841 research outputs found
Spending and economic activity from recreation at Oregon state park properties - Columbia River Gorge management unit
No full textEric M. White and Darren Goodding.This archived document is maintained by the State Library of Oregon as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.Includes bibliographical references (page 16).Mode of access: Internet from the Oregon Government Publications Collection.Text in English
Spending and economic activity from recreation at Oregon State Park units - coastal region and Milo McIver State Park, an update
No full textEric M. White, Darren Goodding, and Randall S. Rosenberger.This archived document is maintained by the State Library of Oregon as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.Includes bibliographical references (page 25).Mode of access: Internet from the Oregon Government Publications Collection.Text in English
Exome analysis resolves differential diagnosis of familial kidney disease and uncovers a potential confounding variant
No full textErhart Kästner’s Travel Accounts and Nazi Perceptions of Greece
No full textThis essay examines the work of the German writer Erhart Kästner, the author of a number of travel accounts on Greece published during the Second World War. Commissioned by the Wehrmacht, Kästner’s books were intended to provide German soldiers with knowledge about the country they were occupying and to serve as leisure reading. The essay focuses on Kästner ́s accounts, using them as a lens through which to examine how National Socialism's racial stereotyping of Greece was appropriated by the rank and file of the German army, shaping their perception of the country. On the other hand, it also investigates how a repertoire of stereotypes, deeply rooted in German and, more generally, Western culture, fed into the Nazis' ideological view of Greece during the occupation
Globalising standard Spanish: the promotion of 'panhispanism' in the Spanish press
No full textThe aim of this chapter is to consider and analyse the way in which language ideologies are present in the Spanish media. My discussion of language ideologies is underpinned by the work on language ideologies of such writers as Schieffelin et al (1998), and Blommaert (1999), and within this framework I draw on the work of Lippi-Green (1997), Cameron (1995) and Milroy & Milroy (1999) with their particular focus on the ideology of language standardisation. My theoretical approach then takes into account the important way in which institutional ideologies are manifested in press discourse, and I discuss the contributions of Fowler (1991) and Richardson (2007) in particular. My case study explores articles from two of Spain’s leading daily newspapers – El País and ABC – arguing that they represent clear examples of how media are discursive sites in which language ideological debates take place. These debates regard the status and role of the Spanish language in a world marked by the processes of globalisation, and in which the language itself is being reconceptualised as it is subjected to these processes. In order to contextualise this study, I chart the rise of one crucial institution, the Spanish Language Academy (Real Academia Española, RAE), which throughout its history has been the principal agent in standardising the Spanish language. For centuries now, the number of Spanish-speakers in the world has far outranked the population of Spain itself, but in recent years, the Madrid Academy (one of 22 Spanish language academies worldwide) has engaged in an increasing number of debates about Spanish as an essentially unified global language. My investigation considers how a critical analysis of news discourse can reveal more about the ideological underpinnings of the Academy’s Panhispanic Language Policy (PLP), developed in collaboration with the other Spanish Academies and commercial partners, but led by Madrid. In order to achieve this critique, I draw on some of the analytical questions posed by scholars in the field of Critical Discourse Analysis, such as Fairclough (1995, 2006), Wodak and Meyer (2001) and van Dijk (1998, 2001). I reflect on the discursive features and strategies employed in press coverage of the PLP which reinforces and legitimises the authoritative voice of the Madrid Academy in the definition, management and guidance of the Spanish language and related language debates in a globalised world. The benefits of the spread of Spanish, the subsequent rescaling of discursive and social practices of language guardians, and the increasing collaboration with commercial entities, are first and foremost going to Spain. As one Spanish language guardian has suggested, it is Spain that is present in the world through Spanish, and I present evidence that media discourse is used to propagate the panhispanic language ideology of which these trends are a part
Adjunctive treatment with oral AKL1, a botanical nutraceutical, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
