1,207 research outputs found
Gains from trade liberalization with imperfectly competitive world markets. A note.
No full textThe paper shows how analyses assuming perfect competition can yield a distorted estimation of the expected effects of a trade liberalization when market imperfections exist. The analytical framework adopted is very simple and three extreme imperfect market structures are considered. In the first case, the exporting country maximizes its producer and consumer surplus by intervening in the world market. The second market imperfection considered is the existence of a private firm playing the role of "pure middleman" in the world market. Then the case of a producer-owned marketing board which is granted exclusive export authority is addressed. It is shown that estimates of the impact of a tariff reduction in terms of prices and volume traded obtained assuming perfect competition when this postulate does not hold, are distorted. When domestic demand and supply functions are assumed to be linear, the impact is overestimated; a ranking of the size of such distortions in the three cases analyzed is provided. When no restriction is imposed on the demand and supply functions, the error in the estimated impact of a tariff reduction involves the magnitude as well as the sign of the expected changes in prices and volume traded. Finally, it is proved that when a private firm exerts monopoly and monopsony power in the world market, both the importing and the exporting countries may well be better off if, rather than making a move towards trade liberalization, the importing country "compensates" the exporting country by means of a direct transfer. El artÃculo muestra cómo los análisis que incorporan el supuesto de competencia perfecta pueden proporcionar una estimación distorsionada de los efectos esperados de una liberación del comercio en presencia de imperfecciones de mercado . Adoptando un marco analÃtico muy sencillo, se consideran tres casos extremos de imperfecciones de mercado. En el primero, el paÃs exportador maximiza los excedentes del productor y consumidor interviniendo en el mercado mundial. El segundo es el caso de una empresa privada que desempeña en el mercado mundial un papel de "intermediario puro". El último trata de una junta de comercialización, propiedad de productores que han conseguido derechos exclusivos de exportación. En este trabajo se demuestra la existencia de una desviación de las estimaciones del impacto de una reducción de aranceles sobre los precios y el volumen comercializado cuando en el análisis se supone competencia perfecta y dicho supuesto no se cumple. Además si las funciones de demanda y oferta domésticas son lineales, el impacto precedente queda sobreestimado. Asimismo, en el trabajo se presenta una ordenación de la magnitud de dichas desviaciones para cada uno de los tres casos analizados. Cuando no se impone ninguna restricción sobre las funciones de demanda y oferta, el error de estimación afecta tanto a la magnitud como al signo de los cambios esperados en precios y volumen comercializado, como consecuencia de una reducción de aranceles. Finalmente, se demuestra que, cuando una empresa privada ejerce un poder de monopolio y de monopsonio en el mercado mundial, tanto los paÃses importadores como los exportadores pueden beneficiarse si, en lugar de inclinarse hacia la liberalización del comercio, el paÃs importador "compensa" al paÃs exportador mediante una transferencia directa. Palabras clave: liberalización del comercio; mercados imperfectos; monopolio; monopsonio; junta de comercialización.trade liberalization, imperfect markets, monopoly, monopsony, marketing board, International Relations/Trade, F12, F13, Q17, Q18,
Le implicazioni dell'accordo GATT per l'agricoltura e le politiche agrarie dell'Unione Europea
No full textComment on "Predictive value of 18F-FDG PET/CT on survival in locally advanced rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation"
No full text[No abstract available
Assessing the Impact of Recent Trade Policy Changes in the Banana Market under Alternative Market Structures
No full textWorking paper 2010-22 del Progetto Prin 2007 PUE&PIE
Una valutazione degli effetti di breve periodo di una modifica delle politiche agricole dell'Unione Europea sui sistemi agricoli rappresentativi di Puglia e Calabria
No full textSbagliare è umano, ma anche in medicina? La comunicazione degli errori ai pazienti e ai famigliari
No full textNegli ultimi anni, a livello scientifico e nell’opinione pubblica, c’è stata una crescente attenzione al tema degli errori medici. Se a livello organizzativo sono state introdotte nuove pratiche, a livello relazionale la comunicazione degli errori ai pazienti e ai familiari resta un compito spesso disatteso. La letteratura evidenzia che le difficoltà nel comunicare onestamente un errore medico sono riconducibili a motivazioni culturali, legali e psicologiche. Data la delicatezza del tema, sono pochi gli studi internazionali che hanno analizzato la pratica comunicativa in caso di errore. Nel presente contributo verranno offerte alcune riflessioni a partire dall’analisi di due visite in cui "veri" clinici comunicano un errore a un famigliare, impersonificato da un attore. Le visite sono state registrate durante un corso di formazione presso l’Ospedale San Paolo, Università degli Studi di Milano. Nelle due visite alcuni snodi critici dal punto di vista comunicativo riguardano: i clinici coinvolti, la tempistica della comunicazione dell’errore, le parole utilizzate e il ruolo delle scuse. Se comunicare gli errori in maniera trasparente sta diventando una posizione condivisa, bisogna offrire formazione e supporto ai clinici in questo compito
[Pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: recent advances and challenges].
No full textNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a range of liver histology severity and outcomes in the absence of chronic alcohol use. The mildest form is simple steatosis in which triglycerides accumulate within hepatocytes. A more advanced form of NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), includes inflammation and liver cell injury, progressive to cryptogenic cirrhosis. Although prevalence in children is very difficult to establish, NAFLD is probably the most common cause of liver disease in preadolescent and adolescent groups. Over the last two decades the rise in the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity likely explains the NAFLD epidemic worldwide. NAFLD is strongly associated with abdominal obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia, and most patients have evidence of insulin resistance. Thus, NAFLD shares many features of the metabolic syndrome, a highly atherogenic condition, and its presence could signify a substantial cardiovascular risk. Accurate diagnosis and staging of NAFLD requires liver biopsy. The development of non-invasive surrogate markers and the advancement in imaging technology will aid in the screening of large populations at risk for NAFLD. While the optimal treatment has yet to be determined, lifestyle modification through diet and exercise should be attempted in children diagnosed with NAFLD. This review outlines current understanding, recent advances and challenges on pediatric NAFLD for both clinicians and researchers. Key words: Fatty liver
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