6,748 research outputs found
Scaling up hepatitis B vaccination with the support of GAVI in China : lessons learned for introduction of new vaccines and for the future of hepatitis B control
No full textBackground: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of illness and death in China. In 1992, 60% of the population had a history of HBV infection and 9.8% were chronically infected with HBV. Each year, an estimated 263,000 persons died from HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma or cirrhosis, accounting for 37%-50% of HBV-related deaths worldwide before 1992. In 1992, the Ministry of Health introduced hepatitis B vaccine into the management system of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) as a cost-effective way to prevent HBV infection. The schedule included a timely birth dose (within 24 hours of birth, to prevent perinatal infections that are most strongly associated with long term chronic infections and adverse outcomes) and subsequent doses at one month and six months. However, this introduction into the EPI management system only meant that the Government took responsibility over administration and coverage monitoring, but not funding support: The cost of vaccination was covered out of pocket. As a result, coverage was lower in rural areas, in Western provinces (low economic status) and among females. In 2002, the Ministry of Health fully integrated free hepatitis B vaccine into EPI with funding from the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). The GAVI China project financially supported vaccine and auto-disable syringes in Western provinces and poverty-affected counties of Central provinces (Chapter 1). As the GAVI China project was completed in 2010, we compiled all evaluation work conducted to understand how input and process lead to output and outcomes that impacted the heavy HBV associated burden in China.
Methods: We compiled data from GAVI China project areas between 2002 and 2009, reviewed cross-sectional studies conducted in 2004 and 2006 and conducted a final evaluation survey in 2010. These investigations covered input (funds invested into the project for vaccine and AD syringes), process (integration of the vaccine in EPI, increase in institutional births, introduction of auto-disable syringes for vaccination and training), output (immunization coverage for third dose and timely birth dose, use of auto-disable syringes for immunization), outcome (immunity in the population, safe injection practices) and impact (prevalence of HBV surface antigen among children included in the vaccination cohort).
Results: With respect to hepatitis B immunization, input included 27 million USD provided by the GAVI China project to funds hepatitis B vaccine between 2002 and 2007. These funds came from the international GAVI Alliance (50%) and the Government of China (50%). In addition, the Chinese government provided an additional 21.5 million USD in government co-funding of subsidies from central to provincial to health care workers in provinces between 2007 and 2009 so that the vaccine could be administered without user fees. The health system efficiently processed these resources. First, in GAVI-supported areas, the increase in the HepB3/DPT3 ratio (increased from 57% in 2002 to 94% in 2009), indicated indicating that EPI absorbed well the new vaccine. Second, institutionalized deliveries increased to reach 96% nationwide in 2009, indicating that maternal and child health services created conditions to maximize coverage of the timely birth dose. As a result, from 2002 to 2009, the national three-dose hepatitis B vaccine coverage progressed from 71% to 93% (Chapter 5) and the timely birth dose coverage progressed from 60% to 91% (Chapter 7) with a reduction of inequities between Eastern and Western areas. Both of these resulted in immunity among vaccinated cohorts (85% of anti-HBs among children 12 to 23 months of age in the national 2006 serological survey) (Chapter 2). One key factor strongly associated with being HBsAg negative is receiving timely birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine as early as possible (Chapter 4).
With respect to injection safety, input included 14 million USD of GAVI funds to supply auto-disable syringes, safety boxes and needle cutters. In 2009, auto-disable syringes and safety boxes were used in 78% and 79% facilities in GAVI supported areas of the Western areas, respectively (Chapter 6). In terms of output, sterilizable injection devices disappeared and attempts to re-use disposable injection equipment became rare (0% in the 2010 final evaluation). However, no data regarding the incidence of injection-associated infections were available to evaluate the outcome of the progress in injection safety.
With respect to social mobilization and training, 10 million USD were assigned to training between 2002 and 2009. Most of those were not directly funded by GAVI China. These funds were provided by the Government because of the leverage effect of the GAVI China project. These were used in 28,753 training workshops for health care workers that resulted in better knowledge among health care workers (In 2010, 98% of them knew that hepatitis B virus can be transmitted from mother to child) and guardians (In 2010, 89% of them knew that the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine had to be given in the first 24 hours of life). This higher level of knowledge also contributed to higher immunization coverage and safer injections.
