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Leiomioma prostatico in un cane
No full textWe present a case report concerning a prostatic leiomyoma in a male intact dog with rectal and urinary tenesmus. Sonographic evaluation revealed a mass involving the right prostatic lobe. The mass was well-defined, hypoechoic and presented a dishomogeneous pattern. The diagnosis was made by ultrasound-guided tru-cut biopsy of the mass
Persistenza della vena cardinale di sinistra nel cane : descrizione ecografica
No full textCaudal Vena Cava develops in the first weeks of embryonic life, starting from three pairs of vessels, as a result of partial regressive and anastomotic events. These vascular structures can regress only in part and can anastomose in an unusual way, creating vascular malformations (double vena cava) which remain completely asymptomatic. These abnormal vessels can be found, by accident, during the ultrasound examination of the abdomen. The persistence of the Left Cardinal Vein, reported in both humans and dogs, is
one of the possible aberration that may arise during the genesis of the Caudal Vena Cava
STRAIN ELASTOGRAPHY IN DOGS: APPROACH TO SOME CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Full text linkStrain elastography is useful in differentiating benign from malignant lesions in human medicine. The aim of this study was to assess the repeatability and reproducibility of elastography in the evaluation of canine splenic lesions, mammary lesions and superficial nodules and to verify if they can be differentiated in benign or malignant.
Twenty-four dogs presenting a single splenic hypoechoic lesion, underwent B-mode ultrasonographic and elastographic evaluation. The Strain Ratio (SR) and Hardness Value (HV) were calculated for all the lesions. The SR and HV of benign lesions were statistically different from those of malignant lesions (p1,5 (p=0,0003; Se 75%, Sp 100%, PLR 0, NLR 0.25, PPV 100%, NPV 88.24%) and an HV > 70% (p=0,001; Se 100%, Sp 75%, PLR 4, NLR 0, PPV 66,67%, NPV 100%). The correlation between SR >1,5 and malignancy was statistically significant (OR, 80,6; p=0,0067) as the one between HV >70% and malignancy (OR, 47,22; p=0,013). This technique was repeatable and reproducible (CV 0,08 ± 0,05 and K=1 for the SR; CV 0,09 ± 0,06 and K=0,67 for the HV). Strain elastography can differentiate malignant from benign canine hypoechoic splenic lesions less then 4 cm width.
Twenty-one dogs presenting mammary, underwent B-mode ultrasonographic and elastographic evaluation. Each mammary lesion was then classified according to the Tsukuba score, the presence /absence of infiltration on the elastogram and to the elastogram/Bmode ratio. The Pearson’s chi-square test was used to assess the presence of a statistically significant difference between the benign or malignant tumors according to the Tsukuba score results. The Fisher’s exact test was used to assess the presence of statistically significant difference between the benign or malignant tumors according to the elastogram/B-mode ratio. Values of p ≤0,05 were considered significant. The K of Cohen was used to verify the agreement between the elastosonographic assessment of infiltration and the histological confirmation of tumors invasion. The Pearson’s chi-square test did not reported significant differences between groups (p=0,278) even considering the assessment of the elastosonographic infiltration. The K of Cohen presented a value of 0,384 corresponding to a poor agreement. The assessment of the elastogram/B-mode ratio was not possible. Finally the Strain Elastography was as an applicable technique in evaluating mammary neoplasms in our sample, demonstrating their elastographic patterns; but it was clinically not useful in differentiating benign from malignant lesions.
Sixty nodular skin lesions from 36 canine patients were evaluated using B-mode ultrasonographic and elastographic evaluation. Each lesion was classified using 2 score systems by a software and then subjectively by three operators. The K of Cohen was used to verify the agreement between the elastosonographic assessment of the three operators. The Student t-test was used to assess whether there was a statistically significant difference between benign/malignant considering the hardness value calculated using the software. The Pearson chi-square test was used to assess the existence of statistically significant differences between benign and malignant lesions considering the two score proposed above. Values of p < 0,05 were considered significant. The result obtained in the Student's t test and Pearson’s chi square test allow us to say that there is a statistically significant difference between benign and malignant lesions evaluated by HV and score system respectively (p<0,05). Considering the inter-observer agreement we can see that among all three operators there is a very good correlation in score evaluation. From the average values calculated for the weighed K, we can see that there is a better agreement among operators than between observer and the objective score. The results obtained in this study are encouraging about the possibility of applying the elastosonography the nodular lesions of the skin. We have seen that this technique is able to differentiate benign and malignant lesions due to the change of elasticity of the tissues involved by malignant pathological processes. the very good agreement between operators and the good
agreement between operators and objective score demonstrate the feasibility of this technique
The role of strain elastography in the evaluation of caninehypoechoic splenic lesions
No full textIn human medicine elastosonography is helpful in differentiating benign from malignant lesions in several organs.The elastosonography has been described in veterinary medicine. Some authors found that elastosonography was not helpful in differentiating canine splenic nodules. This study aims to assess the repeatability and reproducibility of elastosonography in the evaluation of splenic nodules and to verify if it can differentiate benign from malignant splenic lesions in dogs.
