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Eventi meteorologici e stabilità del territorio
No full textIl libro Eventi meteorologici e stabilità del territorio è stato scritto dagli
autori con l’intento di far comprendere al lettore le cause di eventi che,
purtroppo con cadenza annuale, si verificano in Italia. Il libro inizia
con una descrizione di quella che è l’aspetto fisico del nostro paese che
è costituito per la maggior parte del suo territorio da rilievi, montagne
e colline, e per una minima parte da pianure. I rilievi dell’Italia sono
costituiti da due grandi catene montuose: le Alpi che chiudono a
nord il nostro territorio; gli Appennini che ne costituiscono la spina
dorsale. I rilevi di cui si è detto danno origine a numerosi corsi d’acqua
questi, a parte i grandi fiumi come il Po ed altri, sono caratterizzati in
genere da portate modeste, specie nei periodi di magra, e con percorsi
brevi ma che sottendono bacini idrografici piuttosto ampi. A causa
di questa particolare struttura questi corsi d’acqua nei periodi piovosi
vedono accresciute enormemente le loro portate diventando spesso
incontrollabili e cause di esondazioni, erosioni e smottamenti.
Dopo la descrizione fisica dell’Italia il libro ne descrive il clima
dividendola idealmente in tre parti con caratteristiche climatiche tra
loro molto diverse, vale a dire Nord, Centro e Sud Italia.
Nei capitoli successivi il lettore è introdotto in quello che è l’affascinante
mondo delle previsioni meteorologiche partendo da quelle
che sono le difficoltà delle previsioni in generale e tenendo conto che
l’atmosfera, che ci circonda e ci protegge, è un sistema dinamico a
comportamento caotico. Si è cercato di spiegare nella maniera più
semplice possibile questi concetti piuttosto complessi. Si è passato,
quindi, ad illustrare quelli che sono i modelli numerici per le previsioni
meteorologiche, partendo dai pionieri e fino agli attuali modelli di
cui si illustrano i pregi e i difetti. Da questo ampio discorso il lettore si
renderà conto che anche disponendo di strumenti e modelli complessi
esiste la possibilità di errore.
Tenuto conto che i modelli numerici hanno necessità di avere a
disposizione quanti più dati possibile sulle condizioni dell’atmosfera si
è ritenuto utile dare una breve descrizione dei principali strumenti per
il monitoraggio dell’atmosfera, partendo dalle origini e fino ai giorni
nostri.
Nei capitoli successivi si sono descritti quelli che sono i fenomeni
atmosferici come la pioggia, la grandine e la neve e la nostra capacità di
prevederne il verificarsi e l’evoluzione, dando nel contempo al lettore
delle indicazioni per poter prevedere autonomamente l’evoluzione
delle condizioni meteorologiche.
Successivamente si sono descritti gli strumenti che si utilizzano per
sapere quanta acqua è caduta al suolo dopo la pioggia, dando anche
una descrizione dettagliata dei metodi matematici da utilizzare per una
corretta analisi idrologica per la valutazione delle portate di piena dei
corsi d’acqua.
Il libro si chiude con il capitolo dedicato alla stabilità del territorio
compromessa dagli eventi metereologici ma, e soprattutto, dall’incoscienza
dell’uomo e del malgoverno del territorio da parte delle
istituzioni
Local warming in the historical center of Naples
No full textUrban Heat Island (UHI) is a physical process getting more and more hazardous for people living in a large city. It can be influenced by several factors such as geomorphological context, the presence of lakes, rivers or sea, the land use and urban features with special regard to the presence of extended green areas/infrastructures. The metropolitan area of Naples is heavy affected by UHI in a very complex manner due to the simultaneous action of various morphological and orographic factors (e.g. presence of hills and closeness to sea surface) so to prevent the quantification of each percentage weight. This large amount of parameters makes it difficult to identify a clear relationship with urbanization features. Therefore, it is strictly necessary to enhance the knowledge of urban micro-climate by focusing on the evolution of the temperature and relative humidity. To obtain a clearer representation of the process, we propose a methodology based on the collection and the analysis of