Ultimately, the elements of the GAVI China project combined at the impact level to prevent HBV infections. The 2006 national serological survey documented these achievements and pointed to 1% prevalence of HBsAg among children under five years of age, a decrease of 90% from the 9.8% prevalence in the same age group in 1992 (Chapter 3). These infections prevented will lead to the future prevention of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. Those should result in early deaths prevented and benefits in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). However, in 2010, it was too early to measure these longer term effects and the final impact of the project on HBsAg prevalence had not yet been quantified.
Conclusion: The introduction of hepatitis B vaccine into the national immunization programme was successful and the strategies and policy used for the GAVI China project provided a successful case study for the introduction of other new vaccines in China. The determinants of the success of the GAVI China included (1) a well documented disease burden, (2) a good collaboration between the government of China and the international GAVI Alliance that resulted in a strong national GAVI China project, (3) local production of vaccine and AD syringes, (4) solid processes for implementation and (5) leverage of additional support through national and provincial levels co-funding. Remaining challenges include (1) the persistence of an estimated 80,000 perinatal HBV infections each year in China, (2) the lack of homogeneous regulations to harmonize injection practices, (3) the absence of a scaled implementation for the national policy that recommends vaccination of health care workers, (4) the weak specificity and sensitivity of acute hepatitis B surveillance and (5) the absence of policy and plans for the management of chronic hepatitis B infection. We recommended that China (1) maintain universal hepatitis B infant vaccination, with a high priority to reach all infants, especially for those living in remote, mountain areas (2) make additional efforts to strengthen the health system and further improve hospital delivery rates to increase timely birth dose coverage and decrease perinatal HBV transmission, (3) develop clear surveillance guidelines to monitor acute hepatitis B rates (4) immunize health care workers, with an emphasis on pre-service delivery (5) collect manage sharps waste in a way that is safe for the health care workers, the community and the environment, and (6) screen pregnant women to administer adapted immuno-prophylaxis (including hepatitis B immune globulin, HBIG) for children born to those HBsAg positive. These should prepare the country for the next phase of a policy for the prevention and control of hepatitis B, which should ultimately include screening and treatment of patients with chronic infections, particularly those of older age cohorts who were born before the era of universal immunizatio
Native p-type transparent conductive CuI via intrinsic defects
No full textThe ability of CuI to be doped p-type via the introduction of native defects has been investigated using first-principles pseudopotential calculations based on density functional theory. The Cu vacancy has a lower formation energy than any of the other native defects, which include I vacancy (V(I)), Cu interstitial (Cu(i)), I interstitial (I(i)), Cu antisite (Cu(I)), and I antisite (I(Cu)). Combined with its shallow acceptor level, it offers sufficient hole concentrations in CuI. The natural band alignments as compared to zinc-blende ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe have also been calculated in order to further identify the p-type dopability of CuI. It is found that CuI has a relatively high valence band maximum and conduction band minimum, which also makes it easy to dope CuI p-type in terms of the doping limit rule. In addition, the small effective mass of the light hole-about 0.303m(0)-can provide high mobility and p-type conductivity in CuI. All of these results make CuI an ideal candidate for native p-type materials (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3633220
Youthhood
No full textTESTING-GROUND issue 03, Youthhood, examines worlds through youthful eyes, makes evident young ambitions, and questions how we can better empower young people to design cities, landscapes, and a planet that works for them. The issue includes contributions from: Carmel Keren, Jude Daniel Smith, Claire Edwards, Kazeem Kuteyi, Emmanuel Adarkwah, Reza Nik, Dan Cui, Kristofer Cullum-Fernandez, Fida Sassi, Simeon Shtebunaev, Daze Aghaji, Averill Dimabuyu, Sarri Elfaitouri, Rebecca McDonald-Balfour, and Ed Wall.
Rebecca McDonald-Balfour (Author), Jude Daniel Smith (Author), Daze Aghaji (Author), Carmel Keran (Author), Alexis Liu (Author), Dan Cui (Author), Kristofer Cullum-Fernandez (Author), Fida Sassi (Author), Averill Dimabuyu (Author), Ed
Problepsis stueningi Xue & Cui & Jiang 2018, sp. nov.