Twenty-two dogs presenting a single splenic hypoechoic lesion less than 4 cm width, underwent ultrasonographic evaluation (two-dimensional ultrasound and strain elastosonography with a 7,5-13 MHz linear transducer). The Strain Ratio (SR or rather z2/z1; where z1 represented the entire lesion and z2 a same size portion of normal splenic parenchyma at the same depth) and Hardness Value (HV; percentage of the lesion having > 50% of tissue classified as hard) were calculated for all the lesions. The repeatability and the reproducibility of this method were assessed calculating the Coefficient of Variability (CV) and the K of Cohen respectively. The analysis of the variance (ANOVA) and the Fisher exact test were used to verify the differences between the SR values and HV of benign versus malignant lesions. The cut off values for the Fisher test were arbitrarily set at 1,5 for the SR and at 70 % for HV; the Sensibility (Se) and Specificity (Sp) were also calculated. The Odds ratio was also calculated considering malignancy as bad outcome; lesions having a SR > 1,5 and lesions having an HV > 70% were considered in the exposed group.
Splenic nodules were diagnosed with cytology or histopathology as: extramedullary hematopoiesis (2), nodular iperplasia (13), hemangiosarcoma (5) and round cell neoplasia (2). The SR and HV of benign lesions were statistically different from those of malignant lesions (p1,5 (p=0,001; Se 71%, Sp 99,9%) and an HV > 70% (p=0,005; Se 100%, Sp 67%). The correlation between SR >1,5 and malignancy was statistically significant (OR, 63,8; 95% CI, 2,6238-1551,3391, p=0,01) as the one between HV >70% and malignancy (OR, 28,6; CI 95% 1,3657-600,4393, p=0,03). This technique was repeatable and reproducible (CV 0,08 ± 0,03 and K=1 for the SR; CV 0,08 ± 0,05 and K=0,66 for the HV).
Elastosonography can differentiate malignant from benign canine hypoechoic splenic lesions less than 4 cm width
Histological and histochemical findings in canine hepatic biopsies
No full textUltrasound examination is a modern diagnostic tool in veterinary medicine and can be completed by collecting biopsies for histology. Appropriate stains to examine liver biopsies are Hematoxilin-Eosin (HE), Gordon & Sweet reticulin stain and PAS stain. They allow to highlight the most important findings in hepatic pathology: inflammation, degeneration and fibrosis. In the present study, 36 ultrasound-guided canine hepatic biopsies were obtained, routinary processed for histology and stained with HE, PAS and Gordon & Sweet stain, in order to highlight inflammation, degeneration and fibrosis. To assess lesion severity, a score system (0 negative; 1 low; 2 moderate; 3 severe; 4 very severe) has been prepared and applied
Two cases of canine gallbladder carcinoid: clinical and ultrasonographic findings
Full text linkGallbladder carcinoid is a rare neoplasia that arise from the dispersed cells of the neuroendocrine system of the biliary three. This tumour have been described in humans and dogs.
In the few reports we can nd in literature, canine patients a ected by this neoplasia present a combination of symptoms such as: vomiting, weight loss, lethargy, fever, melena, anaemia, hematemesis and jaundice.
Haemobilia, hemocholecyst and common bile duct dila- tion have been found in few dogs presenting gallbladder car- cinoid. Clinical-ultrasonographic ndings and long term follow up of two asymptomatic dogs a ected by gallbladder carcinoid are described.
