1,721,048 research outputs found
Myotis morrisi Hill 1971
No full textMyotis morrisi (N = 1). ETHIOPIA — Blue Nile Gorge, Mouth of Didessa River, Forward Base Three (BMNH 70.488 [holotype]).Published as part of Simmons, Nancy B., Flanders, Jon, Fils, Eric Moïse Bakwo, Parker, Guy, Jamison D. Suter,, Bamba, Seinan, Douno, Mory, Mamady Kobele Keita,, Morales, Ariadna E. & Frick, Winifred F., 2021, A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea, pp. 1-37 in American Museum Novitates 3963 on page 33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.443805
A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea
No full textSimmons, Nancy B., Flanders, Jon, Fils, Eric Moïse Bakwo, Parker, Guy, Jamison D. Suter,, Bamba, Seinan, Douno, Mory, Mamady Kobele Keita,, Morales, Ariadna E., Frick, Winifred F. (2021): A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea. American Museum Novitates 3963: 1-37, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4438059, Hdl: handle/2246/7249, URL: http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/724
Activity patterns of the nectar-feeding bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae on the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico.
Full text linkTemporal activity patterns of animals can indicate how individuals respond to changing conditions. Gregarious roosting bats provide an opportunity to compare activity patterns among individuals living in the same location to investigate how reproductive status or sex may influence activity budgets. We examined how the activity patterns of the nectarivorous bat Leptonycteris yerbabuenae vary depending on reproductive conditions, sex, and environmental conditions. We analyzed 5 years of individual mark-resighting data using daily detections of L. yerbabuenae marked with passive integrated transponder tags (PIT-tags) at 3 subterranean roosts on the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. We derived 4 metrics using PIT-tag detections at roost entrances to calculate periods inside the roost and time spent outside the roost (time of emergence, returns to the roost, hours inside the roost, and hours of activity). We found differences among pregnant, lactating, and nonreproductive females for roost returns, hours inside the roost, and hours of activity outside the roost. Lactating females spent the longest time outside the roost, suggesting that the energetic demands of lactation require longer foraging bouts. Contrary to our expectations, lactating females had the fewest returns to the roost during the night, suggesting that lactating females did not shorten foraging bouts to return to nurse pups. Activity patterns differed between females and males and among seasons associated with different food availability. Females had fewer returns during the night and spent more time outside the roost than males. The time of emergence for males was earlier than for females except during the nectar season when most females are reproductively active. Differences in activity patterns among reproductive status, sex, and environmental conditions show how individuals modify behaviors to meet their energetic demands. We demonstrate how mark-resighting data from PIT-tag systems at roost entrances can be used to compare activity patterns of gregarious roosting bats
FIGURE 9 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea
No full textFIGURE 9. Spectrogram of echolocation calls emitted by the holotype Myotis nimbaensis upon initial release (FFT size 1024, Hanning window; sampling rate of 500 kHz). Color scale represents amplitude of sound in decibels (dB).Published as part of Simmons, Nancy B., Flanders, Jon, Fils, Eric Moïse Bakwo, Parker, Guy, Jamison D. Suter,, Bamba, Seinan, Douno, Mory, Mamady Kobele Keita,, Morales, Ariadna E. & Frick, Winifred F., 2021, A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea, pp. 1-37 in American Museum Novitates 3963 on page 19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.443805
FIGURE 2 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea
No full textFIGURE 2. Photographs of roosting and surrounding habitats at the type locality in the Guinean Nimba Mountains. A, Entrance of Kaiser Adit 1. B, Entrance of Kaiser Adit 3 with harp trap placed for bat capture. C, Ecotone of savanna and gallery forest habitats at the headwaters of the Zié river viewable from where bats were captured at adit entrances.Published as part of Simmons, Nancy B., Flanders, Jon, Fils, Eric Moïse Bakwo, Parker, Guy, Jamison D. Suter,, Bamba, Seinan, Douno, Mory, Mamady Kobele Keita,, Morales, Ariadna E. & Frick, Winifred F., 2021, A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea, pp. 1-37 in American Museum Novitates 3963 on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.443805
FIGURE 10 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea
