1,721,010 research outputs found
Pharmacological treatment strategies for emotional lability in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: focus on the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales
No full textAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition starting in childhood and presenting with symptoms of inattention and impulsivity/hyperactivity which may severely impair an individual's functioning. Emotional lability (EL) is a symptom dimension characterized by rapidly shifting mood and affect which can be found in several mental disorders, including ADHD. EL is associated with more severe ADHD symptoms, more frequent comorbid disorders, and adverse outcomes. The present narrative review aimed to summarize the efficacy of pharmacological treatments on EL measured using the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) - Impulsivity/Emotional Lability subscale in adults with ADHD. Evidence has shown inconsistent results. Future research should standardize outcome measures and investigate the role of non-pharmacological treatment
Fundamental disincorporation and early non-inflammatory microglia alterations: Possible bridging phenomena between neurobiology and psychopathology in schizophrenia
No full textIncreasing evidence shown that schizophrenia (SCZ) is associated with immunological aberrations. Particularly, microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the brain, have been implicated in SCZ pathogenesis. However, despite the abundance of empirical findings highlighting the role of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in the neuropathology development in a wide range of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, non-inflammatory abnormalities in this cellular compartment have been associated with neuropsychiatric manifestation of SCZ in some postmortem works and in SCZ animal models. We hypothesize that at least some of these non-inflammatory perturbations represent the core neurobiological features of a “disincorporated” state of microglia in SCZ and indicate a switch from homeostatic coupling/functional response to maladaptive reaction to environmental inputs. This work aims to summarize experimental evidence that support this possible novel conceptual paradigm. This hypothesis needs further confirmations. In summary, the possible role of microglia in the pathogenesis of SCZ is certainly complex with conflicting evidence. Therefore, new conceptual paradigms useful for capturing the fundamental alterations of microglia seem to be required. Considering the need for experimental confirmation, the ecological idea of microglial disincorporation might be a first step in this direction, sufficiently supported by recent literature
Missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses of adults with autism spectrum disorder
No full textAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of life-long neurodevelopmental disorders affecting 1.5% of the general population. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychiatric history of a group of adults who received the first diagnosis of ASD in two Italian university centers. Diagnoses of ASD were confirmed by a team of psychiatrists with wide expertise in the field, after the administration of standardized tools (i.e., ADOS-2, ADI-R). The sample comprised 161 participants, of which 114 (79.5%) were males. The median age of diagnosis was 23 years (range 18–55), with a median IQ of 100 (range 30–145). The first evaluation by a mental health professional was performed at a median age of 13 years, with a gap of 11 years between the first evaluation and the diagnosis of ASD. 33.5% of participants had never received a psychiatric diagnosis, while the rest of the sample had received one or more diagnoses different from ASD. The most common past diagnoses were intellectual disability, psychoses, personality disorders, and depression. Sex differences were detected in the age of diagnosis and ADOS-2 scores. Our results provide important information for both child and adult psychiatrists. Given the prevalence of autism and the high rates of co-occurrent psychiatric conditions, it is important for clinicians to consider ASD in the differential diagnostic process
Prevalence of Medical Comorbidities in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
No full textPeople belonging to the autism spectrum are at high risk of unmet medical needs. Authors screened accurately 191 subjects who received a diagnosis of ASD, finding medical comorbidities in 114 of them (59.7%). Subjects with ASD and comorbid ID presented a higher rate of medical comorbidities
Examining facial emotion recognition as an intermediate phenotype for psychosis: findings from the EUGEI study
Full text linkThe EUGEI project was supported by the European Community’s
Seventh Framework Program under grant agreement No. HEALTH-F2-
2009-241909 (Project EU-GEI). Dr. Arango was supported by the Spanish Ministry
of Science and Innovation; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (SAM16-PE07CP1, PI16/02012, PI19/024); CIBERSAM (...)Fusar-Poli, L; Pries, LK; van Os, J; Erzin, G; Delespaul, P; Kenis, G; Luykx, JJ; Lin, BCD; Richards, AL; Akdede, B; Binbay, T; Altinyazar, V; Yalincetin, B; Gumus-Akay, G; Cihan, B; Soygur, H; Ulas, H; Cankurtaran, ES; Kaymak, SU; Mihaljevic, MM; Andric-Petrovic, S; Mirjanic, T; Bernardo, M; Mezquida, G; Amoretti, S; Bobes, J; Saiz, PA; Garcia-Portilla, MP; Sanjuan, J; Aguilar, EJ; Santos, JL; Jimenez-Lopez, E; Arrojo, M; Carracedo, A; Lopez, G; Gonzalez-Penas, J; Parellada, M; Maric, NP; Atbasoglu, C; Ucok, A; Alptekin, K; Saka, MC; Aguglia, E; Arango, C; O'Donovan, M; Rutten, BPF; Guloksuz,