No full textProblepsis stueningi sp. nov. Figs 4, 5, 33, 54, 75, 94 Description. Head: Antennae bipectinate in male, pectinations slightly longer than diameter of shaft, filiform at terminal one-fifth; filiform in female; dorsal surface greyish brown to blackish grey, black basally, pectination yellowish brown to dark brown in male. Frons and vertex black, frons sparsely diffused with white on ventral surface. Labial palpus blackish brown, suffused with yellowish white ventrally. Thorax: Patagia, tegulae and thorax white. Hind tarsus about one-third length of tibia in male. Forewing length: male 15–18 mm; female 16–17 mm. Wings ground color white. Forewing diffused with dark grey scales on costal area between base and postmedial line; ocellus almost oval, yellowish brown with a complete silvery inner ring and two wedge-shaped black patches on both sides of CuA1; a small rounded yellowish brown marking present behind ocellus, extending to anal margin, with silvery scales; postmedial line arched, pale yellowish brown; submarginal line composed of two rows of cloud-like grey spots, inner ones larger and more distinct than outer ones; terminal line grey; fringes white, mixed with grey on terminal half. Hind wing with a kidney-shaped yellowish brown ocellus, with a complete silvery ring; a small rounded yellowish brown marking present behind ocellus, mostly covered with slivery scales, extending to anal margin, sometimes confluent with ocellus; postmedial line parallel with outer margin, pale yellowish brown. Underside with costa yellowish brown to dark greyish brown, not extending towards behind; principal markings showing through faintly from upperside; ocellus without greyish brown scales and two wedge-shaped black markings visible; postmedial line invisible. Abdomen. First and second abdominal segment white dorsally, remaining segments grey. Male genitalia: Tegumen almost triangular at apex, without spines on internal margin. Socii terminally fused, narrow and digitate. Outer margin of valvula protruding outwards in a triangular shape and irregularly dentate at apex of protrusion; sacculus narrow and curved. Juxta forming an inverted tongue-like lobe with rounded apex, anterior margin concaved centrally, free from sacculus. Aedeagus with coecum penis dilated, short than aedeagus, manica with a small patch of teeth and a sclerotized band at apex; vesica with one triangular and one semicircular cornuti, and one sclerotized band. Anterior margin of eighth sternite bifurcate, forming two broad and rounded lateral protrusions and one large process centrally with square apex. Female genitalia: Lamella postvaginalis semicircle, fused to ductus bursae, with a small ring-like process on each lateral side. Ductus bursae stout, width slightly shorter than length, straight and sclerotized; a trapeziform sclerite on dorsal side of anterior part of ductus bursae extending to corpus bursae, with two acute processes slightly extending outwards. Corpus bursae spheric, membranous; signum an elliptic patch of separate spines, situated on left side. Diagnosis. See P. eucircota. Type material. Holotype, ♂, CHINA: Gansu (IZCAS): Wenxian, Bikou protect station, 645 m, 11.VIII.2016, coll. Cheng Rui, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04616. Paratypes: CHINA: Henan (IZCAS): 11 ♂, Xinyang, Jigong Shan, 250 m, 20–21.VII.2002, coll. Han Hongxiang, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04612. Shaanxi (IZCAS): 2 ♂, Shangnan, Jinsixia, 777 m, 23–25.VII.2013, coll. Cui Le et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04620; 12 ♂, Xunyang, Bailiu, Jinxinyuan Shanzhuang, 386 m, 1–3.VIII.2014, coll. Liu Shuxian et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04606, 0 4618, 04619; 1 ♂, Nanzheng, Liping, 1540 m, 27–30.VII.2017, coll. Li Henan. Gansu (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Wenxian, Liujiaping, 2100 m, 27.VI.1998, coll. Yao Jian, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04617; 1 ♂, Wenxian, Bikou, 620 m, 15– 16.VIII.2014, coll. Ban Xiaoshuang et al.; 1 ♂, Chengxian, Feilongxia, 1020 m, 4.VII.1999, coll. Yao Jian, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04614; 2 ♂, Wenxian, Bikou protect station, 645 m, 6–7.VIII.2016, coll. Cheng Rui et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04585, 04602; 1 ♂, Wenxian, Bikou Bifenggou, 720 m, 8–10.VIII.2016, coll. Cheng Rui et al. Zhejiang (IZCAS): 1♀, Tienmu Shan, VI.1936, coll. O. Piel; 2 ♂ 1♀, Lin’an, West Tianmu Shan, 400 m, 26–27., 30.VII.2003, coll. Xue Dayong, IZCAS slide no. Geom-03405. Hubei (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Badong, 1450 m, 19.V.1989, coll. Li Wei; 1 ♂, Xingshan, Longmenhe, 1280–1350 m, 14.VI.