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Concinnitas in the architectural theory and practice of Leon Battista Alberti.
Get PDFIn his treatise on architecture, de re aedificatoria,
Leon Battista Alberti (1404 - 72) described Beauty in architecture as concinnitas: a harmony or congruity of the various parts of a building assembled according to principles :summarised
by three categories of numerus, finitio and collocatio .
This term has been interpreted variously and most famously in
recent times by Rudolph Wittkower. Starting with his and other
scholars' interpretations, this dissertation proposes a new
definition for concinnitas based on studies of Alberti's
architectural theory and practice and the work of his contemporaries.
Chapters 1, 3 and 4 of the dissertation focus on the
application of numerus and finitio in Alberti's architectural
practice and observations made here are supported by separate
historical studies of the buildings (be found in the appendices) and survey drawings (bound together at the end of the
dissertation). Chapter two is a study of the symbolic references, traditions and themes which appear to underlie the
design of centralised churches and points raised here are expanded
in later chapters. The third category, collocatio, is
examined in the final chapters when the continuity of tradition
in Alberti's approach to architecture is outlined within the framework of the city and the urban ensemble of church, palace, piazza and loggia
Criteria For Conceptual And Operational Notions of Complexity
Get PDFWhile complex systems have been studied now for more than two decades, there still is no agreement on what complexity actually is. This lack of a definition might be a problem when asking questions about the evolution of complexity. In this article criteria against which candidate measures of complexity can be assessed are discussed. The main conclusion of this article is that because of the absence of a basic consensus on what complexity is, there is no criterion that can be used to decide whether or not a proposed measure actually measures complexity. The main recommendation is to abandon complexity as a formal notion; instead, research into the evolution of complexity should use well-understood proxy notions (as is sometimes done in the literature). For the time being complexity should remain an informal notion. Research into evolutionary trends of these proxy notions might eventually lead to an emergent community consensus on what complexity is
L-optimal transportation for Ricci flow
Get PDFWe introduce the notion of L-optimal transportation, and use it to construct a natural monotonic quantity for Ricci flow which includes a selection of other monotonicity results, including some key discoveries of Perelman [13] (both related to entropy and to L-length) and a recent result of McCann and the author [11]
Arrhythmogenic sudden death in the modern setting SIDS. An overview
No full textBesides the quoted pathogenetic backgrounds of cardiac SIDS, and even overcoming the statistical exaggerations of Schwartz' group who arbitrarily put forward the LQTS (1), the present authors stand convinced that the presence of accessory AV pathways can play an important role, in an unprecised but significant number of cardio-arrhythmogenic SIDS. These authors themselves studied an uncommonly numerous case group of SIDS who exhibited (and likely succumbed to) as a unique histopathological evidence, accessory AV communications, however "silent" on the clinical plane, since they lacked EKG-confirmed tachy-arrhythmias (2). To favour their own conviction, the present upholders of this thesis do point out the anatomoclinical knowledge that most of the high-risk tachy-arrythmias in early infancy show a typical EKG of a junctional reentry, together with the inherent implications of a potential or actual degeneration into ventricular fibrillation. The fact that the lethal event, or its threat, would not be recorded electrically, depends on the very same circumstantial "limitations" emphasised by Schwartz and co-workers among the over 34.000 EKGs of the never-ascertained suspicion of an LQTS pathogenesis: indeed, this was only documented by objective proof 2 years after the publication of the original article. In this article no case (i.e. less than 1:34.000) ever presented with confirmed risk neither of arrhythmic death nor of related dysfunctions. To confirm the missing reliability of Schwartz's thesis, even after the sporadic and numerically limited set of inherent controls by genetic investigations (3): yet, accurate as they were, such controls did not take into consideration the newer data concerning the genetic background of high-risk dysarrhythmias, both sudden and lethal, as causes of SIDS beyond cases of cardiac failure and/or hypertrophy. Such gene, namely the KvCHIPz (or Kv channel-interacting protein or Ito) provides the Ca-independent regulation of K+ ionic channels during early repolarization, thereby playing a key-role in regular myocell's electrical activation. For this reason such a genetic mechanism configures a plausible alternative to the exclusivistic Schwartz' hypothesis focused on the equation SIDS/LQTS alone. Recent studies have also borne out further close clinico-patho-genetic analogies with arrhythmogenic lethal late repolarization, attended by fetal developmental impairments of the conduction system, often resulting into accessory AV pathways, whose high frequency in SIDS has been documented in the present authors' cases and is entirely consistent with junctional tachycardia (2). It is important to underline, in this connection, that Hai-Chien Kuo and al.(4) emphasize the possible role of the conduction system among the ontogenic substrates of the Ito's abnormalities; such a genetic clinico-pathological suggestion is further substantiated by the recent work of one of the present authors (5) on the life-threatening potential of WPW syndrome, whose commonplace accessory AV pathway substrate was proven to occasionally rely on genetic familiarity (6).
