721 research outputs found
Alcohol and Remembering Rape: Setting the Scene
No full textVictims of rape were often alcohol intoxicated during the attack. Complainant alcohol intoxication negatively impacts case processing at every stage of the legal system. There is no guidance around the world to inform investigators as to how to interview victims and witnesses who were acutely intoxicated when they witnessed the crime. This book reviews the evidence base on the effects of acute alcohol intoxication on remembering rape to inform much-needed guidance on interviewing rape complainants who were alcohol intoxicated during the attack. In this chapter, we set the scene by examining the wider cultural, societal and legal factors pertaining to alcohol-related rape, using England and Wales as a case study.</p
Impact of Alcohol on Memory: A Systematic Review
Full text linkThis chapter reviews the literature in psychology on acute alcohol intoxication and memory. Special emphasis is placed on empirical studies that have systematically examined alcohol’s effects on memory performance in forensic contexts. Three aspects of memory performance are considered, including memory accuracy (i.e. the ability of the complainant to accurately distinguish between correct and incorrect information about the crime), memory reliability (i.e. the probability that information recalled by the complainant at a given level of certainty is correct), and completeness (i.e. the quantity of information reported by the complainant). The review also documents the major theoretical perspectives on memory and acute alcohol intoxication. A total of 19 studies are reviewed. The results show that different memory performance measures are relevant depending on whether we are policy makers formulating interview guidance or decision makers evaluating the strength of memory evidence in a given case. Overall, the research to date indicates that acute alcohol intoxication during rape affects the completeness, but not the accuracy and reliability of what is remembered
A Review of Existing Interview Guidance
No full textThis chapter examines the existing interviewing-guidelines from around the world pertaining to interviewing victims in sexual violence investigations. We note that there is a dearth of guidance that deals explicitly with the issue of interviewing complainants who were alcohol intoxicated at the time of the assault, let alone evidence-based guidance. Furthermore, we found that the limited guidance that does consider the topic does so on a superficial level, is not based on scientific evidence, and is worded in a manner that may problematically reinforce stereotypes, even if unwittingly.</p
Recommendations for Practice
No full textIn this chapter, we discuss the implications of the research presented in earlier chapters for interviews with complainants who were alcohol intoxicated during the crime. We set out evidence-based guidance about alcohol and memory in rape and other serious sexual offences to assist policy and decision makers. On the basis of mounting scientific evidence, it is becoming clear that the legal system must focus on instituting procedures that increase the accuracy of eyewitness and victim memory reports, and enable decision makers to better assess memory reliability. Miscarriages of justice result when there is inadequate evidence-based policy and guidance for gathering and protecting memory evidence. This is particularly pronounced in investigating and prosecuting rape and other serious sexual offences, where myths abound about alcohol, credibility, and memory.</p
Oculomotor examination of the weapon focus effect: does a gun automatically engage visual attention?
Full text linkA person is less likely to be accurately remembered if they appear in a visual scene with a gun, a result that has been termed the weapon focus effect (WFE). Explanations of the WFE argue that weapons engage attention because they are unusual and/or threatening, which causes encoding deficits for the other items in the visual scene. Previous WFE research has always embedded the weapon and nonweapon objects within a larger context that provides information about an actor's intention to use the object. As such, it is currently unknown whether a gun automatically engages attention to a greater extent than other objects independent of the context in which it is presente
TakarangiTableS3 – Supplemental material for Metacognitive and Metamemory Beliefs in the Development and Maintenance of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
No full textSupplemental material, TakarangiTableS3 for Metacognitive and Metamemory Beliefs in the Development and Maintenance of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by Melanie K. T. Takarangi, Rashelle A. Smith, Deryn Strange and Heather D. Flowe in Clinical Psychological Science</p
TakarangiTableS2 – Supplemental material for Metacognitive and Metamemory Beliefs in the Development and Maintenance of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
No full textSupplemental material, TakarangiTableS2 for Metacognitive and Metamemory Beliefs in the Development and Maintenance of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by Melanie K. T. Takarangi, Rashelle A. Smith, Deryn Strange and Heather D. Flowe in Clinical Psychological Science</p
TakarangiTableS1 – Supplemental material for Metacognitive and Metamemory Beliefs in the Development and Maintenance of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
No full textSupplemental material, TakarangiTableS1 for Metacognitive and Metamemory Beliefs in the Development and Maintenance of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by Melanie K. T. Takarangi, Rashelle A. Smith, Deryn Strange and Heather D. Flowe in Clinical Psychological Science</p
Child witness expressions of certainty are informative
No full textData and pre-registration for "Winsor, A. A., Flowe, H. D., Seale-Carlisle, T. M., Killeen, I. M., Hett, D., Jores, T., Ingham, M., Lee, B. P., Stevens, L. M., & Colloff, M. F. (2020). Child witness expressions of certainty are informative.
sj-docx-1-tva-10.1177_15248380231165694 – Supplemental material for A Systematic Review of Criminal Justice Initiatives to Strengthen the Criminal Investigation and Prosecution of Sexual Violence in East Africa
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-tva-10.1177_15248380231165694 for A Systematic Review of Criminal Justice Initiatives to Strengthen the Criminal Investigation and Prosecution of Sexual Violence in East Africa by Sarah Rockowitz, Kirstin Wagner, Rachel Cooper, Laura Stevens, Kari Davies, Jessica Woodhams, Wangu Kanja and Heather D. Flowe in Trauma, Violence, & Abuse</p
- …
