189,362 research outputs found
Font tuning : a review and new experimental evidence.
No full textThis paper reflects on the kinds of evidence able to confirm that letter and word identification in reading can be supported by encoding the underlying visual structure of the text, and specifically by deriving structural descriptions for letters. It is proposed that structure-driven processes are intimately linked to the implementation of font-specific rules for translating visual features into elements of a letter’s structural description. Evidence for such font tuning comes from studies exploring the impact of font-mixing on reading fluency, and from studies showing how the benefits of experience with a novel typeface can generalise to letters that have yet to be seen in the typeface. After reviewing this evidence, three new experiments are reported which explore font tuning in the context of the lexical decision task. The time course of font tuning, which is monitored by changing the time interval between successive test stimuli, is shown to be sensitive to the overall probability with which successive stimuli appear in the same typeface. In addition, font tuning is shown to reflect item-by-item fluctuations in this probability. Finally, the effects of font-switching are shown to generalise beyond the particular letters present in the text, and to be confined to 1-back transitions. It is concluded that font tuning reflects the implementation of a set of font-specific translation rules held in working memory, and is moderated by the reader’s implicit knowledge of the constraints present in the sequencing of successive portions of text
The Optimum Font Size and Type for Students Aged 9-12 Reading Arabic Characters on Screen: A Case Study
No full textMore and more, interest in the way data is displayed on screen has increased, especially with the increase in the number of people using e-text for learning purposes. So, this requires more focus on factors that affect screen legibility. Text display factors, such as font size, line length and font type, have an impact on reading online. Two font types [Arabic Traditional and Simplified Arabic] in four different sizes [10, 14, 16 and 18] are measured using Arabic text. On-line processes were measured using reading –aloud technique. Accuracy of reading was also measured by the average of errors that students made when reading the text, while reading speed was tested by the time it took students to read the text. However, results indicated that Arabic text in font size 10 is not readable to students aged 10 to 12. On the other hand, font sizes sixteen and eighteen are more readable than any smaller-sized font, the averages of error size 18 improve in all font types, while age has a significant impact on reading speed. Simplified Arabic font is reported as readable to students aged 10-12, especially in sizes 14 and 18
<span style="font-size:21.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;color:black">Coenzyme B<sub>12</sub><span style="font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black"> <span style="font-size:21.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;color:black">model studies: Equilibria and kinetics of axial ligation of alkyl(aquo)cobaloximes by N donor ligands </span></span></span>
No full text678-686Equilibria and
kinetics of the reaction of trifluoroethyl(aquo)cobaloxime and
iodomethyl(aquo)cobaloxime with
histamine,
histidine, glycine and ethyl glycine ester have been studied as a function of pH at 25°C, 1.0M KCI ionic
strength by spectrophotometry technique. Comparison of equilibrium constants
and rate constants indicates that the order is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">KHisn>KHiamn>
KGly>KGiyest· <span style="font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;color:black">The rate of substitution of H2O
varies with the <span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
8.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black">pKa <span style="font-size:
15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;color:black">of the incoming ligand
establishing the existence of nucleophilic participation of the ligand in the
transition state. The rate constants and equilibrium constants are
correlated to the hardness
and softness of the ligands and Co(III) of cobaloxime.
Triflouroethyl(aquo)cobaloxime forms more stable complexes than
iodomethyl(aquo)cobaloxime.</span
Prescribing by mental health nurses: the UK perspective
No full textPURPOSE. This article aims to discuss the growth of mental health nurse (MHN) prescribing in the United Kingdom as an exemplar for readers to compare progress in their own countries and context. This study also aims to provide a historical overview of this process in the United Kingdom where MHNs prescribe safely and competently.
CONCLUSIONS. Finally, evidence has shown that MHNs with prescriptive authority are competent when prescribing when compared to psychiatrists.
PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Despite organizational barriers and educational concerns, MHN prescribing is becoming embedded in the healthcare context in the United Kingdo
<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB">Evidence of the nephroprotective effect of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Carica papaya</i> L. leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats</span>
No full text460-465<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";background:white;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;="" mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB">Protection against diabetic
nephropathy (DN) is one of the main targets in diabetes treatment and present
study evaluates the nephroprotective effect of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Carica papaya L. in
streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. DN rats were treated with 1.5 and
2.5 gm/dl C. papaya leaf extract for 6 weeks to determine its
nephroprotective effect with different parameters. Pimagedine (1 ml/mg) served
as a reference drug. Compared to diabetic control group, C. papaya (1.5
and 2.5 gm/dl) treatment significantly decreased some important parameters
including plasma glucose, HbA1-c, <span style="font-size:
11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:="" en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB">urinary AER and
albumin/creatinine ratio. Improvement in GFR was
also significant by C. papaya. However, the decrease in blood urea
nitrogen (BUN), plasma creatinine, blood pressure (B.P), total cholesterol and
serum albumin levels were significant only in diabetic group treated with 2.5
gm/dl of C. papaya leaf extract. Serum triglyceride and urine volume
decreased with both low and high doses of C. papaya. Histological
examination revealed marked improvement in glomerular morphology after C.
papaya treatment. The study concludes that C.
papaya leaf extract may exert ameliorative effect on DN.</span
<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-US">Effect of drying temperature on the content of reducing sugars in syrup of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Parinari curatellifolia</i> <span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" lang="EN-GB">Planch. ex Benth.<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-US"> fruit and <span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-GB">cereal based products,<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-GB"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-US">zvambwa</span></i></span></span></span></span></span>
No full text494-499Parinari
curatellifolia<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB"> Planch. ex Benth. fruit provides food for some
rural communities in times of droughts and food shortages. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Parinari curatellifolia Planch.ex Benth. fruit is traditionally
called hacha or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">chakata. The ripe fruit can be eaten raw or processed into products
such as syrup and cereal based products,
zvambwa. The study investigated the effect of drying the syrup and zvambwa at different temperatures on
the concentration of reducing sugars in the products. Syrup
was prepared by pulping the fruit, extracting nutrients using water and boiling
the extract to remove water. Zvambwa
were prepared by heating a mixture of finger millet meal and the syrup. The
products were dried at 25 oC in open air and from 30 – 80 oC
in a convective tray dryer and analysed for reducing sugars using a uv-visible
spectrophotometric method. Statistical analysis of data was performed using
Prism Graph Pad software package.<span style="font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:="" "times="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:="" en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-GB"> The
concentrations of reducing sugars of zvambwa
dried at the different temperatures ranged from 9.03±0.15 to 16.57±5.65 gm/100
gm. The highest concentrations of reducing sugars for the syrup (23.58±3.20
gm/100 gm), zvambwa (16.57±5.65
gm/100 gm) and control (2.79±0.13 gm/100 gm) samples were achieved by drying at
40, 80 and 70oC, respectively. The
concentration of reducing sugars in zvambwa,
Parinari curatellifolia Planch.ex
Benth. fruit syrup and zvambwa
control samples increased with increase in drying temperature. On
the basis of high concentrations of reducing sugars obtained, recommended
drying temperatures of the syrup and zvambwa
are 40 oC and 80 oC, respectively. </span
<span style="font-size: 21.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Immunological characteristics of PEP carboxylase from leaves of C<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>4</sub>- and C<sub>3</sub>C<sub>4</sub> intermediate species of <i><span style="font-size:21.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Alternanthera </span></i><span style="font-size:21.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt;font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"">- <span style="font-size:21.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Comparison with selected C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub>- plants </span></span></span>
No full text643-649<span style="font-size:
15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">Immunological
cross-reactivity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in leaf ex tracts of
C3<span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;
font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">-, <span style="font-size:15.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">C4-
and C<span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;
font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">3<span style="font-size:
15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">-C4
intermediate species of <span style="font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">Alternanthera (along
with a few other C<span style="font-size:12.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
5.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">3-
and
C<span style="font-size:12.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:5.5pt;font-family:
" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">4<span style="font-size:12.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:5.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">- plants)
was studied using anti-PEPC antibodies raised against PEPC of Amaranthus
hypochondriacus <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">(belonging to the same family as
that of <span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">Altemanthera, namely
<span style="font-size:
13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR;mso-hansi-font-family:
" times="" new="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:hiddenhorzocr"="">Amaranthaceae) . Antibodies
were also raised in rabbits against the purified PEPC from Zea
mays <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">(C<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:5.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">4
- <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:
" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">monocot - Poaceae) as well as Alternanthera
pungens <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">(C<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:5.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">4
- <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:
" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">dicot - Amaranthaceae). Monospecificity of
PEPC-antiserum was confirmed by immunoprecipitation. Amount of PEPC protein in
leaf extracts of <span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">A. hypochondriacus could
be quantified by single radial
<span style="font-size:
15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">immunodiffusion.