–17.VII.1993, coll. Song Shimei et al.; 3 ♂, Yunxi, Guanyinzhen, 289–305 m, 4–5.VIII.2014, coll. Liu Shuxian et al.; 2 ♂, Yingshan, Taohuachong, 590 m, 23– 27.VI.2014, coll. Jiang Nan et al.; 2 ♂, Luotian, Qingtaiguan, 560 m, 1–4.VII.2014, coll. Cui Le et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04613. Jiangxi (IZCAS): 2 ♂, Jiulian Shan, 14, 29.VI.1975, coll. Song Shimei et al.; 1 ♂, Jinggang Shan, 5.VII.1975, coll. Zhang Baolin. Hunan (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Changsha, 21.VI.1988, coll. Zuo Yuxiang; 1 ♂, Mang Shan, 20.VII.1981; 1 ♂, Yanling, Taoyuandong, 631 m, 4–8.VII.2008, coll. Chen Fuqiang; 1 ♂, Guidong, Sidu, 774 m, 9– 12.VII.2008, coll. Chen Fuqiang; 1 ♂, Shimen, Hupingshan, Shenjingzhai, 444 m, 19.X.2014, coll. Zhao Kaidong; 1 ♂, Sangzhi, Bamaoxi, Shuitianba, 370 m, 31.VII.2009, 5.VIII.2009, coll. Wei Zhongmin; 3 ♂, Zhangjiajie, Wulingyuan, Wenfeng, 350 m, 2015. IX.17, coll. Zhao Kaidong, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04672; 1 ♂, Zhangjiajie, Wulingyuan, Huanglonglu, 348 m, 18.IX.2015, coll. Zhao Kaidong. Fujian (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Chong’an Xingcun, Caodun, 250–280 m, 11.VI.1960, coll. ZhangYiran; 6 ♂, Wuyi Shan, Sangang (Chong’an, Xingcun, Sangang), 700 m, 24.V.1960, 1.X.1981, 1.VII.1982, 4.VI.1983, 19.VII.1983, 9.VII.2006, coll. Zhang yiran et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04609; 2 ♂, Jiangle, Longqi Shan, 650 m, 13, 21.VIII.1991, coll. Song Shimei; 1 ♂, Meihuashan, Yunshan Station, 459 m, 18.VII.2013, coll. Xue Dayong. Guangdong (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Shixing, Chebaling, 365–401 m, 22– 26.VII.2008, coll. Chen Fuqiang. Guangxi (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Guilin, Yanshan, 200 m, 12.VII.1963, coll. Wang Chunguang; 1 ♂, Mao’er Shan, Gaozhai, 448 m, 13–15.VIII.2012, coll. Yang Chao et al. Sichuan (IZCAS): 5 ♂, Emei Shan, Qingyinge, 800–1000 m, 22.IV.–25.VII.1957, 16–19.IX.1957, coll. Zhu Fuxing et al., IZCAS slide no. Geom-04622, 04623; 1 ♂, Fengdu Shiping, 610 m, 5.X.1994, coll. Song Shimei; 4 ♂, Wanxian, Wang’erbao, 1200 m, 12.VIII.1993, coll. Song Shimei, IZCAS slide no. Geom-04608; 1 ♂, Jianyang, Huaiyuan, 350 m, 7.V.1994, coll. Zhou Ji (presented by insect specimen room of Nankai University), IZCAS slide no. Geom-04621. Chongqing (IZCAS): 2 ♂, Chengkou, 27.VII.2013, coll. Cheng Rui; 4 ♂, Chengkou, Daba Shan, Qinglongxia, 950 m, 28.VII.2013, coll. Cheng Rui. Guizhou (IZCAS): 1 ♂, Jiangkou, Fanjing Shan, 500 m, 11.VII.1988, coll. Li Wei. Gansu (ZFMK): 1♀, Kansu orient., Hweisi, Tsinlingschan montes occ., 1500 m, May. Zhejiang (ZFMK): 2 ♂, West-Tien-Mu-Shan, 1600m, 22.VIII.1932, 24.IX.1932, coll. H. Höne; 1 ♂, Wenchow, VI.1939, coll. H. Höne; 5 ♂ 1♀, Mokanshan, 30.viii.1926, 1930, coll. H. Höne. Hunan (ZFMK): 7 ♂, Hoeng-Shan, 900 m, V–VII., IX., XI.1933, coll. H. Höne. Fujian (ZFMK): 6 ♂ 1♀, Kuatun, 2300m, 27,40 n. Br./ 117,40 ö.L., IV–VII.1938, coll. H. Höne. Guangdong (ZFMK): 1 ♂, without data. Chongqing (ZFMK): 1 ♂, Chungking, Sept. 1941, Dr. Noll. Sichuan (ZFMK): 1 ♂ 1♀, Ningwuan, 1933, coll. Wehrli; 1♀, Tibet, Tschang Tang, Dsagar Berge, 4500 m, Juli. Distribution. China (Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou). Etymology. The species is dedicated to Dr. Dieter Stüning, Bonn, Germany, who contribute greatly to the taxonomy of Geometridae.Published as part of Xue, Dayong, Cui, Le & Jiang, Nan, 2018, A review of Problepsis Lederer, 1853 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from China, with description of two new species, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on pages 106-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/119515
Impact damage of composite laminates with high-speed waterjet
