170,995 research outputs found
A seção gráfica da empresa C. Fuerst & Cia, a fundição Funtimod e os tipos modernos
No full textFundada no Rio de Janeiro, a empresa C. Fuerst & Cia deu início à sua jornada no ano de 1920 com grande destaque para a atuação no ramo gráfico e tipográfico, foco principal desta pesquisa. O estudo de caráter histórico demonstra a relevância da C. Fuerst na importação de maquinário para as artes gráficas, com destaque para impressoras offset, além da sua contribuição na área tipográfica ao representar o material da fundição alemã D. Stempel e trazer à tona a conceituação de tipos modernos. Tendo a Funtimod – Fundição de Tipos Modernos como a principal referência na área da tipografia no Brasil do século XX, propomos colocar os acervos tipográficos da empresa e da fundição lado a lado, fazendo um levantamento de semelhanças e diferenças. Por meio disso, concluímos que apenas a fundição estudada tem um acervo coerente com a modernidade da época
The Role of Investment Wedges in the Carlstrom-Fuerst Economy and Business Cycle Accounting
No full textMany researches that apply business cycle accounting (hereafter, BCA) to actual data conclude that models with investment frictions or investment wedges are not promising for modeling business cycle dynamics. In this paper, we apply BCA to artificial data generated by a variant model of Carlstrom and Fuerst (1997, American Economic Review), which is one of the representative models with investment frictions. Based on our findings, BCA leads us to conclude that models with investment wedges are not promising according to the criteria of BCA, even though the true model contains investment frictions.
Genetic associations of lactose and its ratios to other milk solids with health traits in Austrian Fleckvieh cows
No full textThe genetic correlations (ra) of milk lactose percentage (LP), lactose yield (LY), and ratios of LP to other milk solids with udder, metabolic, and fertility disorders have not been assessed in dairy cattle so far. To evaluate the potential role of milk lactose as indicator of cow health, 142,285 lactation records of 84,289 Austrian Fleckvieh cows were analyzed with univariate and bivariate animal models. Milk traits were on a 150-d basis and health traits were coded as binary (0/1). Other than LP and LY, 3 new phenotypes were defined and included in the present study, namely the lactose-to-fat, lactose-to-protein, and lactose-to-solids ratios. The most heritable trait was LP (0.566 ± 0.008) and heritability of LY was much lower (0.145 ± 0.005). Heritability estimates close to 0.50 were assessed for the ratios. The frequency of health disorders was higher in multiparous cows yielding milk with low LP (≤4.553%) compared with cows yielding milk with high LP (≥5.045%). Heritabilities of health traits were in the expected ranges, with the highest estimate for ovarian cysts (CYS; 0.037 ± 0.004) and the lowest for retained placenta (0.005 ± 0.001). Mastitis (MAS) genetically correlated with LY (0.518 ± 0.057); considering that the amount of synthesized lactose is the key regulator of milk volume, this result confirmed that high-producing cows are more genetically susceptible to MAS than low-producing animals. Similar to MAS, ketosis (KET) was also positively genetically associated with LY (0.420 ± 0.077) and a weak and unfavorable ra between KET and lactose-to-protein ratio was estimated (0.159 ± 0.077). The ra of LY with milk fever (MFV) and CYS were approximately 0.20. The ra of LP with MAS, KET, and MFV were negative (−0.142 on average), supporting the idea that LP is a potential health indicator. Genetic correlations between health traits ranged from zero (retained placenta with MAS and CYS) to 0.463 ± 0.090 (MAS and MFV). Results of the present study suggest that LP has potentiality to be used as indicator trait to improve udder health in Austrian Fleckvieh population
Predictable or Not? Forecasting Office Markets with a Simultaneous Equation Approach
No full textThe main objective of this paper is to elucidate the capability of time-series regression models to capture and forecast movements in occupancy patterns, rental rates and construction activity. The model presented is a three-stage simultaneous equation model. The first stage incorporates the office space market in terms of occupied space and absorption of new space. The second stage captures the adjustment of office rents to changing market conditions and the third stage specifies the supply response to market signals in terms of construction of new office space. The standard simultaneous model is subsequently modified to account for the specific characteristics using the New York market as a case study. The results demonstrate that the market reacts efficiently and predictably to changes in market conditions. The significance of the estimated parameters underscores the general validity and robustness of the simultaneous equation approach in modeling real estate markets. The modifications of the standard model, notably the inclusion of sublet space in the rent equation, contributed considerably to improving the explanatory power of the model. Finally, we test whether a non-linear function performs better than the original linear approach and find mixed evidence based on the limited empirical dataset of this study.forecasting; real estate; office markets; dynamic models; simultaneous equation approach; multivariate regression models;
Clinical evaluation of a vessel sealing device (Ligasure TM) for haemostasis of testicular vessels for castration of stallions
No full textIs Financial Friction Irrelevant to the Great Depression? - Simple modification of the Carlstrom-Fuerst model -
No full textIt is argued that existing theory implies that financial frictions appear as investment wedges. Since data show that the output declines in the Great Depression were mainly due to the productivity declines, it is also argued that financial frictions may not be the primary cause of the depression. By slightly modifying the model of Carlstrom and Fuerst (1997), I show that financial frictions may show up as declines in productivity. This result may restore the relevance of financial frictions to the Great Depression and other depression episodes, such as Japan's "lost decade."
