230 research outputs found
Slc11a1 limits intracellular growth of Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium by promoting macrophage immune effector functions and impairing bacterial iron acquisition
No full textThe natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1, Slc11a1, is a phagolysosomal transporter for protons and divalent ions including iron that confers host protection against diverse intracellular pathogens including Salmonella. We investigated and compared the regulation of iron homeostasis and immune function in RAW264.7 murine phagocytes stably transfected with non-functional Slc11a1 and functional Slc11a1 controls in response to an infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. We report that macrophages lacking functional Slc11a1 displayed an increased expression of transferrin receptor 1, resulting in enhanced acquisition of transferrin-bound iron. In contrast, cellular iron release mediated via ferroportin 1 was significantly lower in Salmonella-infected Slc11a1-negative macrophages in comparison with phagocytes bearing Slc11a1. Lack of Slc11a1 led to intracellular persistence of S.?enterica serovar Typhimurium within macrophages, which was paralleled by a reduced formation of nitric oxide, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in Slc11a1-negative macrophages following Salmonella infection, whereas interleukin-10 production was increased. Moreover, Slc11a1-negative phagocytes exhibited higher cellular iron content, resulting in increased iron acquisition by intracellular Salmonella. Our observations indicate a bifunctional role for Slc11a1 within phagocytes. Slc11a restricts iron availability, which first augments pro-inflammatory macrophage effector functions and second concomitantly limits microbial iron access. <br/
Nramp1-functionality increases iNOS expression via repression of IL-10 formation
No full textIn mice, resistance to certain intracellular microbes depends on the expression of a late phagosomal protein termed natural-resistance associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1, Slc11a1). Nramp1-functionality is associated with alterations of cellular iron homeostasis and a sustained pro-inflammatory immune response, including the formation of the antimicrobial effector molecule NO. To investigate the underlying mechanism we used RAW-264.7 murine macrophage cells stably transfected with a functional Nramp1 allele (RAW-37) or Nramp1 non-functional controls (RAW-21). We found that the production of and signalling by the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly enhanced in macrophages lacking functional Nramp1. Upon infection of macrophages with Salmonella typhimurium pathogen survival was significantly better in RAW-21 than in RAW-37, which inversely correlated to NO and TNF- formation. Addition of a neutralising anti-IL-10 antibody to RAW-21 cells led to a significantly reduced survival of S. typhimurium within these cells and enhanced formation of NO and TNF- reaching levels comparable to that observed in cells bearing functional Nramp1. Oppositely, supplementation of iron to RAW-21 cells further increased IL-10 formation. Thus, Nramp1 mediates effective host defence in part via suppression of excessive IL-10 production which may relate to Nramp1-mediated reduction of cellular iron pools, thus strengthening antimicrobial effector mechanisms. <br/
Author – Narrator – Defendant: A legal Approach to Werner Kofler\u27s Voice
No full textGernot Waldner nähert sich dem Phänomen Stimme am Beispiel des Autors Werner Koflers aus juristischer Perspektive. Der Beitrag analysiert detailliert die rhetorischen Strategien in den Akten jenes Prozesses, den der Journalist Michael Jeannée 1991 anlässlich einer Passage in Koflers Der Hirt auf dem Felsen wegen üblicher Nachrede anstrengte. Waldner zeigt nicht nur Widersprüche der Argumentationen auf, sondern leitet daraus Auswirkungen auf Koflers Poetik ab. Koflers Prosa Üble Nachrede – Furcht und Unruhe erscheint in dieser Lesart als Verarbeitung des Prozesses und als formale Reaktion auf konkrete juristische Vorgehensweisen, wie etwa die Identifikation einer Erzählstimme mit dem Autor.