All in all, under the light of these late findings, which aligne among the developmental backgrounds of an arrhythmogenic SIDS the postnatal persistence of AV junctional accessory pathways, one must better re-consider, critically, the overemphasised and overinsistent LQTS/SIDS equation of the Schwartz' school. Indeed, the basic arguments of this, rely on data that are being overcome, at the probable unawareness of the upholders themselves.
References
1. Schwartz PJ, Stramba-Badiale M, Segantini A, Austoni P, Bosi G, Giorgetti RR, Grancini F, Marini ED, Perticone F, Rositi D, Salice P. Prolongation of the QT interval and the sudden infant death syndrome. N Engl J Med 338: 1709, 1998.
2. Matturri L, Ottaviani G, Ramos SG, Rossi L. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): a study of cardiac conduction system. Cardiovasc Pathol 9:137, 2000.
3. Priori SG, Bloise R, Crotti L The long QT syndrome (Review). Europace. 3(1): 16-27, 2001.
4. Kuo HC, Cheng CF, Clark RB, Lin JJ, Lin JL, Gu Y, Ikeda Y, Chu PH, Ross Jr J , Giles WR Chien KR. A defect in the Kv channel-interacting protein 2 (KchIP2) gene leads to a complete loss of Ito and confers susceptibility to ventricular tachycardia. Cell 107:801, 2001.
5. Basso C, Corrado D, Rossi L, Thiene G. Ventricular pre-exccitation in children and young adults: atrial myocarditis as a possible trigger of sudden death. Circulation, 103:269, 2001.
6. Gollob MH, Green MS, Tang A S-L, Gollob T, Karibe A, Hassa A, Ahmad F, Lozado R, Shah G, Fananapazir L, Bachinski L, Roberts R. Identification of a gene responsible for familial Wolff-Parkinsons-White syndrome. N Engl J Med 344:1823, 2001
Influence du sécrétome adipocytaire dans la résistance aux traitements anticancéreux à l’aide d’un modèle d’organoïdes pluricellulaires TRIMISTIC
No full textL'obésité est aujourd’hui considérée comme un facteur de risque de cancer du sein chez les femmes ménopausées et est aussi responsable de plus forts taux de récidives et de mortalité. Dans ce contexte, notre équipe a mis en évidence une moindre efficacité des traitements anticancéreux par hormonothérapie à l’aide de différents modèles : i/ un modèle de co-cultures entre cellules cancéreuses mammaires et cellules souches adipeuses prélevées chez des femmes normopondérées ou obèses et différenciées en adipocytes matures ; ii/ un modèle tridimensionnel de peau reconstruite adipeuse permettant de récréer un véritable microenvironnement adipeux [1,2]. Notre objectif est désormais d’évaluer le rôle du sécrétome adipocytaire dans la résistance aux thérapies anticancéreuses à l’aide d’un nouveau modèle 3D d’organoïdes appelé TRIMISTIC (TRIdimensional Multigrade In Situ To Invasive Cancer) consistant en la réalisation d’un modèle pluricellulaire multigrade d’évolution des cancers mammaires d’une structure bénigne vers une structure invasive en passant par le stade in situ.Afin de s’affranchir de la présence de facteurs de croissance, des cellules cancéreuses (MCF-7, MCF10-DCIS) ou non cancéreuses mammaires (MCF10a) sont ensemencées dans un système sans matrice dans lequel les cellules ne peuvent adhérer au support. Après 72h de culture, les sphéroïdes obtenus sont mis au contact des cellules myoépithéliales pendant 24h afin d’obtenir des organoïdes pluricellulaires. L’impact du sécrétome adipocytaire sur l’efficacité de traitements anticancéreux est ensuite évalué sur la viabilité cellulaire et l’organisation cellulaire à l’aide de marqueurs spécifiques de chaque type cellulaire.La mise au point de ce modèle nécessite des expérimentations complémentaires qui nous permettront de mieux appréhender les interactions entre cellules mammaires et le sécrétome adipocytaire ainsi que les mécanismes de résistance aux traitements anticancéreux, l’objectif final étant d’évaluer la réponse thérapeutique à l’aide de cellules cancéreuses de patientes.1. L. Bougaret, L. Delort, H. Billard, C. Le Huede, C. Boby, A. De la Foye, A. Rossary, A. Mojallal, O. Damour, C. Auxenfans, M. P. Vasson, and F. Caldefie-Chezet, PLoS ONE 13, e0191571 (2018).2. L. Delort, C. Lequeux, V. Dubois, A. Dubouloz, H. Billard, A. Mojallal, O. Damour, M.-P. Vasson, and F. Caldefie-Chézet, PLoS ONE 8, e66284 (2013)
Author-Kit
No full text[SC 2020] output from commands that gather execution environment information.
