173 research outputs found
Punitive damages and class actions
No full textPunitive damages and class actions can be viewed as sharing a common economic function – creating optimal deterrence. This is a function that these remedies can best pursue in different domains. When a tortfeasor causes harm that affects many victims, the preferred remedy is a class action. This is especially so when the amount of compensatory damages are high.There are scenarios, however, in which imposing punitive damages represents the best solution. We identify some of these scenarios to suggest the proper domains of these two remedies. Finally, we identify situations where a combined use of these two remedies is desirable. We suggest that when the amount of losses suffered by victims is so small as to preclude a class action due to transaction costs and inactivity, it may nevertheless be useful to combine punitive damages with a class action. Punitive damages should be awarded within a class action if and only if there are frictions that could prevent the injured party from taking legal action
Reactions of amines with Pt(PPh3)2O2
No full textBy reaction of Pt(PPh3)2O2 with {A figure is presented} ethanol the complexes Pt(PPh3)2 {A figure is presented} (R = R′ = H; R = H, R′ = NO2; RR′ = {A figure is presented} obtained. The analogous derivatives isolated from Pt(PPh3)2O2 and the ortho-diamines with R = H, R′ = Me or R = R′= Me, showed some peculiar spectroscopic properties. A related reaction has been carried out with {A figure is presented} being isolated; the latter was also obtained from cis-Pt(PPh3)2Cl2 and {A figure is presented} in a basic medium. The platinum diamido complexes can be reversibly protonated with HBF4 to give [Pt(PPh3)2 {A figure is presented} (BF-4)2 H2O Attempted reactions of Pt(PPh3)2O2 with NH3, NH2CH2CH2NH2 an p-RC6H4NH2 (R = Me, OMe, NO2) did not give well characterizable products, while with But-NH2 an already known cluster complex was obtained
Oxidation of amines in the presence of ruthenium complexes : molecular oxygen and iodosylbenzene as oxidants
No full textThe intermediate formed during the oxidation of benzylamine with molecular oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 80 °C to yield the corresponding nitrile catalyzed by Ru(PPh3)2(RCH2NH2)2 Cl2 (I) (a reaction previously studied), has been shown to be Ru(PPh3)(RCN)(RCH2NH2)Cl2 (R = C6H5, p-CH3OC6H4) (II). A complex such as cis-Ru(bipy)2Cl2· 2H2O (bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine) is inactive as catalyst in this reaction, the only product isolated being [Ru(bipy)2(RCH2NH2)Cl] C1·2H2O (R = C6H5) (III). Dibenzylamine, (PhCH2)2NH, is oxidized to N-benzylidenebenzylamine, PhCHNCH2Ph, by molecular oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 80 °C in the presence of Ru(PPh3)3Cl2 and Ru(DMSO)4Cl2 as catalysts. Other secondary amines were not oxidized or gave intractable products, as in the case of N-benzylmethylamine. lodosylbenzene, PhIO, has been shown to be a very active and selective oxidant of primary and secondary amines at room temperature, its activity being negatively modified by the presence of Ru(PPh3)3Cl2
Elevated Levels of Pro-apoptotic p53 and Its Oxidative Modification by the Lipid Peroxidation Product, HNE, in Brain from Subjects with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease.
No full textPMID 1802131
Diruthenium(II,II) tetrakis(acetate) as a catalyst of choice for intermolecular insertion of stabilized diazocompounds into O-H bonds
No full textIn the presence of 3 mol% of [Ru(OAc)2]2 at 90°C in hexafluorobenzene or alcohols as solvents the highly stabilized diazocoumarin 1 undergoes insertion into the OH bond of alcohols (and phenols) regio- and chemoselectively, affording the corresponding 3-alkoxy-4-hydroxycoumarin in moderate to excellent yields
- …