Dog 1: Mixed breed, 10 years old, 28 kg, underwent ultrasonographic examination for a routine follow up control because previously a ected by low grade splenic lymphoma. Liver was sonographically normal and a 4 cm, round shaped, inhomogeneous mass was found into the gallbladder arising
absence of airway disease and of clinical signs as cough, exercise intolerance, anorexia, syncope, ascites and dysp- nea, were collected from a total of 477 medical records. All dogs included in the study underwent a complete physical and echocardiographic examination. In dogs in stage B1 or B2 that presented with cough, cough was con rmed to be due to concomitant airway disease by radiographic and echocardiographic examination in conjunction with informa- tion regarding follow-up and response to therapy.
From the 477 medical records, 235 had complete infor- mation regarding clinical signs. In these 235 records, 139 symptomatic dogs were identi ed. At baseline examination, 90 (64.7%) dogs presented with cough, 48 (34.5%) with exercise intolerance, 36 (25.9%) with dyspnea, 36 (25.9%) with syncope, 25 (18%) with anorexia and 8 (5.8%) with ascites. Out of the 90 dogs that had cough, 44 (48.9%) were in stage B1 or B2, which means that in these cough was caused by concomitant airway disease. Of the 177 dogs with information regarding cardiac auscultation and murmur intensity, 156 (88.1%) had a left apical systolic murmur. Mur- mur grades were mainly between 2 and 5 (95.6%). The mean SBP was 149.5 ± 26.51 mmHg (n= 63), and the mean HR was 135 ± 37.9 bpm (n= 477).
The ndings of this study regarding clinical signs reported are in agreement with the results from previous studies. The concomitant presence of airway disease seems to represent the higher risk factor for coughing in dogs with MMVD. There- fore, this should be taken into account when considering diagnosis and clinical management of these dogs.
from its wall. This mass presented a massive Doppler vascu- lar signal. Bile was hypoechoic and inhomogeneous with a small amount of biliary sludge. Common bile duct (CBD) diameter was normal (< 3 mm). Visceral lymphadenopathy was not reported
Dog 2: English Bulldog, 9 years old, 30 kg, underwent ultrasonographic examination because of a routine control of urate cystolithiasis. Liver was sonographically normal and a 1,5 cm, round shaped, inhomogeneous mass with regular margins was found into the gallbladder. This mass pre- sented a massive Doppler vascular signal. Fluid content of gallbladder was anechoic. CBD diameter was normal (< 3 mm). Visceral lymphadenopathy was not reported.
Dogs underwent laparotomic cholecystectomy and hepatic biopsy. Any abdominal lesion was found during sur- gery, the patency of CBD was veri ed with a retrograde catheterization and no blood or clots were found into the gallbladder or biliary three.
Histology and immunohistochemistry con rmed the diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoid. Hepatic biopsy did not reveal any alteration except from a mild portal hepatitis.
Dogs recovered well and they remained asymptomatic; they were sonographically evaluated 3 and 12 months after surgery and no abnormalities attributable to metastasis were found. However both dogs presented a CBD dilation (almost 1 cm) without any sign of post-hepatic jaundice.
CBD dilation have been described in humans with an history of cholecystectomy and it seems to be related to senior age
Elastosonographic appearance of 51 canine superficial lymph-nodes : Comparison with conventional B-mode sonography
Full text linkCorrelation between age and ultrasonographic B-mode appearance oc cecum in 29 healthy cats
No full textThe sonographic appearance of the cecum has been described previously in young cats1. We believe that there may be different aspects of the cecum in healthy subjects of different ages.
The present study aims to describe the B-mode ultrasonographic appearance of cecum in healthy cats and its correlation with age.
Twenty-nine clinically healthy cats underwent ultrasonographic evaluation (two-dimensional ultrasound with a 7,5-13 MHz linear transducer). The cecum was identified in transverse and longitudinal section. Two different patterns of ultrasonographic appearance were identified: hypoechoic homogenous and heterogeneous with a non-uniform hyperechoic band parallel to the lumen. Cecal content was recorded and wall measured (in longitudinal section) in the thin portion (S1, next to the colic junction) and in the thicker portion (S2, cul-the-sac). Medium values and standard deviations were recorded. Correlation between age and wall thickness (age/S1 and age/S2) was evaluated with Pearson correlation test. Friedman test was performed to examine the relationship between S1 and S2. Correlation between age and ultrasonographic appearance was evaluated with a logistic regression (using age as a continuous variable and binary output).