No full textFIGURE 10. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction of subgenus Chrysopteron using an alignment of 634 base pairs of mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. Colored circles at nodes represent support values as bootstrap percentage from maximum likelihood analyses. Support values lower than 50% at shallow nodes are not shown. Tip labels indicate GenBank accession number and locality. Myotis tricolor 1, 2, and 3 and M. welwitschii 1 and 2 are labeled following Patterson et al. (2019).Published as part of Simmons, Nancy B., Flanders, Jon, Fils, Eric Moïse Bakwo, Parker, Guy, Jamison D. Suter,, Bamba, Seinan, Douno, Mory, Mamady Kobele Keita,, Morales, Ariadna E. & Frick, Winifred F., 2021, A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea, pp. 1-37 in American Museum Novitates 3963 on page 24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.443805
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Determining the Drivers of Species and Population Extinction in the Emerging Infectious Disease of Bats, White-Nose Syndrome
Full text linkEmerging infectious diseases pose a key threat to wildlife, and the number of diseaseemergence events is increasing. Despite the importance of disease in wildlifeconservation, understanding the drivers of population and species extinction fromdisease has not been tested in an empirical framework. My research incorporatesempirical and theoretical approaches to understand factors that influence pathogentransmission and disease impacts. Here, we focus on the emerging fungal disease ofbats, white-nose syndrome, which has caused widespread declines in bat populationsacross Eastern North America. Our findings highlight the importance of socialbehavior, microclimate conditions, and seasonality in driving impacts from thisdisease. We also identify a species, the Northern long-eared bat, which is likely to goextinct if rapid management action is not taken. These data provide criticalinformation needed to manage wildlife disease epidemics, enabling managementaction prior to species extinction
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Bacteria isolated from bats inhibit the growth of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of white-nose syndrome
Full text linkEmerging infectious diseases are a key threat to wildlife. Several fungal skin pathogens have recently emerged and caused widespread mortality in vertebrate species, including amphibians, bats, rattlesnakes, and platypus. The importance of the skin microbiome in host-pathogen interactions is increasingly understood to play a large role in determining the course of disease in a host. White-nose syndrome, caused by the fungal skin pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans, threatens several hibernating bat species with extinction and there are no known effective treatments. We co-cultured bacteria and P. destructans from the skin microbiome of four bat species to identify bacterial isolates that might inhibit or kill P. destructans. We then conducted two reciprocal challenge experiments in vitro with six candidate bacteria (all in the genus Pseudomonas) that inhibited P. destructans growth across a range of bacterial and fungal concentrations to quantify the effect of these bacteria on the growth of P. destructans. All six Pseudomonas isolates significantly inhibited growth of P. destructans compared to the non-inhibitory control bacteria, and two isolates performed significantly better than others in suppressing P. destructans growth for more than 35 days. In both challenge experiments, the extent of suppression of P. destructans growth was dependent on the concentration of P. destructans and the initial concentration of the bacterial isolate. These results show that bacteria found naturally occurring on bats can inhibit the growth of P. destructans and have promise for development as a biocontrol for bats exposed to white-nose syndrome. In addition, the presence of these bacteria may influence disease outcome among individuals, populations, and species
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Long-Term Impacts of an Emerging Disease, White-Nose Syndrome: Drivers, Mechanisms, and Conservation Action Influencing the Persistence of North American Bats