No full textRain erosion may cause substantial damage to aircrafts during supersonic flight. Such event is investigated here via high-speed waterjet impact on composite laminates. An experimental setup is developed to produce waterjets with the speed up to 700m/s and a finite element model of the waterjet-composite impact event is established. The consistency of experiment and simulation results validates the adopted numerical methods. The distribution of the water-hammer pressure is non-uniform and the maximum pressure occurs near the contact periphery when the water is about to eject laterally. After a high-speed (300∼560m/s) waterjet impacts a composite laminate, the impacted surface depression is observed, and the typical surface damage presents a central region with no visible surface damage surrounded by a faded “failure ring” with resin removal, matrix cracking and minor fiber fracture. Delamination occurs at the interfaces of adjacent layers with unequal dimensions and longitudinal matrix cracking appears on the back surface. Both the velocity and the diameter of waterjets are crucial factors on CFRP damage extents. Water-hammer pressure, the stagnation pressure and propagation of stress waves are failure mechanisms for most matrix damage in CFRP impacted by waterjets.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Structural Integrity & Composite
Sampling and Reconstruction of Signals on Product Graphs
No full textIn this paper, we consider the problem of subsampling and reconstruction of signals that reside on the vertices of a product graph, such as sensor network time series, genomic signals, or product ratings in a social network. Specifically, we leverage the product structure of the underlying domain and sample nodes from the graph factors. The proposed scheme is particularly useful for processing signals on large-scale product graphs. The sampling sets are designed using a low-complexity greedy algorithm and can be proven to be near-optimal. To illustrate the developed theory, numerical experiments based on real datasets are provided for sampling 3D dynamic point clouds and for active learning in recommender systems.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Signal Processing System
Ban dao ti yi zhi jie gou zai guang cui hua he guang dian cui hua zhong de yan jiu
No full textLi, Qian = 半導體异质结构在光催化和光電催化中的研究 / 李乾.Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-162).Abstracts also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on 30, December, 2016).Li, Qian = Ban dao ti yi zhi jie gou zai guang cui hua he guang dian cui hua zhong de yan jiu / Li Qian
A Conversational User Interface for Instructional Maintenance Reports
No full textMaintaining a complex system, such as a modern production line, is a knowledge-intensive task. Many firms use maintenance reports as a decision support tool. However, reports are often poor quality and tedious to compile. A Conversational User Interface (CUI) could streamline the reporting process by validating the user's input, eliciting more valuable information, and reducing the time needed. In this paper, we use a Technology Probe to explore the potential of a CUI to create instructional maintenance reports. We conducted a between-groups study (N = 24) in which participants had to replace the inner tube of a bicycle tire. One group documented the procedure using a CUI while replacing the inner tube, whereas the other group compiled a paper report afterward. The CUI was enacted by a researcher according to a set of rules. Our results indicate that using a CUI for maintenance reports saves a significant amount of time, is no more cognitively demanding than writing a report, and results in maintenance reports of higher quality. Internet of ThingsHuman-Centred Artificial Intelligenc
The Logic of Knowledge-Based Cooperation in the Social Dilemma
No full textComputer Science, Artificial IntelligenceComputer Science, Theory & MethodsCPCI-S(ISTP)
CUHK electronic theses & dissertations collection
No full textCui, Yan.Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 236-251).Abstracts also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on 15, September, 2016)
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