a specific set of high quality data. An appropriate study of this phenomenon has to be carried on by analyzing directly thermo-hygrometric data measured by appropriate local sensors instead of remote sensing technologies which could lead distorted scenarios. The goal is to characterize the thermal properties of the atmosphere layers below 50 m above the ground. In fact, people live within the “building envelope” that is thermo-hygrometrically regulated. Once the sites are properly identified, the appropriate meteorological methodology can be used to analyze the basic thermo-hygrometric data. This study will provide only a thermo mapping of the metropolitan area of Naples that could be used in improving the city living conditions. The paper briefly describes the UHI phenomenon in the city of Naples and specifically analyzes the meteorological scenarios occurred during the summers 2014 and 2015
Influence of synoptic and local atmospheric patterns on PM10 air pollution levels: a model application to Naples (Italy)
No full textWe investigate the relationship between synoptic/local meteorological patterns and PM10 air pollution
levels in the metropolitan area of Naples, Italy. We found that severe air pollution crises occurred when
the 850 and 500 hpa geopotential heights and their relative temperatures present maximum values
above the city. The most relevant synoptic parameter was the 850 hPa geopotential height, which is
located about 1500 m of altitude. We compared local meteorological conditions (specifically wind stress,
rain amount and thermal inversion) against the urban air pollution levels from 2009 to 2013. We found
several empirical criteria for forecasting high daily PM10 air pollution levels in Naples. Pollution crises
occurred when (a) the wind stress was between 1 and 2 m/s, (b) the thermal inversion between two
strategic locations was at least 3C/200 m and (c) it did not significantly rain for at least 7 days. Beside
these meteorological conditions, severe pollution crises occurred also during festivals when fireworks
and bonfires are lighted, and during anomalous breeze conditions and severe fire accidents. Finally, we
propose a basic model to predict PM10 concentration levels from local meteorological conditions that
can be easily forecast a few days in advance. The synthetic PM10 record predicted by the model was
found to correlate with the PM10 observations with a correlation coefficient close to 0.80 with a con-
fidence level greater than 99%. The proposed model is expected to provide reliable information to city
officials to carry out practical strategies to mitigate air pollution effects. Although the proposed model
equation is calibrated on the topographical and meteorological conditions of Naples, it should be easily
adaptable to alternative locations
Microclimatologia urbana e pianificazione. Riflessioni sull'isola di calore urbana nell'area metropolitana di Napoli
No full textIl presente lavoro di ricerca si pone l’obiettivo di giungere ad un approfondito quadro del comportamento termometrico, durante la stagione estiva, osservabile nell'area metropolitana di Napoli mettendo a confronto due aree campione, l'una sita nel Centro Storico del capoluogo e l'altra in un comune periferico costiero ai margini occidentali. A tal fine sono stati utilizzati i dati rilevati da centraline di monitoraggio meteorologico. L’indagine ha riguardato le ultime tre stagioni estive comparate anche con i dati di serie storiche di lungo periodo registrate in altre stazioni distribuite nell'area metropolitana.
Lo studio multidisciplinare consente di avere una più corretta valutazione di quale sia il livello di disagio indotto sulla popolazione. L'analisi dei dati ambientali è correlata inoltre ad una serie di dati spaziali ed indicatori urbanistici che rendono conto della presenza di verde, di superfici impermeabili, di materiali assorbenti e della morfologia urbana.
La ricerca, ancora in corso, assume una notevole rilevanza in quanto può essere considerata quale prima fase di un più ampio studio di classificazione termica (e poi climatica) dell'area metropolitana di Napoli, dal quale poter poi attingere tutte le informazioni necessarie per una valida progettazione relativamente ad un ampio ventaglio di aspetti tecnici.