Cats ranged from 1 to 14 years old (SD ± 0,6). The cecal wall appeared hypoechoic homogenous in 19 cats while heterogeneous in 10. Logistic regression showed a correlation between age and ultrasonographic appearance (older cats tend to have an heterogeneous cecal wall, p=0,016). Cecum content was gassy (15 cats) or mucous (14 cats). Medium thickness value was 0,20 cm (ranging 0,13-0,34 cm, SD ± 0,04) in S1 and 0,27 cm (ranging 0,16-0,38 cm, SD ± 0,05) in S2. Values of S1 and S2 were statistically different (p=0). No significant statistical correlations were found between age/S1, age/S2 and age/luminal content (p>0,05).
Normal ultrasonographic appearances of feline cecum and their correlation with age are described. The cecal wall tends to be hypoechoic and homogenous in young cats, while heterogeneous in older individuals. We hypothesize that heterogeneous appearance of cecal wall could be explained by “cecal tonsil” theory: with aging, the immunostimulation of the lymphatic structures that are plenty in the cecal wall could lead to echostructural modifications. However, our hypothesis should be confirmed by histopathological examination even if all cats in our study were healthy and remained asymptomatic for 6 months after the initial evaluation
Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of ductus venosus blood flow in 55 canine fetuses
No full textPURPOSE: The ductus venosus (DV) blood flow has been studied in fetal lambs and in humans. This study aims to describe the velocities, the Doppler indices and the morphological patterns of the venous blood flow in the DV of canine fetuses during physiological pregnancy.
METHODS: The DV of 55 canine fetuses has been evaluated and the waveforms described using B-mode, color and pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasound technology.
RESULTS: We found 48 diphasic waves and 7 threephasic waves. No monophasic waveform was found. Six of seven threephasic waveforms belonged to litters in which perinatal mortality occurred. The peak velocity during ventricular systole S (cm/s), the peak velocity during the ventricular diastole D (cm/s), the velocity during atrial contraction aV (cm/s), the S/D index, the pulsatility index (PI) and the resistance index were measured.
CONCLUSIONS: All Doppler indices and velocities were significantly correlated with each other (p0.05). Gestational age was proportional to the PI (p<0.02). Doppler ultrasonography allows the assessment of DV blood flow in canine fetuses during pregnancy
Correlation between age and ultrasonographic B-mode appearance of cecum in 29 healthy cats
No full textBackground:
The sonographic appearance of the cecum has been described previously in young cats. We believe that there may be different aspects of the cecum in healthy subjects of different ages.
Purpose:
The present study aims to describe the B-mode ultrasonographic appearance of cecum in healthy cats and its correlation with age.
Methods:
Twenty-nine clinically healthy cats underwent ultrasonographic evaluation (two-dimensional ultrasound with a 7.5–13 MHz linear transducer). The cecum was identified in transverse and longitudinal section. Two different patterns of ultrasonographic appearance were identified: hypoechoic homogenous and heterogeneous with a nonuniform hyperechoic band parallel to the lumen. Cecal content was recorded and wall measured (in longitudinal section) in the thin portion (S1, next to the colic junction) and in the thicker portion (S2, cul-the-sac). Medium values and standard deviations were recorded. Correlation between age and wall thickness (age/S1 and age/S2) was evaluated with Pearson correlation test. Friedman test was performed to examine the relationship between S1 and S2. Correlation between age and ultrasonographic appearance was evaluated with a logistic regression (using age as a continuous variable and binary output).
Findings:
Cats ranged from 1 to 14 years old (SD = 0.6). The cecal wall appeared hypoechoic homogenous in 19 cats while heterogeneous in 10. Logistic regression showed a correlation between age and ultrasonographic appearance (older cats tend to have an heterogeneous cecal wall, P = 0.016). Cecum content was gassy (15 cats) or mucous (14 cats). Medium thickness value was 0.20 cm (ranging 0.13–0.34 cm, SD = 0.04) in S1 and 0.27 cm (ranging 0.16–0.38 cm, SD = 0.05) in S2. Values of S1 and S2 were statistically different (P = 0). No significant statistical correlations were found between age/S1, age/S2, and age/luminal content (P > 0.05).
Conclusion:
Normal ultrasonographic appearances of feline cecum and their correlation with age are described. The cecal wall tends to be hypoechoic and homogenous in young cats, while heterogeneous in older individuals. We hypothesize that heterogeneous appearance of ce- cal wall could be explained by “cecal tonsil” theory: with aging, the immunostimulation of the lymphatic structures that are plenty in the cecal wall could lead to echostructural modifica- tions. However, our hypothesis should be confirmed by histopathological examination even if all cats in our study were healthy and remained asymptomatic for 6 months after the initial evaluation
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