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Molecular characterization of the obligate endosymbiont "Caedibacter macronucleorum" Fokin and Gortz, 1993 and of its host Paramecium duboscqui strain Ku4-8
No full textAbstract: Bacterial endosymbionts of protozoa were often described as new species by protozoologists mainly on the basis of few morphological characters and partly by host specificity. Many of these species have never been validated by prokaryotic microbiologists whose taxonomic rules are quite different from those of protozoologists, who use the Zoological Code of Nomenclature. "Caedibacter macronucleorum" Fokin and Gortz 1993, an endosymbiont of Paramecium duboscqui, belongs to this category. Here we provide the molecular characterization of this organism and of its host P. duboscqui strain Ku4-8. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis proved that "C. macronucleorum" belongs to the Alphaproteobacteria. It is closely related to Caedibacter caryophilus but not to Caedibacter taeniospiralis, which belongs to the Gammaproteobacteria. "Caedibacter macronucleorum" and C. caryophilus 16S rRNA genes show a similarity value of 99%. This high 16S rRNA sequence similarity and the lack of ..
On the importance of attentive reading of research articles: The case study of Frontonia (Peniculia, Oligohymenophora, Ciliophora) species descriptions and redescriptions
Get PDFA commonly encountered problem of ignoring or inattentive reading of scientific articles by some protistologists of the past and present has been revealed using the case study of taxonomy of the ciliate genus Frontonia. The comparison between materials from literature and own investigations allowed the author to conclude that F. vernalis Ehrenberg, 1833 cannot to be a valid species and assume that it is rather a cluster of closely related freshwater ciliates with one contractile vacuole and a stable ability to accommodate green algae as the cytoplasmic symbionts. "F. vernalis", as described by Bullington (1939), was shown to have little in common with the original description by Ehrenberg and most likely is a brackishwater ciliate similar to F. fusca. F. oculiaris described by the same author (Bullington, 1939) is obviously F. fusca, and the name "F. oculiaris" should be considered as a younger synonym of the latter. Thus, redescription of F. oculiaris (Pan et al., 2013b) should be treated just as a morphological study of the local Chinese population of F. fusca. The redescription of F. canadensis from brackish waters by the same authors can be considered as a description of a new species that has little in common with the original description of this freshwater ciliate (Roque and Puytorac, 1972). Recent phylogenetical reconstructions indicate the necessity to split Frontonia into several genera
Pharmacotherapy for POAG. Individual approach
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S.V. Balalin, V.P. Fokin
S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Volgograd branch, Volgograd, Russian Federation
Glaucoma is still one of the leading causes of the blindness and low vision. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated number of glaucoma patients is 60.5 to 105 million and is growing steadily. In many highly developed countries, glaucoma accounts for 13–28% of blindness. High intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most important risk factor for glaucomatous optic neuropathy and low vision in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). It was demonstrated that IOP lowering to the individual tolerant level in POAG preserves vision for a long time.
The paper discusses potential adoption of of the software for the calculation of tolerant IOP in POAG. Tolerant IOP calculations will help to adjust treatment in time to achieve individual IOP normal ranges, to predict glaucoma stabilization or progression as well glaucoma progression rate. The algorithm of treatment strategy for POAG is described.
Key words: glaucoma, primary open-angle glaucoma, intraocular pressure, tolerant IOP, glaucomatous optic neuropathy, prostaglandin analogue, latanoprost, Trilactan.
For citation: Balalin S.V., Fokin V.P. Pharmacotherapy for POAG. Individual approach. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2019;19(1):43–48.
About the authors:
Sergey V. Balalin — MD, PhD, Head of the Scientific Department of the Volgograd branch;
Viktor P. Fokin—MD, PhD, Professor, Director of the Volgograd branch.