Lo studio in corso rappresenta un'esperienza innovativa per la città di Napoli poiché non esistono lavori di dettaglio sull'isola di calore urbana, condotti basandosi su una recente costruenda rete di centraline di monitoraggio ambientale. Pertanto si aprono interessanti prospettive in considerazione dell'ampliamento degli elementi della rete
Nowcasting and real-time monitoring of heavy rainfall events inducing flash-floods: an application to Phlegraean area (Central-Southern Italy)
No full textSevere weather events cause considerable disruptions to social and economic activities. Thus, high-precision meteorological products and services should be provided in order to forecast high-impacting weather conditions a few hours in advance such as those causing flash-floods. Today, this goal is mainly fulfilled by nowcasting. However, to fully comprehend alluvial phenomena, it is necessary to analyze not only the ground hydrological aspects but also the atmospheric dynamics leading to heavy precipitating events whose territorial distribution is generally complex. Herein, we analyzed the evolution of two convective storms which occurred on September 7 and 11, 2017, in the Phlegraean area (close to Naples) and explain why the first one, but not the second one, led to a flash-flood in Bacoli and Pozzuoli. We found that the traditional forecasting techniques failed since the severity of the two storms, in particular that of the first one, was not correctly forecast by Limited Area Models (LAMs). Using rainfall data, we demonstrate that LAM failed because it did not take into account the meteorological phenomenon enhancement occurring in the Phlegraean area when storms come from south-west due to the presence of Mt. Epomeo (789 m) on the nearby island of Ischia. In fact, this mountain has a quasi-pyramidal shape and is located at just 15–20 km south-west of the Phlegraean area. Thus, short/very-short time forecasting and nowcasting methodologies are not fully satisfactory. On the contrary, real-time rain-gauge monitoring networks are necessary to achieve high-safety levels in areas subject to flash-flood hazards and to promptly alert the population
Local warming in historical center of Naples: urban heat island deduced from thermic city analysis
No full textMeteo-climatic characterization of Naples and its heating-cooling degree day areal distribution
No full textWe characterize the meteo-climate data of the urban area of Naples to determine the areal and seasonal distribution of energy demand needed to heat or cool its buildings. Naples is a one million people city facing the Tyrrhenian Sea in Central Italy with a complex morphology made of hills and valleys, spanning in altitude from 0 to 400 m asl. We use heating degree days (HDD) relative to a 20°C base and cooling degree days (CDD) relative to the humidex index with a 25 base. HDD and CDD are derived from measurements of outside air temperature and relative humidity taken from eight weather stations distributed in the urban area. The total HDD+CDD energy demand is on average 2080 with a minimum in the park of S. Elmo (1884) and a maximum in Camaldoli (2319), that are poorly populated areas. On the contrary, via Foria, the Naples’ downtown and its most populated area, registers the highest energy demand (2255) because it is characterized by a weakly continental climate, while the other locations enjoy a more maritime climate. In particular, Denza on Posillipo promontory, famous for its pleasant climate, registers the lowest energy demand (1977)
Meteorological observations (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) at the volcanic crater of Agnano (Campi Flegrei - Naples - Italy) during the period Jan. 2022 - Dec. 2022
No full textWeather data monitoring is ongoing since March 2021 in Agnano, near Naples (Italy). The dataset includes thermo-hygrometric and pluviometric parameters, acquired at the Agnano automatic weather station (Model: DAVIS Instruments - Vantage Pro2 wireless) during the period January 2022 - December 2022. The weather station is managed by Ippodromi Partenopei S. r. l. The data transfer from the weather station to remote server is performed by an Internet LAN connection. The main aim of this activity is to acquire rainfall dataseries in order to analyze the influence of pluviometry on recurrent volcanic seismic and/or microseismic activity (tremors) and landslides in the geographical area of Campi Flegrei
A regional approach to the environmental risk assessment - Human health risk assessment case study in the Campania region
No full textEnvironmental quality is fundamental for the wellbeing of human life. Environmental risk assessment and analysis have a crucial role in the evaluation of human health risk, especially in intensive urbanized and industrialized areas, such as the Campania region (Italy). In Italy, after the Legislative Decree 152/2006, the environmental risk assessment has become mandatory for contaminated lands such as brownfield sites.
For the purposes of the present study 3535 topsoil samples were collected across the whole regional territory. The concentrations of 53 elements have been determined by aqua regia extraction followed by a combination of ICP-MS and ICP-AES methods.
A new approach to assess/rank environmental risk was applied by using geospatial analysis in a GIS platform to adapt a European-wide accepted methodology for the preliminary assessment of human health risks at single contaminated sites to a regional scale.
The methodology chosen for the risk assessment procedures is the PRA.MS (Preliminary Risk Assessment Model for the identification and assessment of probelm areas for Soil contamination in Europe). Following the PRA.MS guidelines, a conceptual model for the human health risk assessment in the Campania region has been based on four different exposure routes: 1) dispersion of contaminants in groundwater, 2) dispersion in surface water, 3) dispersion in air, and 4) direct contact with the contaminated media (soil). The source, pathway and receptor for each exposure route are scored fusing a quantitative or qualitative analysis of some characteristic features (parameters).
A total of 14 representative parameters were chosen, based on the available regional data for Campania. Starting from the values of these parameters, the information is aggregated to higher levels in several steps, adopting a mixed additive and multiplicative algorithm, up to the overall risk score. The final risk map is classified into four risk classes. This map is useful for identifying high risk areas, where monitoring and more detailed analysis has to be carried out
Continuous meteorological monitoring at Cape Posillipo (Denza Institute weather station - Naples - Campania Region - Italy) during the period January 2020 - December 2020
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