Author – Narrator – Defendant: A legal Approach to Werner Kofler\u27s Voice: Gernot Waldner approaches the phenomenon of voice from a legal perspective using the example of Werner Kofler. The contribution provides a detailed analysis of the rhetorical strategies in the files of the court case following journalist Michael Jeannée filing for defamation because of a passage in Kofler\u27s Der Hirt auf dem Felsen. He not only shows contradictions in the arguments but deduces effects on Kofler\u27s poetics. From this perspective, Kofler\u27s prose piece Üble Nachrede – Furcht und Unruhe emerges as a working through of the court case and as a formal reaction to concrete legal procedures, for instance identifying narrative voice with the author.Gernot Waldner approaches the phenomenon of voice from a legal perspective using the example of Werner Kofler. The contribution provides a detailed analysis of the rhetorical strategies in the files of the court case following journalist Michael Jeannée filing for defamation because of a passage in Kofler’s Der Hirt auf dem Felsen. He not only shows contradictions in the arguments but deduces effects on Kofler’s poetics. From this perspective, Kofler’s prose piece Üble Nachrede – Furcht und Unruhe emerges as a working through of the court case and as a formal reaction to concrete legal procedures, for instance identifying narrative voice with the author
The Size of Author Teams in the Social Sciences
No full textThe last decades have seen an unprecedented rise in the size of author teams across all academic disciplines. In the social sciences, existing literature highlights that the number of authors varies greatly between research fields, geographical regions, job positions and experience. Yet we lack comprehensive understandings of the specific effects of these factors. By employing data from a large-scaled worldwide survey, we shed light on this conundrum. Our results show that psychologists as well as information technologists and operations researchers work on average in larger author teams while sociologists and political scientists work in smaller author teams. In addition, we find that Eastern European scholars work in smaller author teams and that postdocs tend to have more single-authored publications. Based on our results we call upon those in charge of search and tenure procedures to focus more on multi-authored publications while keeping the applicants’ different research field and geographical backgrounds in mind. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of academic conferences as they allow scholars to establish fruitful networks for future collaborations
Gernot Böhme’s Philosophy of Technics
No full textPrzedmiotem artykułu jest rekonstrukcja głównych wątków filozofii techniki Gernota Böhmego. W swych pracach z tego zakresu zawartych w tomie Invasive Technisierung. Technikphilosophie und Technikkritik (2008) Böhme odchodzi od założeń swej rozwijanej wcześniej koncepcji „finalizacji nauki” (kwestię tę autor omawia szczegółowo w pierwszej części tekstu) i sytuuje filozofię techniki na pograniczu antropologii filozoficznej oraz filozofii społecznej, pytając o skutki procesów technicyzacji zarówno dla tożsamości człowieka współczesnego, jak i przeobrażeń wzorów integracji społecznej (społeczna rola sieci informatycznych i technostruktur). Jego stanowisko ma charakter par excellence krytyczny. Böhme odwołuje się do filozoficznej tradycji Szkoły Frankfurckiej i w polemicznym nawiązaniu do filozofii społecznej Jürgena Habermasa pyta o kryteria „racjonalności” techniki. Omawia także kulturowe źródła oporu przed „inwazyjną technicyzacją” nie tylko w kulturze Zachodu, lecz także w kulturach Dalekiego Wschodu. Zastanawia się wreszcie nad tymi horyzontami antropologicznymi postępu technicznego, które uważa za neutralne etycznie i które odsłaniać mają przed człowiekiem nowe możliwości samowiedzy i ekspresji. Analizy autora kończy zestawienie kilku pytań, które wskazują jego zdaniem na kwestie otwarte w filozofii techniki Böhmego.The article reconstructs the main threads of Gernot Böhme’s philosophy of technology. In his writings on the subject in the volume Invasive Technification: Critical Essays in the Philosophy of Technology (2008) Böhme abandons his earlier “finalisation of science” theory (which the author expounds in detail in the first part of the article) and situates philosophy of technology between philosophical anthropology and social philosophy. In this context, he reflects on the effects of technification for the identity of contemporary humans and changing social integration models (the social role of IT networks and technostructures). Böhme’s position is par excellence critical. Referring to the philosophical traditions of the Frankfurt School, he argues against the social philosophy of Jürgen Habermas and asks about the criteria which determine the “rationality” of technology. Böhme also reviews the cultural sources of resistance to “invasive technification”, not only in Western, but also in Far Eastern cultures. Finally, he discusses those anthropological horizons of technological progress which he considers to be ethically neutral and capable of opening new areas of self-knowledge and expression to humankind. The author closes his paper with a set of questions which in his opinion point to some still open issues in Böhme’s philosophy of technology