# Environment information of Sunway Taihulight:
1. MPI version
bsub -I -n 1 -q q_sw_expr ./mpichversion
Job has been submitted to queue
waiting for dispatch ...
dispatching ...
MVAPICH2 Version: 2.2a
MVAPICH2 Release date: Mon Aug 17 20:00:00 EDT 2015
MVAPICH2 Device: ch3:mrail
MVAPICH2 configure: --without-cma --with-rdma=gen2 -prefix=/usr/sw-mpp/mpi2/mpiswgcc --with-pm=no --with-ib-include=/usr/sw-mpp/include --with-ib-libpath=/usr/sw-mpp/lib --enable-threads=single --enable-cxx --enable-f77 --enable-fc --enable-romio --with-ch3-rank-bits=32 --without-mpe --without-hwloc --disable-rdma-cm --disable-mcast --with-atomic-primitives=no --disable-fuse --disable-shared --enable-static --with-cross=crossfile --disable-registration-cache --host=sw --disable-smpcoll
MVAPICH2 CC: sw5gcc -mhost -DCONFIG_SWIB -DNDEBUG -DNVALGRIND -O2
MVAPICH2 CXX: sw5g++ -mhost -DNDEBUG -DNVALGRIND -O2
MVAPICH2 F77: sw5gfortran -mhost -L/usr/sw-mpp/lib -O2
MVAPICH2 FC: sw5gfortran -mhost -O2
Job 48191998 has been finished.
2. uname -a
bsub -I -n 1 -q q_sw_expr uname -a
Job has been submitted to queue
waiting for dispatch ...
dispatching ...
Linux vn000001 3.8.0-sw5 # SMP Wed Apr 25 10:49:45 CST 2018 sw_64 GNU/Linux
Job 48192008 has been finished.
3. cpuinfo
bsub -I -n 1 -q q_sw_expr lscpu || cat /proc/cpuinfo
Job has been submitted to queue
waiting for dispatch ...
dispatching ...
vn000000: exec_task: execvp(/usr/bin/lscpu) failed. errno= 2, reason: No such file or directory
[48192041 ## Sun Apr 19 11:28:11 2020] warning: node [0]: user's mpe task: tid= 0, pid= 11761, exit_code= 2
Job 48192041 has been finished. exit_code is 2
bsub -I -n 1 -q q_sw_expr cat /proc/cpuinfo
Job has been submitted to queue
waiting for dispatch ...
dispatching ...
cpu : SW_64
cpu model : SW5
cpu variation : 1
cpu revision : 0
cpu serial number :
system type : shenwei
system variation : 0
system revision : 0
system serial number :
cycle frequency [Hz] : 1450000000
timer frequency [Hz] : 0.24
page size [bytes] : 8192
phys. address bits : 44
max. addr. space # : 255
BogoMIPS : 0.81
kernel unaligned acc : 0 (pc=0,va=0)
user unaligned acc : 848883545 (pc=4ff041fca8,va=5000281914)
platform string : N/A
cpus detected : 4
cpus active : 4
cpu active mask : 0000000000001111
cpus core_start : 000000000000000f
mem cycle freq : 500
L1 Icache : 64K, 2-way, 64b line
L1 Dcache : 64K, 2-way, 64b line
L2 cache : n/a
L3 cache : n/a
Job 48192044 has been finished.
4. meninfo
bsub -I -n 1 -q q_sw_expr cat /proc/meminfo
Job has been submitted to queue
waiting for dispatch ...
dispatching ...