Genetic and nongenetic variation of multiple births in Austrian dual-purpose cows
No full textIn recent decades, a general increase in multiple birth (MB) rate has been reported in both dairy and dual-purpose cattle breeds. As there is evidence that MB has negative effects on economically important traits in dairy cows, the aims of this study were to (i) investigate environmental and genetic factors affecting MB rate and (ii) assess the impact of MB on productive and nonproductive traits of the Austrian dual-purpose breeds Pinzgauer and Tyrol Grey. The dataset included 99,141 calvings of 33,791 Pinzgauer and 68,454 calvings of 19,244 Tyrol Grey cows recorded from 2000 to 2022. Environmental factors affecting MB were investigated using logistic regression, and genetic parameters of MB were estimated using linear and threshold animal models. In addition, the effects of MB on milk, fat, and protein yields and calving ease were analyzed using a linear mixed model, whereas stillbirth and cow survival (binary traits) were analyzed by logistic regression. The average MB rate from 2000 to 2022 was 5.80% for Pinzgauer and 3.89% for Tyrol Grey. The lowest MB rate was observed in primiparous cows in both breeds, and the highest in fourth-parity Pinzgauer and seventh-parity Tyrol Grey cows. The highest MB rate was in summer regardless of the breed. In Pinzgauer, the MB negatively affected dairy traits and survival, and in Tyrol Grey, it affected fat yield and calving ease. Stillbirth was notably higher when MB occurred than in single births in both breeds. In Pinzgauer, the estimated heritability was 0.029 (linear) and 0.138 (threshold), whereas in Tyrol Grey, it was 0.040 (linear) and 0.200 (threshold). Low additive genetic variation exists for this trait, but it is still exploitable in genetic programs aimed at curbing the MB rate
Genetic and nongenetic variation of multiple births in Austrian dual-purpose cows
No full textIn recent decades, a general increase in multiple birth (MB) rate has been reported in both dairy and dual-purpose cattle breeds. As there is evidence that MB has negative effects on economically important traits in dairy cows, the aims of this study were to (i) investigate environmental and genetic factors affecting MB rate and (ii) assess the impact of MB on productive and nonproductive traits of the Austrian dual-purpose breeds Pinzgauer and Tyrol Grey. The dataset included 99,141 calvings of 33,791 Pinzgauer and 68,454 calvings of 19,244 Tyrol Grey cows recorded from 2000 to 2022. Environmental factors affecting MB were investigated using logistic regression, and genetic parameters of MB were estimated using linear and threshold animal models. In addition, the effects of MB on milk, fat, and protein yields and calving ease were analyzed using a linear mixed model, whereas stillbirth and cow survival (binary traits) were analyzed by logistic regression. The average MB rate from 2000 to 2022 was 5.80% for Pinzgauer and 3.89% for Tyrol Grey. The lowest MB rate was observed in primiparous cows in both breeds, and the highest in fourth-parity Pinzgauer and seventh-parity Tyrol Grey cows. The highest MB rate was in summer regardless of the breed. In Pinzgauer, the MB negatively affected dairy traits and survival, and in Tyrol Grey, it affected fat yield and calving ease. Stillbirth was notably higher when MB occurred than in single births in both breeds. In Pinzgauer, the estimated heritability was 0.029 (linear) and 0.138 (threshold), whereas in Tyrol Grey, it was 0.040 (linear) and 0.200 (threshold). Low additive genetic variation exists for this trait, but it is still exploitable in genetic programs aimed at curbing the MB rate
On the genomic regions associated with milk lactose in Fleckvieh cattle