S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Volgograd branch. 80, Zemlyachki str., Volgograd, 400138, Russian Federation. Contact information: Sergey V. Balalin, e-mail: [email protected]. Financial Disclosure: no author has a financial or property interest in any material or method mentioned. There is no conflict of interests. Received 23.10.2018.<br
Bacterial Endocytobionts of Ciliophora and Their Interactions with the Host Cell
No full textCiliates may be hosts for numerous bacteria, which can occupy almost all cellular compartments of the protists. About 200 ciliate species are recorded as hosts of different intracellular bacteria, being a small part of the diversity for such types of endocytobiosis in nature. In the Paramecium genus alone close to 60 types of bacteria adapted for intracellular life are known. In this review extensive material concerning the variety of endocytobionts, their categories, and their interaction with host cells is presented. Special attention is paid to endocytobiosis in Paramecium with highly infectious bacteria Holospora, bacteria of the Caedibacter and Polynucleobacter genera, methanogenic bacteria, and "xenosomes" as well as to life cycles and strategies of bacterial endonucleobionts. The above model bacteria and their interactions with hosts have not been exhaustively studied. A number of unsolved problems concerning their interactions within an endocytobiotic system and their ecological implications remain to be studied
The Use of Contractual Arrangements by the U.S. International Tax Law to Distinguish between Royalties and Remuneration for Services
No full textThis article written by Artem Fokin (LL.M.), a New York tax attorney practicing in the area of international taxation, taxation of mergers and acquisitions, and taxation of derivatives, discusses the interplay between U.S. international tax law and other areas of American law as well as foreign law. In particular, the article focuses on how the U.S. tax law uses characterization of transactions prescribed by other areas of law. The author has chosen the distinction between royalties and remuneration for services as the basis for his article. He walks readers through the importance of proper characterization of transactions by the U.S. tax law and how such characterization could be different from characterization and titles elected by taxpayers and illustrates his points by discussing benchmark court decisions in the area of the U S international taxation
Ballettprobe mit Michail Fokin zu 'Le Coq d'or'
No full textVgl. Jochen Bruns, "Ernst Oppler: 1867-1929; Leben und Werk; mit einem Werkkatalog seiner Ölgemälde und Druckgraphiken", Köln: Deutsches Tanzarchiv und Münster: LIT 1997 (Tanzdokumente digital 1), dort klassifiziert als D-94, Probe zu Coq d'or. Nach Bruns sind folgende Personen dargestellt: Michel Fokin sitzend im Profil nach rechts neben dem Klavier, am linken Bildrand Serge Diaghilew auf einem Stuhl und rechts Tamara Karsavina tanzend mit emporgestreckten Armen.Siehe auch Frank-Manuel Peter, Der Maler Ernst Oppler: Berliner Secession & Russisches Ballett, Köln: Wienand 2017, 155
Investigations on the species of the Paramecium aurelia complex (Ciliophora, Protista) in Israel
No full textNo abstract availabl
Rediscovery and characterisation of Frontonia fusca (Quennerstedt, 1869) Kahl, 1931(Ciliophora, Peniculia).
No full textFrontonia fusca (QUENNERSTEDT, 1869) KAHL, 1931 was rediscovered from brackish water bodies with a salinity range
of 4–25 ‰ on the Tyrrhenian and Ligurian coastlines (Mediterranean Sea) at Naples and in Tuscany, Italy. From the morphological
point of view it is a typical member of this genus; it is about 100–170 μm long in vivo and has two contractile vacuoles
with 6–9 collecting canals and 2–3 excretory pores, and two small micronuclei of the “endosomal” type. A very distinctive pigment
spot on the right side of the anterior dorsal cortex is always presented. The dark-greenish pigment of the organelle has no
autofluorescence and is located in small vacuoles 0.5–1.2 μm across and equally distributed during cell division between dividers
within 45–60 min, again producing a spot in the same location of daughter cells. The ciliate is positive phototactic. Frontonia fusca
has a strong food preference to diatoms and can easily survive in pure marine water, but not in non-saline one. Till now the
species was found in Europe only. The general morphology and morphometry is redescribed according to observations of living
and silver-impregnated cells. The population from the Tyrrhenian Sea is fixed as neotype. According to 18S rRNA molecular data,
Frontonia fusca clusters with some other brackish water frontoniids, which clearly separate from the other representatives of
the genus
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