No full textClaire Brockwell,1 Sundari Ampikaipakan,1,2 Darren W Sexton,1 David Price,3,4 Daryl Freeman,5 Mike Thomas,6 Muzammil Ali,4 Andrew M Wilson1,21Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; 2Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK; 3Academic Primary Care, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; 4Research in Real Life, Cambridge, UK; 5Mundesley Medical Centre, Mundesley, Norwich, UK; 6Primary Care Research, Aldermoor Health Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UKPurpose: The objective of this pilot trial was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of AKL1, a patented botanical formulation containing extracts of Picrorhiza kurroa, Ginkgo biloba, and Zingiber officinale, as add-on therapy for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic cough.Patients and methods: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial enrolled male and female patients >18 years old with COPD and Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) score of <18. The 10-week study period comprised a 2-week single-blind placebo run-in period followed by add-on treatment with AKL1 or placebo twice daily for 8 weeks. The primary study endpoint was the change from week 0 to week 8 in cough-related health status, as assessed by the LCQ.Results: Of 33 patients enrolled, 20 were randomized to AKL1 and 13 to placebo. Patients included 19 (58%) men and 14 (42%) women of mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 67 (9.4) years; 15 (45%) patients were smokers and 16 (49%) were ex-smokers. The mean (SD) change from baseline in LCQ score at 8 weeks was 2.3 (4.9) in the AKL1 group and 0.6 (3.7) in the placebo group, with mean difference in change of 1.8 (95% confidence interval: –1.5 to 5.1; P=0.28). The St George's Respiratory Questionnaire score improved substantially in the AKL1 treatment group by a mean (SD) of –7.7 (11.7) versus worsening in the placebo group (+1.5 [9.3]), with mean difference in change of –9.2 (95% confidence interval: –19.0 to 0.6; P=0.064). There were no significant differences between treatment groups in change from baseline to week 8 in other patient-reported measures, lung function, or the 6-minute walk distance.Conclusion: Further study is needed with a larger patient population and over a longer duration to better assess the effects of add-on therapy with AKL1 in COPD.Keywords: Leicester Cough Questionnaire, anti-inflammatory, Picrorhiza kurroa, Ginkgo biloba, Zingiber officinal
Electron transfer in two and three dimensions
No full textA number of osmium bipyndyl complexes have been synthesised and characterised using spectroscopic, chromatographic and electrochemical techniques. The complexes formed are [Os(bpy)2 4-tet C1]C104, [Os(bpy)2 4-bpt C1]PF6 and [Os(bpy)2 Cl 4-bpt Os(bpy) 2 C1](PF6)2, where bpy is 2 ,2 ’-bipyridyl, 4-tet is 3,6-bis(4-pyndyl)-l,2,455-tetrazine and 4- bpt is 3,5-bis(pyridin-4-yl)-l,2,4-tnazole Monolayers of [Os(bpy) 2 4-tet C1]C1 0 4 have been formed by spontaneous adsorption onto clean gold microelectrodes. The tetrazine bridge between the [Os(bpy)2Cl]+ head group and the metal electrode surface undergoes a reversible protonation/deprotonation reaction depending on the pH of the contacting electrolyte solution High speed cyclic voltammetry reveals that the redox switching mechanism is best described as a non-adiabatic, through-bond tunnelling mechanism Significantly, while protonating the bridging ligand does not influence the free energy of activation, 10 3±1 1 kJ mol *, k° decreases by 1 order of magnitude from 1 1 x 104 s 1 to 1 2 x 103 s 1 upon going from a deprotonated to a protonated bridge. These observations are interpreted in terms of a through-bond tunnelling mechanism m which protonation decreases the electron density on the bridge and reduces the strength of electronic coupling between the redox centre and the electrode.
Solid deposits of the dimeric complex [Os(bpy) 2 Cl 4-bpt Os(bpy)2 C1](PF6)2 have been deposited on platinum microelectrodes by mechanical attachment. The electrochemical response exhibited by these deposits is unusually ideal over a wide range of electrolyte compositions and pH values Dct, the charge transport diffusion coefficient, is independent of the electrolyte concentration, indicating that electron self-exchange between adjacent redox centres limits the overall rate of charge transport through the solid In 1 0 M L1CIO4 and 1 0 M HCIO4, Dct values are 2 0±0 lxlO10 and 1 7±0 4x10 10 cm2 s corresponding to second order electron transfer rate constants of 18 x l07 and 3xl07 M 1 s 1. The standard rate of heterogeneous electron transfer across the electrode/deposit interface is 1 08+0 05x10 cm s. This value is approximately one order of magnitude lower than that found for a similar monomeric complex in which the bridging ligand is attached directly to the electrode surface, indicating that the 4-bpt ligand does not promote strong electronic communication between the [Os(bpy)2CI]+ head group and the electrode surface.