A contribuição de teorias das Ciências Sociais para a Ciência da Informação na perspectiva de Gernot Wersig
No full textThe scope of this research seeks to understand how it has developed the Information Science and the prospect of this development to analyze what are the attempts to adopt approaches to theories of social sciences in the field of Information Science. We tried to see these attempts at analyzing the work of one author, so was selected among the twelve authors Gernot Wersig theoretical perspective and identified in his work sought to identify the possibility of adoption and incorporation of theories of Social Sciences for Information Science. The research initially part of a discussion about science and its development and then discuss the emergence and development of social sciences and therefore of Information Science. Made this discussion search is then a focus of analysis guided by a theoretical framework of social sciences, enabling find these theories present in theoretical discussions of information science from the perspective of the author selected.No escopo dessa pesquisa busca-se entender como tem se desenvolvido a Ciência da Informação e na perspectiva desse desenvolvimento analisar quais são tentativas de se adotar abordagens de teorias das Ciências Sociais no campo da Ciência da Informação. Buscou-se ver essas tentativas a partir da análise da obra de um autor, dessa forma, selecionou-se dentre doze autores o teórico Gernot Wersig, e pela perspectiva identificada em sua obra buscou-se identificar a possibilidade de adoção e incorporação de teorias das Ciências Sociais pela Ciência da Informação. A pesquisa parte, inicialmente, de uma discussão sobre a ciência e seu desenvolvimento para, então, discutir o surgimento e o desenvolvimento das Ciências Sociais e, por conseguinte, da Ciência da Informação. Feita essa discussão, busca-se, então, um enfoque de análise, pautado por um quadro teórico das Ciências Sociais, que permita encontrar teorias dessas presentes nas discussões teóricas da Ciência da Informação pela perspectiva do autor selecionado
A contribuição de teorias das Ciências Sociais para a Ciência da Informação na perspectiva de Gernot Wersig
No full textThe scope of this research seeks to understand how it has developed the Information Science and the prospect of this development to analyze what are the attempts to adopt approaches to theories of social sciences in the field of Information Science. We tried to see these attempts at analyzing the work of one author, so was selected among the twelve authors Gernot Wersig theoretical perspective and identified in his work sought to identify the possibility of adoption and incorporation of theories of Social Sciences for Information Science. The research initially part of a discussion about science and its development and then discuss the emergence and development of social sciences and therefore of Information Science. Made this discussion search is then a focus of analysis guided by a theoretical framework of social sciences, enabling find these theories present in theoretical discussions of information science from the perspective of the author selected.No escopo dessa pesquisa busca-se entender como tem se desenvolvido a Ciência da Informação e na perspectiva desse desenvolvimento analisar quais são tentativas de se adotar abordagens de teorias das Ciências Sociais no campo da Ciência da Informação. Buscou-se ver essas tentativas a partir da análise da obra de um autor, dessa forma, selecionou-se dentre doze autores o teórico Gernot Wersig, e pela perspectiva identificada em sua obra buscou-se identificar a possibilidade de adoção e incorporação de teorias das Ciências Sociais pela Ciência da Informação. A pesquisa parte, inicialmente, de uma discussão sobre a ciência e seu desenvolvimento para, então, discutir o surgimento e o desenvolvimento das Ciências Sociais e, por conseguinte, da Ciência da Informação. Feita essa discussão, busca-se, então, um enfoque de análise, pautado por um quadro teórico das Ciências Sociais, que permita encontrar teorias dessas presentes nas discussões teóricas da Ciência da Informação pela perspectiva do autor selecionado
Nramp1 functionality increases inducible nitric oxide synthase transcription via stimulation of IFN regulatory factor 1 expression