Cros- reactivit y of PEPC in leaf extracts from selected C3-,
C4-,
and C3C<span style="font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
6.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">4
intermediate
species (including those of <span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">Alternanthera) was
examined using Ouchterlony double diffusion and Western blots. Anti-PEPC anti
serum raised against <span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">A. hypochondriacus enzyme
showed high cross-reactivity with PEPC in leaf extracts of A.
hvpochondriacus <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">or Amaranthus
viridis <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">or <span style="font-size:
15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">Alternanthera
pungens <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">(all C4 dicots), but limited
cross-reactivity with that of <span style="font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">Zea mays,
Sorghum <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">or <span style="font-size:
15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">Pennisetum
<span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:
" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">(all C4<span style="font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:5.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""=""> monocots).
Interestingly, PEPC in leaf extracts of <span style="font-size:15.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">AIternathera
tenella. A. ficoides,. Parthenium hysterophorus (C3-C4
intermediates) exhibited stronger cross-reactivity (with anti-serum raised
against PEPC from
Amaranthus
hypochondriacus) <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">than that of Pisum
sativum, Commelina benghalensis, Alternanthera sessilis (C3
plants).
Further studies on cross-reactivities of PEPC in leaf ex tracts of these plants
with anti-PEPC antisera raised against PEPC from leaves of Zea
mays <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">or <span style="font-size:
15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">Altemanthera
pungens <span style="font-size:15.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;
font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">confirmed two points - (i) PEPC of C3-C4
intermediate is distinct from C<span style="font-size:13.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">3
species
and intermediate between those of C<span style="font-size:13.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">3-
and
C4-species; and (ii) PEPC of C4-dicots was closer to that
of C3species or C3C4 intermediates (dicots)
than to that of C4-monocots.
</span
Presentacion
No full textBreve presentazione dell'iniziativa e del profilo di Luciano Vandelli giurista riformator
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Effect of lead with vitamin E, C, or <i>Spirulina </i>on malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes and hydroperoxides in rats </span>
No full text70-74<span style="font-size:
14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">Lead (100
ppm) was given in doubly deionised water for 30 days to one group of rats. The
other groups received lead 3long with exogenous antioxidants like vitamin E (50
IU/kg), vitamin C (800 mg/kg) or <span style="font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">Spirulina (1500
mg/kg) in food for a similar period. Levels of lipid peroxidation products such
as malondialdehyde, conjugated diene and hydroperoxide were measured in liver,
lung and kidney of treated rats. In lead treated <span style="font-size:
12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.0pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR;mso-hansi-font-family:
" times="" new="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:hiddenhorzocr"="">animals there
was a significant increase in the levels of these lipid peroxidative products.
Administration of exogenous antioxidants in the lead treated animals reduced
the levels of
<span style="font-size:
14.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">malondialdehyde,
conjugated diene and hydroperoxide. <span style="font-size:14.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">It indicated
that vitamin E. vitamin C and <span style="font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">Spirulina had
significant (P<0.001) antioxidant activity thereby protecting the animals
from lead induced toxicity.
</span
- …