Peripheral BDNF levels in psychiatric patients with and without a history of suicide attempt: A systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textObjective: Psychiatric patients are at increased risk of attempting suicide. Several potential biomarkers of suicide risk have been proposed with inconsistent findings. The present paper aimed to evaluate differences in peripheral BDNF levels between psychiatric patients with and without a history of suicide attempts. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines. Relevant papers published up to January 5, 2021 were identified searching the electronic databases Web of KnowledgeSM and PsycINFO. A random-effect meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 16. Results: Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria. Overall, no significant differences in BDNF levels between the two groups were found (13 studies, n = 1340, Hedge's g = −0.21, 95% CI −0.44 to 0.02). Heterogeneity was substantial (I2 = 72.91%). Subgroup analyses revealed that BDNF levels were significantly reduced in plasma with medium effect size (5 studies, n = 363, Hedge's g = −0.44, 95% CI −0.86 to −0.02), but not in serum (8 studies, n = 977, Hedge's g = −0.09, 95% CI −0.33 to 0.15). No significant differences were found according to the type of diagnosis (major depressive disorder vs. other diagnoses) or the period of suicide attempt (lifetime vs. recent). Conclusion: The utility of BDNF as a biomarker of suicide attempts in psychiatric patients appears limited to its plasma concentration. Although caution interpretation is needed, our findings may represent a starting point for the design of rigorous case-control studies exploring the association between neurotrophins and suicidal behaviors
World/self ambivalence: A shared mechanism in different subsets of psychotic experiences? Linking symptoms with resting-state fMRI
No full textThe psychosis spectrum comprises heterogeneous disorders characterized by both world-related and self-related symptoms. How these symptoms may arise with similar features in spite of the different aetiologies is yet an unsolved question. In behavior narrative review, we compare three conditions characterized by psychotic experiences (schizophrenia, substance-use disorder and sensory-deprivation) searching for links between their phenomenological features and the mechanisms underlying their onset. Clinically, psychotic experiences are characterized by the reciprocal contamination of world- and self-related contents, termed ‘world/self ambivalence’. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that the imbalance between stimuli-, self-, and attention-related functional networks (visual/auditory, default-mode, and salience network respectively) assumes central relevance in all the conditions considered. Phenomenology and neurobiology were thus interrelated in light of the reviewed literature, identifying two key neuronal mechanisms which may lead to world/self ambivalence. First, psychotic experiences are associated with the relative dominance of one network over the other (default-mode over auditory/visual networks, or vice-versa), prompting an excess of internal or external pressure to the experienced ambivalence between world and self. Second, an altered salience network resting-state functional connectivity could generate a dysregulation of the attentive fluctuations from self- to world-related activity, thus blurring the boundary between the environment and oneself, labelled the ‘world/self boundary’
Adaptive and maladaptive functioning as outcome indexes in a sample of autistic adults living in a farm community: a five-year follow-up study
No full textEfficacy and safety of lurasidone in children and adolescents: Recommendations for clinical management and future research
No full textLurasidone is a novel azapirone derivative and atypical antipsychotic agent with a high binding affinity for dopaminergic (D2), serotoninergic (5-HT2A), and 5-HT7 receptors (antagonist), a moderate affinity for 5-HT1A receptors (partial agonist), and no appreciable affinity for histaminergic (H1) and muscarinic (M1) recep-tors. It was recently included by the European Medication Agency among the in-label pharmacological treatments for children and adolescents affected by early onset schizophrenia. As a dopamine and serotonin antago-nist, lurasidone acted on a variety of receptors and showed its efficacy both as an antipsychotic and an activating compound. Administered with food or within 30 minutes from a meal, it presents sufficient bioavailability and does not interact with most of the other drugs during metabolism. With little effects on hormones and weight gain, potential procognitive profile due to its 5-HT7 antagonism, and reduced extrapyramidal side ef-fects, lurasidone could be a good choice in terms of both effectiveness and tolerability, particularly for patients headed towards a long-term treatment. This article aims to summarize the available scientific evidence from the literature on the use of lurasidone in children and adolescents and to provide recommendations for clinical management and future research
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