6,755 research outputs found
The impact of Milton Friedman on modern monetary economics: setting the record straight on Paul Krugman’s 'Who Was Milton Friedman?
No full textPaul Krugman’s essay “Who Was Milton Friedman?” seriously mischaracterizes Friedman’s economics and his legacy. In this paper we provide a rejoinder to Krugman on these issues. In the course of setting the record straight, we provide a self-contained guide to Milton Friedman’s impact on modern monetary economics and on today’s central banks. We also refute the conclusions that Krugman draws about monetary policy from the experiences of the United States in the 1930s and of Japan in the 1990s.Monetary policy - United States ; Keynesian economics ; Friedman, Milton
The Impact of Milton Friedman on Modern Monetary Economics: Setting the Record Straight on Paul Krugman's "Who Was Milton Friedman?"
No full textPaul Krugman's essay "Who Was Milton Friedman?" seriously mischaracterizes Friedman's economics and his legacy. In this paper we provide a rejoinder to Krugman on these issues. In the course of setting the record straight, we provide a self-contained guide to Milton Friedman's impact on modern monetary economics and on today's central banks. We also refute the conclusions that Krugman draws about monetary policy from the experiences of the United States in the 1930s and of Japan in the 1990s.
Brief Announcement: Jiffy: A Fast, Memory Efficient, Wait-Free Multi-Producers Single-Consumer Queue
No full textIn applications such as sharded data processing systems, data flow programming and load sharing applications, multiple concurrent data producers are feeding requests into the same data consumer. This can be naturally realized through concurrent queues, where each consumer pulls its tasks from its dedicated queue. For scalability, wait-free queues are often preferred over lock based structures.
The vast majority of wait-free queue implementations, and even lock-free ones, support the multi-producer multi-consumer model. Yet, this comes at a premium, since implementing wait-free multi-producer multi-consumer queues requires utilizing complex helper data structures. The latter increases the memory consumption of such queues and limits their performance and scalability. Additionally, many such designs employ (hardware) cache unfriendly memory access patterns.
In this work we study the implementation of wait-free multi-producer single-consumer queues. Specifically, we propose Jiffy, an efficient memory frugal novel wait-free multi-producer single-consumer queue and formally prove its correctness. We then compare the performance and memory requirements of Jiffy with other state of the art lock-free and wait-free queues. We show that indeed Jiffy can maintain good performance with up to 128 threads, delivers better throughput than other constructions we compared against, and consumes less memory
Hardening Cassandra Against Byzantine Failures
No full textCassandra is one of the most widely used distributed data stores. In this work, we analyze Cassandra’s vulnerabilities when facing Byzantine failures and propose protocols for hardening Cassandra against them. We examine several alternative design choices and compare between them both qualitatively and empirically by using the Yahoo! Cloud Serving Benchmark (YCSB) performance benchmark.
Some of our proposals include novel combinations of quorum access protocols with MAC signatures arrays and elliptic curve public key cryptography so that in the normal data path, there are no public key verifications and only a single relatively cheap elliptic curve signature made by the client. Yet, these enable data recovery and authentication despite Byzantine failures and across membership configuration changes. In the experiments, we demonstrate that our best design alternative obtains roughly half the performance of plain (non-Byzantine) Cassandra
Sketching the Path to Efficiency: Lightweight Learned Cache Replacement
No full textCache management policies are responsible for selecting the items that should be kept in the cache, and are therefore a fundamental design choice for obtaining an effective caching solution. Heuristic approaches have been used to identify access patterns that affect cache management decisions. However, their behavior is inconsistent, as they can perform well for certain access patterns and poorly for others. Given machine learning’s (ML) remarkable achievements in predicting diverse problems, ML techniques can be applied to create a cache management policy. Yet a significant challenge arises from the memory overhead associated with ML components. These components retain per item information and must be invoked on each access, contradicting the goal of minimizing the cache’s resource signature.
In this work, we propose ALPS, a light-weight cache management policy that takes into account the cost of the ML component. ALPS combines ML with traditional heuristic-based approaches and facilitates learning by identifying several statistical features derived from space-efficient sketches. ALPS’s ML process derives its features from these sketches, resulting in a lightweight and highly effective meta-policy for cache management. We evaluate our approach over real-world workloads run against five popular heuristic cache management policies as well as a state-of-the-art ML-based policy. In our experiments, ALPS always obtained the best hit ratio. Specifically, ALPS improves the hit ratio compared to LRU by up to 20%, Hyperbolic by up to 31%, ARC by up to 9% and W-TinyLFU by up to 26% on various real-world workloads. Its resource requirements are orders of magnitude lower than previous ML-based approaches
United They Fall: Why the International Community Should Not Promote Military Integration after Civil War
No full textThe single strongest predictor of civil war is a nation having had one in the past, and preventing the recurrence of civil war has thus become the critical problem for both scholarship and policy. The conventional wisdom urges the creation of capable, legitimate, and inclusive postwar states to reduce the risk of relapse into civil war, and international peacebuilders have often encouraged the formation of a new national army including members of the war’s opposing sides. However, military integration has received little theoretical or empirical attention. Filling that gap, we argue that both the theoretical logics and the empirical record identifying military integration as a significant contributor to durable post-civil war peace are weak. Our analysis of eleven cases finds little evidence that military integration played a substantial causal role in preventing the return to civil war and little support for the likely causal mechanisms. Military integration does not usually send a costly signal of the parties’ commitment to peace, provide communal security, employ many possible spoilers, or act as a powerful symbol of a unified nation. We conclude that it is both unwise and unethical for the international community to press military integration on reluctant local forces.Based in part on a larger collective project: Roy Licklider (Ed.). (2014). New Armies from Old: Merging Competing Military Forces after Civil Wars. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press; see http://press.georgetown.edu/book/georgetown/new-armies-old
Ekla Chalo Re: a tribute to Ms. Mary Roy
No full text
This is a tribute to activist Mary Roy, who passed away in 2022. The author traces the life of Mary Roy, highlighting the ways in which she challenged gendered norms and expectations. She was the applicant in a landmark case which brought equal property rights for Syrian Christian women in India. The author reminds readers that women's rights are human rights and change begins with us. 
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Yunnan (China), men with the cow caravan
No full textA cow caravan.Image is part of research conducted by Roy Chapman Andrews for the article: Traveling in China's Southland
Author(s): Roy Chapman Andrews
Source: Geographical Review, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Aug., 1918), pp. 133-146
Published by: American Geographical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/207476http://www.jstor.org/stable/207476Grayscal
Yunnan (China), cow loaded with grass and carrying a bell
No full textA cow loaded with grass and carrying a bell.Image is part of research conducted by Roy Chapman Andrews for the article: Traveling in China's Southland
Author(s): Roy Chapman Andrews
Source: Geographical Review, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Aug., 1918), pp. 133-146
Published by: American Geographical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/207476http://www.jstor.org/stable/207476Grayscal
Yunnan (China), women carrying salt from one of the large wells
No full textWomen carrying salt from one of the large wells.Image is part of research conducted by Roy Chapman Andrews for the article: Zoological Explorations in Yunnan Province, China
Author(s): Roy Chapman Andrews
Source: Geographical Review, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Jul., 1918), pp. 1-18
Published by: American Geographical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/207446http://www.jstor.org/stable/207446Grayscal
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