No full textLactose is a sugar uniquely found in mammals’ milk and it is the major milk solid in bovines. Lactose yield (LY, kg/d) is responsible for milk volume, whereas lactose percentage (LP) is thought to be more related to epithelial integrity and thus to udder health. There is a paucity of studies that have investigated lactose at the genomic level in dairy cows. This paper aimed to improve our knowledge on LP and LY, providing new insights into the significant genomic regions affecting these traits. A genome-wide association study for LP and LY was carried out in Fleckvieh cattle by using bulls’ deregressed estimated breeding values of first lactation as pseudo-phenotypes. Heritabilities of first lactation test-day LP and LY estimated using linear animal models were 0.38 and 0.25, respectively. A total of 2,854 bulls genotyped with a 54K SNP chip were available for the genome-wide association study; a linear mixed model approach was adopted for the analysis. The significant SNP of LP were scattered across the whole genome, with signals on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 7, 12, 16, 18, 19, 20, 28, and 29; the top 4 significant SNP explained 4.90% of the LP genetic variance. The signals were mostly in regions or genes with involvement in molecular intra- or extracellular transport; for example, CDH5, RASGEF1C, ABCA6, and SLC35F3. A significant region within chromosome 20 was previously shown to affect mastitis or somatic cell score in cattle. As regards LY, the significant SNP were concentrated in fewer regions (chromosomes 6 and 14), related to mastitis/somatic cell score, immune response, and transport mechanisms. The 5 most significant SNP for LY explained 8.45% of genetic variance and more than one-quarter of this value has to be attributed to the variant within ADGRB1. Significant peaks in target regions remained even after adjustment for the 2 most significant variants previously detected on BTA6 and BTA14. The present study is a prelude for deeper investigations into the biological role of lactose for milk secretion and volume determination, stressing the connection with genes regulating intra- or extracellular trafficking and immune and inflammatory responses in dairy cows. Also, these results improve the knowledge on the relationship between lactose and udder health; they support the idea that LP and its derived traits are potential candidates as indicators of udder health in breeding programs aimed to enhance cows’ resistance to mastitis
On the genomic regions affecting milk lactose content in dairy cattle
No full textLactose is the major carbohydrate of bovine milk and its concentration may be used as an indicator of udder health in cows. In fact, negative and moderate phenotypic and genetic correlations of lactose content with somatic cells and mastitis have been reported in literature. Besides, lactose content is more heritable than other milk traits, including somatic cells. Despite this, only few studies have explored the genes affecting lactose in cattle so far. Therefore, a genome-wide association study for lactose content was carried out using Austrian Fleckvieh bulls’ deregressed proofs, obtained in MiX99 software basing on 16 million test-day records. Following the conventional quality control, 40,964 SNPs (54k chip) in 2,854 bulls (estimated daughter contribution ≥10) were available for the association analysis in GEMMA software. After false discovery rate correction, 22 SNPs spread across the genome were found as significant. The highest P-value was found within the gene MFSD6 (BTA2, 5.757 Mb), known for its role in macrophages reception and intra/extra cellular transport facilitation. A variant at the end of BTA1 was within SH3BP5, a gene involved in white cells development and activity. One significant SNP was found within EFNA1 (BTA3), reported to regulate inflammatory response in udder of cows; moreover, variants were around 58 Mb on BTA20, region known to affect SCS/mastitis. Other signals were within and/or nearby genes related to transmembrane molecular transport (e.g. KCNK1, TFRC, RASGEF1C, LOC515333 and SLC35F3). The four most significant SNPs (P<5.05×10-07) explained 5% of the genetic variance; these results thus support that lactose content is a polygenic trait with a complex genetic architecture and affected by several genomic regions with small effect size
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