Full text linkEmerging infectious diseases can place severe pressures on wildlife populations, leading to major population declines, local extirpation, and species extinctions. However, variability in disease impacts, existing among species and across a spatial and temporal scale, can help us identify species or populations persisting with disease either via resistance, tolerance, pathogen evasion, or by existing within environmental refugia. Understanding mechanisms leading to host persistence can inform conservation management priorities and strategies. White-nose Syndrome (WNS) is a recently emerged disease caused by the fungal pathogen, Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), that has led to severe declines in hibernating bat populations in North America. This work examines patterns and mechanisms associated with variability in WNS impacts with implications for the conservation of affected species. My first chapter investigates spatial heterogeneity in initial impacts of Pd spread across half of continental North America. We found that WNS-related impacts were lessened in the southwestern regions of North America, suggesting potential spatial refugia from WNS-related impacts but only for Perimyotis subflavus. We found that annual air surface temperatures driving Pd growth explained, in part, this spatial variation in WNS-related impacts. Despite evidence for lessened WNS-related declines in the southwest, impacts to bat populations are severe throughout North America for most bat species. My second chapter examines colonies of M. lucifugus that have experienced variability in declines over time, persisting potentially due to host-specific responses. Specifically, I investigate if differences in early winter fat reserves could explain survivorship and persistence of M. lucifugus colonies with WNS. We found that bats persisting with WNS in 2016 were significantly fatter than bats colonies sampled during WNS arrival in 2008 and 2009 at four out of our six sampled sites. At another two sites, we found that bats were either fatter in 2008 and 2009 compared to 2016. We used hibernation energetic models to estimate the amount of fat afforded to survival and found that increased fat reserves from bats measured in 2016 could reduce mortality by 65%. These data suggest that increased fat reserves can explain, in part, the persistence of M. lucifugus colonies with WNS. Lastly, my third chapter experimentally investigates one possible cause of variability in WNS impacts, variation host susceptibility via protective bacteria in the skin microbiome. In this chapter, I explore the efficacy of using a probiotic bacterium, harvested from the skin of a species experiencing lessened WNS impacts, Eptesicus fuscus, as a conservation tool applied to a more highly affected bat species, M. lucifugus. We found relative increases in survival for probiotic-treated groups compared to our sham control group. We also found evidence for decreased fungal infection and severity in probiotic-treated groups. Our results suggest that probiotic treatment can reduce incidence of White-nose Syndrome in M. lucifugus although timing of treatment is an important factor. Together, this work finds that variability in spatial, species-specific, and temporal impacts from WNS can inform conservation efforts. Namely, this work suggests that bat conservation should involve a multi-pronged approach that protects colonies where bats are persisting with WNS via habitat restoration, and potentially treating bats for threatened populations not persisting with WNS. Given the continued threat of WNS to bats as it spreads throughout North America, using a variety of tools to combat this disease may be critical to prevent disease-induced extinction and the local extirpation of affected bat species
Myotis tricolor
No full textMyotis tricolor (N = 28). ETHIOPIA — Amhara Region, Agew Awi Zone, Dangila (BMNH 37.2.24.13); KENYA—Rift Valley Province, 20 mi. SW of Kitale, R. Barberton Farm (USNM 351060, 351061); Rift Valley Province, Crater of Mt. Menengai, 7400 ft. (USNM 317927, 317928); Rift Valley Province, 3mi NW Nakuru, Menengai Crater, 6500 ft. (BMNH 75.2549 — 75.2554); Rift Valley Province, West Pokot County, Sigor, Wei-Wei River (BMNH 75.2555); LIBERIA — Grand Cape Mt., Bomi wood concession (AMNH 257053); MALAWI—Zomba District, Zomba (BMNH 87.1082); SOUTH AFRICA—Eastern Cape Province, King William’s Town (AMNH 146789); KwaZulu-Natal, Estcourt, Will Brook (BMNH 14.5.4.2); KwaZulu- Natal, Otto’s Bluff (AMNH 232029, 232030); KwaNatal, Pietermaritzburg, Town Bush (USNM 292066); Mpumalanga Provence, Barberton, Louws Creek [= Low’s Creek] (USNM 238099); Transvaal, 32 mi W of Pretoria, Uitkomst Farm (USNM 342643—342645); Transvaal, Kruger National Park, ca. 4 km east of Skukuza (AMNH 257358); UGANDA—Sebai District, Near Sipi, Cave at Kyema (BMNH 64.172); Mt. Elgon, Kapretwa (BMNH 40.740, 40.741); ZAMBIA—Cave near Mujimbe Hill (AMNH 89776).Published as part of Simmons, Nancy B., Flanders, Jon, Fils, Eric Moïse Bakwo, Parker, Guy, Jamison D. Suter,, Bamba, Seinan, Douno, Mory, Mamady Kobele Keita,, Morales, Ariadna E. & Frick, Winifred F., 2021, A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea, pp. 1-37 in American Museum Novitates 3963 on page 33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.443805
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