Monolayers of [Os(bpy)2 4-bptCl]PF6 have been formed by spontaneous adsorption onto platinum microelectrodes. These monolayers are extremely stable under a wide range of electrolyte compositions and pH values Significantly, the 4-bpt ligand is capable of undergoing a protonation/deprotonation reaction depending on the pH of the contacting electrolyte solution. High speed chronoamperometry reveals that protonation of the 4-bpt bridging ligand causes the standard rate of heterogeneous electron transfer to decrease by at least an order of magnitude from 2 67 x 106 to 4 5 x 104 s' 1 for the oxidation process and from 1 60 x 106 to 1 9 x 105 for the reduction process Consistent with a superexchange mechanism, these observation are interpreted in terms of a hole superexchange process, the rate of which decreases with increasing energy gap between the osmium metal dn orbitals and the highest occupied molecular orbital of the bridge
The scale-up of a tissue engineered porous hydroxyapatite polymer composite scaffold for use in bone repair: an ovine femoral condyle defect study
No full textThe development of an osteogenic bone graft substitute has important practical and cost implications in many branches of medicine where bone regeneration is required. Previous in vitro and small animal (murine) in vivo studies highlighted a porous hydroxyapatite/poly (dl‐lactic acid) composite scaffold in combination with skeletal stem cells (SSCs) as a potential bone graft substitute candidate. The aim of the current study was to scale up the bone cell‐scaffold construct to large animals and examine the potential for repair of a critical‐sized defect via an ovine model. SSC seeded scaffolds (and unseeded scaffold controls) were implanted bilaterally into ovine femoral condyle critical defects for 3 months. A parallel in vitro analysis of ovine SSC seeded scaffolds was also performed. Post mortem mechanical indentation testing showed the bone strengths of the defect sites were 20% (controls) and 11% (SSC seeded scaffolds) those of normal cancellous bone (p < 0.01). MicroCT analysis demonstrated new bone formation within all defects with a mean increase of 13.4% in the control scaffolds over the SSC seeded scaffolds (p = 0.14). Histological examination confirmed these findings, with enhanced quality new bone within the control defects. This study highlights important issues and steps to overcome in scale‐up and translation of tissue engineered products. The scaffold demonstrated encouraging results as an osteoconductive matrix; however, further work is required with cellular protocols before any human trials
The role of osteoblast cells in the pathogenesis of unicameral bone cysts
No full textPurposeThe pathogenesis of unicameral bone cysts (UBCs) remains largely unknown. Osteoclasts have been implicated, but the role of osteoblastic cells has, to date, not been explored. This study investigated the pathophysiology of UBCs by examining the interactions between the cyst fluid and human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) and the effect of the fluid on osteogenesis.MethodsFluid was aspirated from two UBCs and analysed for protein, electrolyte and cytokine levels. Graded concentrations of the fluid were used as culture media for hBMSCs to determine the effects of the fluid on hBMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. The fibrocellular lining was analysed histologically and by electron microscopy.ResultsAlkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining of hBMSCs that were cultured in cyst fluid demonstrated increased cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation compared to basal media controls. Biochemical analysis of these hBMSCs compared to basal controls confirmed a marked increase in DNA content (as a marker of proliferation) and ALP activity (as a marker of osteogenic differentiation) which was highly significant (p < 0.001). Osteoclasts were demonstrated in abundance in the cyst lining. The cyst fluid cytokine profile revealed levels of the pro-osteoclast cytokines IL-6, MIP-1? and MCP-1 that were 19×, 31× and 35× greater than those in reference serum.ConclusionsCyst fluid promoted osteoblastic growth and differentiation. Despite appearing paradoxical that the cyst fluid promoted osteogenesis, osteoblastic cells are required for osteoclastogenesis through RANKL signalling. Three key cytokines in this pathway (IL-6, MIP-1?, MCP-1) were highly elevated in cyst fluid. These findings may hold the key to the pathogenesis of UBCs, with implications for treatment methods
[Review of the book Achieving sustainable freshwater systems: A web of connections, edited by Marjorie M. Holland, Elizabeth R. Blood and Lawrence R. Shaffer]
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