MemTotal: 2038472 kB
MemFree: 372600 kB
Buffers: 0 kB
Cached: 1371984 kB
SwapCached: 0 kB
Active: 718224 kB
Inactive: 715008 kB
Active(anon): 131576 kB
Inactive(anon): 8 kB
Active(file): 586648 kB
Inactive(file): 715000 kB
Unevictable: 70912 kB
Mlocked: 2904 kB
SwapTotal: 0 kB
SwapFree: 0 kB
Dirty: 0 kB
Writeback: 0 kB
AnonPages: 132136 kB
Mapped: 4224 kB
Shmem: 24 kB
Slab: 22040 kB
SReclaimable: 5144 kB
SUnreclaim: 16896 kB
KernelStack: 4368 kB
PageTables: 328 kB
NFS_Unstable: 0 kB
Bounce: 0 kB
WritebackTmp: 0 kB
CommitLimit: 1019232 kB
Committed_AS: 200360 kB
VmallocTotal: 8388608 kB
VmallocUsed: 12208 kB
VmallocChunk: 8376400 kB
AnonHugePages: 0 kB
HugePages_Total: 0
HugePages_Free: 0
HugePages_Rsvd: 0
HugePages_Surp: 0
Hugepagesize: 8192 kB
======================= cg0 =====================
UserPages_Mem_size: 8192 MB
UserPages_Conti_Total: 7680 MB
UserPages_Conti_Free: 7680 MB
UserPages_Conti_Used: 0 MB
UserPages_Cross_Size: 0 MB
======================= cg1 =====================
UserPages_Mem_size: 8192 MB
UserPages_Conti_Total: 7680 MB
UserPages_Conti_Free: 7680 MB
UserPages_Conti_Used: 0 MB
UserPages_Cross_Size: 0 MB
======================= cg2 =====================
UserPages_Mem_size: 8192 MB
UserPages_Conti_Total: 7680 MB
UserPages_Conti_Free: 7680 MB
UserPages_Conti_Used: 0 MB
UserPages_Cross_Size: 0 MB
======================= cg3 =====================
UserPages_Mem_size: 8192 MB
UserPages_Conti_Total: 7680 MB
UserPages_Conti_Free: 7680 MB
UserPages_Conti_Used: 0 MB
UserPages_Cross_Size: 0 MB
Job 48192086 has been finished.
## Environment information of TianHe 2
we run script provided by Author-Kit on login node of TianHe2
#! /bin/sh
# Linux data-gathering commands; adjust as necessary for your platform.
#
# Be sure to remove any information from the output that would violate
# SC's double-blind review policies.
env | sed "s/USER/USER/g"
set -x
lsb_release -a
uname -a
lscpu || cat /proc/cpuinfo
cat /proc/meminfo
inxi -F -c0
lsblk -a
lsscsi -s
module list
nvidia-smi
(lshw -short -quiet -sanitize || lspci) | cat
the output is in file collect_environment-tianhe2-output.txt of current repository
Asian American Mental Health: What We Know and What We Don\u27t Know
Get PDFThis chapter reviews and critically examines issues regarding the mental health of Asians in the United States. As a distinct ethnic group in the United States, Asian Americans have experienced value conflicts between their own ethnic culture and that of mainstream Americans, as well as instances of racial prejudice and discrimination. Given these experiences, it is important to examine the mental health status of Asian Americans. Several consistent research findings have emerged. First, few Asian Americans utilize the mental health system. Second, those who do use services are highly disturbed in terms of psychiatric disorders. Third, cultural factors appear to influence this pattern of low utilization but greater severity of disturbance. Fourth, epidemiological surveys show that the rates of mental disorders among Asian Americans are not extraordinarily low. Fifth, the relatively small population of Asian Americans, their heterogeneity, and the constantly changing demographic characteristics of the population have made it difficult to ascertain rates of mental disorders. More research is needed in order to gain insights into the within-group differences among Asian Americans, the role of acculturation in psychopathology and help-seeking behaviors, and cultural expressions of psychopathology
Mobilizing Cities towards a Low Carbon Future: Tambourines, Carrots and Sticks
Get PDFIn the transition towards a decarbonized energy system, we need city authorities to lead by example as public actors, to govern the actions of the private urban actors as local policy makers, and to conceive and manage the implementation of an integrated approach as coordinators, which we introduce in this paper as three levels of city smartness. Local governments however have institutional disincentives to act, and if they do act, they are confronted with urban actors that are reluctant to follow. This paper analyzes how city pioneers in Europe have been able to overcome these disincentives thanks to a combination of local circumstances and interventions by higher levels of government. We categorize the state of the art instruments that have been used by higher levels of government into “tambourines”, “carrots”, and “sticks”, and reflect on how the state of the art could be improved.cities; climate change; governance
Adaptive Backstepping Flight Control for Modern Fighter Aircraft