No full textNatural-resistance associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1) encodes a transmembrane phagolysosomal protein exerting resistance toward infections with intracellular pathogens by a mechanism not fully elucidated so far. We used the murine macrophagecell line RAW264.7, stably transfected with functional (RAW-37) or nonfunctional (RAW-21) Nramp1, to study for differences in the expression of NO, a central antimicrobial effector molecule of macrophages. Following stimulation with IFN- and LPS, Nramp1-expressing cells exhibit higher enzymatic activity of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and increased cytoplasmic iNOS-mRNA levels than RAW-21 cells. Time-course experiments showed that iNOS-mRNA levels remain increased in RAW-37 cells after prolonged cytokine stimulation while they decrease in RAW-21 cells. Reporter gene assays with iNOS-promoter luciferase constructs demonstrated an increased and prolonged promoter activity in Nramp1-resistant vs susceptible cells. This was paralleled by increased IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) expression and binding affinity to the iNOS promoter in RAW-37 cells, which may be related to enhanced STAT-1 binding affinity in these cells. A point mutation within the IRF-1 binding site of the iNOS promoter abolished the differences in iNOS transcription between RAW-21 and RAW-37 cells. Cells carrying functional Nramp1express increased amounts of NO, which may be related to STAT-1-mediated stimulation of IRF-1 expression with subsequent prolonged activation of iNOS transcription. Enhanced NO expression may partly underlie the protection against infection with intracellular pathogens by Nramp1 functionality
Understanding the Potential of Augmented Reality in Manufacturing Environments
No full textManufacturing companies are confronted with challenges due to increasing flexibility requirements and skill gaps. Augmented Reality applications offer an efficient way to overcome these tensions by enhancing the interaction between people and technology. The positive effects of Augmented Reality solutions are often described in individual models in the scientific literature. This research-in-progress aims to aggregate the empirical findings in the usage of Augmented Reality solutions in manufacturing environments. A meta-analysis is conducted to synthesise several small studies into one large study to achieve this. In particular, the meta-analysis will focus on the impact of Augmented Reality applications on cognitive load levels. Furthermore, the effect on processing time and error rates will be evaluated. Initial results of the meta-analysis will be expected and reported at this year’s NeuroIS Retreat.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Economics of Technology and InnovationSystem Engineerin
The parties' possible duty of confidentiality in arbitral proceedings according to Austrian law
No full textDie Vertraulichkeit des Schiedsverfahrens wird häufig zu den wesentlichen Vorteilen dieser Art der alternativen Streitbeilegung gezählt. Verfahren bei staatlichen Gerichten sind dagegen nicht vertraulich. Während weitgehend anerkannt ist, dass Schiedsinstitutionen und die Mitglieder eines Schiedsgerichts die Vertraulichkeit des Verfahrens zu wahren haben, bleibt die Problematik der Vertraulichkeitspflicht der Schiedsparteien seit jeher umstritten. Die Ungewissheit lässt sich auf die mangelnden gesetzlichen Regelungen und die fehlende Judikatur in Österreich zurückführen. Aus dieser Tatsache darf jedoch nicht geschlossen werden, dass die Schiedsparteien keine Vertraulichkeitspflicht treffen kann. Demzufolge befasst sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit der Frage, ob die Schiedsparteien trotz uneinheitlicher Meinungen und Ansätze einer impliziten Vertraulichkeitspflicht unterliegen. Es wird primär untersucht, ob sich eine solche Vertraulichkeitspflicht der Parteien als Nebenpflicht der Schiedsvereinbarung ergibt, selbst wenn diese keine ausdrückliche Pflicht zur Geheimhaltung von vertraulichen Informationen vereinbart haben. Aufgrund der internationalen Relevanz der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit werden zudem nicht-österreichische Regelungen, Meinungen und Gerichtsentscheidungen näher betrachtet, um einen Vergleich zu Österreich ziehen zu können.In comparison to state court proceedings, the confidentiality of arbitration is often regarded as one of the major advantages of this form of alternative dispute resolution. It is widely acknowledged that arbitrators and arbitral institutions are under a duty of confidentiality. Quite to the contrary, the question of whether the parties bear duties of confidentiality remains controversial. This uncertainty is caused by the lack of decisions and explicit legal provisions on this topic under Austrian Law. From that fact, however, one should not infer that no duty of confidentiality applies. Thus, the diploma thesis is primary dealing with the question whether the parties to an arbitration are under an implied duty of confidentiality, although there are no uniform views and approaches on this point. The author analyzes if such a duty of confidentiality is to be derived from an accessory obligation that arises out of the arbitration agreement, even where the parties have not explicitly agreed upon a duty of confidentiality. Due to the international relevance of arbitration, the diploma thesis further deals with non-Austrian legal provisions, opinions and case laws to perform a comparative analysis to Austria.vorgelegt von: Gernot WinterleitnerAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des VerfassersDiplomarbeit Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 2016 R851
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