man while he is investigating native conditions on a station near Mataranka, Northern Territory, ca. 1940s [picture].
No full textTitle based on information from acquisition documentation and from caption on verso.; Part of collection: Collection of photographs of author and bushman, Bill Harney, ca. 1940-1962.; Condition: Slight yellowing around edges.; Photograph includes a horse drawn dray.; During WW2 Harney, as an officer of the Native Affairs Branch, patrolled government depots and cattle stations in the Northern Territory to report on the condition and welfare of aborigines.; Also available in an electronic version via the Internet at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3705727; Purchased from Michael Treloar Antiquarian Booksellers, List 90, Lot 64, 2006
William H. Dray se analise van historiese verklaring
No full textM.A. (Philosopy)This dissertation is a preliminary investigation of William Dray's work on explanation in history, viewed in its philosophical context. The reasons for undertaking it were: Firstly, to introduce Dray's work as a systematic whole to South African historians and philosophers of history. No previous attempt to systematize Dray's theory of explanation being traceable, the major accent falls on description rather than criticism or an attempt to offer an alternative theory. Secondly, the author is convinced that the crisis currently affecting history can best be resolved through a greater awareness by historians of the contribution philosophy can make to historical practice. By showing that Dray's 1t.0rk is of value to the practising historian and that it is the product of applying Ordinary Language Philosophy to philosophy of history, the author hopes to increase this awareness. The latter rrotif played a major role in structuring the dissertation In chapter one, the author outlines the purpose of and reasons for the study, indicating that it deals with a highly relevant topic, directly involved with many major issues in the philosophy of history. This introduces a discussion of the author's views on the nature of history. The chapter concludes with definitions of unusual and important terms used. Chapter two places Dray's work in its philosophical context (Analytical Philosophy). It comprises a brief description of Mcore's Corrirron Sense Philosophy, Logical Atomism and, in greater detail, Logical Positivism up to circa 1950. Because Dray's work is clearly part of the Ordinary Language tradition, it receives more attention and those characteristics which are most obvious in Dray's work are highlighted. The author concludes that Ordinary Language Philosophy is a specific approach and way of thinking, rather than a body of doctrine. In chapter three, examples of Dray's work are discussed to show that they are typical products of Ordinary Language Philosophy. The suggestion that Dray is an Idealist philosopher of history is examined and the conclusion reached that, while his work indicates certain Idealist assulrDtions, it is clearly a product of Ordinary Language Philosophy. Chapter four comprises a discussion of Dray's concept of explanation. Aspects of his theory which are discussed include: the minimum condition for an explanation, the various sorts and types of explanation Dray identifies and the subjectivism of his concept of explanation. - Chapter five is a discussion of Dray's "rational model" of explanation. The model is discussed in detail and certain criticisms and conirion misconceptions are examined. The author concludes that the rational model is a valuable theoretical contribution to the practice of history, but may be difficult to implement. In chapter six, the relevance of the rational model for South African historiography is examined. By an analysis of extracts from three historical works, the model is shown to be very relevant for South African historians, and and often used by them. However, there is decidedly rocm for improvement. The dissertation closes on a renewed plea for the recognition of the value of philosophy for the practice of history
The sedimentary coastal basin of Togo: example of a multilayered aquifer still influenced by a palaeo-seawater intrusion
No full textThe possibility of knowledge
No full textI focus on two questions: what is knowledge, and how is knowledge possible? The latter is an example of a how-possible question. I argue that how-possible questions are obstacle-dependent and that they need to be dealt with at three different levels, the level of means, of obstacle-removal, and of enabling conditions. At the first of these levels the possibility of knowledge is accounted for by identifying means of knowing, and I argue that the identification of such means also contributes to a proper understanding of what knowledge is
Unloading wool bales, Clermont railway station, Clermont, Queensland, ca. 1915 [picture] /
No full textAccompanied by photographic print.; Glass negative no. 110.; Horse drawn dray arriving at the station with wool bales.; Part of the Gordon Cumming Pullar collection of glass negatives of Clermont, Yeppoon and nearby locations, Queensland, ca. 1905-1932.; Photograph no. 223 in the book A shifting town : glass-plate images of Clermont and its people.; Also available in an electronic version via the internet at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn4191847; Published in: A shifting town : glass-plate images of Clermont and its people / by G.C. Pullar ; compiled by Richard and Marguerite Stringer ; text by Marguerite Stringer. St. Lucia, Qld. : University of Queensland Press, 1986
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