No full textThe main goal of this thesis is to investigate the potential of the nonlinear adaptive backstepping control technique in combination with online model identification for the design of a reconfigurable flight control system for a modern fighter aircraft. Adaptive backstepping is a recursive, Lyapunov-based, nonlinear design method, that makes use of dynamic parameter update laws to deal with parametric uncertainties. The idea of backstepping is to design a controller recursively by considering some of the state variables as ‘virtual controls’ and designing intermediate control laws for these. Backstepping achieves the goals of global asymptotic stabilization of the closed-loop states and tracking. The proof of these properties is a direct consequence of the recursive procedure, since a Lyapunov function is constructed for the entire system including the parameter estimates. The tracking errors drive the adaptation process of the procedure. Furthermore, it is possible to take magnitude and rate constraints on the control inputs and system states into account in such a way that the identification process is not corrupted during periods of control effector saturation. A disadvantage of the integrated adaptive backstepping method is that it only yields pseudo-estimates of the uncertain system parameters. There is no guarantee that the real values of the parameters are found, since the adaptation only tries to satisfy a total system stability criterion, i.e. the Lyapunov function. Increasing the adaptation gain will not necessarily improve the response of the closed-loop system, due to the strong coupling between the controller and the estimator dynamics. The immersion and invariance (I&I) approach provides an alternative way of constructing a nonlinear estimator. This approach allows for prescribed stable dynamics to be assigned to the parameter estimation error. The resulting estimator is combined with a backstepping controller to form a modular adaptive control scheme. The I&I based estimator is fast enough to capture the potential faster-than-linear growth of nonlinear systems. The resulting modular scheme is much easier to tune than the ones resulting from the standard adaptive backstepping approacheswith tracking error driven adaptation process. In fact, the closed-loop system resulting from the application of the I&I based adaptive backstepping controller can be seen as a cascaded interconnection between two stable systems with prescribed asymptotic properties. As a result, the performance of the closed-loop system with adaptive controller can be improved significantly. To make a real-time implementation of the adaptive controllers feasible the computational complexity has to be kept at a minimum. As a solution, a flight envelope partitioning method is proposed to capture the globally valid aerodynamic model into multiple locally valid aerodynamic models. The estimator only has to update a few local models at each time step, thereby decreasing the computational load of the algorithm. An additional advantage of using multiple, local models is that information of the models that are not updated at a certain time step is retained, thereby giving the approximator memory capabilities. B-spline networks are selected for their nice numerical properties to ensure smooth transitions between the different regions. The adaptive backstepping flight controllers developed in this thesis have been evaluated in numerical simulations on a high-fidelity F-16 dynamicmodel involving several control problems. The adaptive designs have been compared with the gain-scheduled baseline flight control system and a non-adaptive NDI design. The performance has been compared in simulation scenarios at several flight conditions with the aircraft model suffering from actuator failures, longitudinal center of gravity shifts and changes in aerodynamic coefficients. All numerical simulations can be easily performed in real-time on an ordinary desktop computer. Results of the simulations demonstrate that the adaptive flight controllers provide a significant performance improvement over the non-adaptive NDI design for the simulated failure cases. Of the evaluated adaptive flight controllers, the I&I based modular adaptive backstepping design has the overall best performance and is also easiest to tune, at the cost of a small increase in computational load and design complexity when compared to integrated adaptive backstepping control designs. Moreover, the flight controllers designed with the I&I based modular adaptive backstepping approach have even stronger provable stability and convergence properties than the integrated adaptive backstepping flight controllers, while at the same time achieving a modularity in the design of the controller and identifier. On the basis of the research performed in this thesis, it can be concluded that a RFC system based on the I&I based modular adaptive backstepping method shows a lot of potential, since it possesses all the features aimed at in the thesis goal.Control & SimulationAerospace Engineerin
The China which is here : translating classical Chinese poetry
Get PDFThe thesis proposes to address how the tradition of translating Chinese poetry
in the English speaking world developed in the early twentieth century and has
continued. Problems relating to this issue, such as the great change in poetics and
intellectual atmosphere since 1915 when Cathay appeared, its impact on the
translation of Chinese poetry, and the universe of discourse of the two cultures
involved, those of the Chinese and the English speaking world, as well as the
constraints of the target system on the translations, will also be discussed.
The introduction provides an overview of the poetics that valued traditional
metres at the turn of the century, and applies polysystem theory to explain the lack of
enthusiasm for translations of classical Chinese poetry before 1915. Chapter 2
discusses the constraints of language, the poetics and universe of discourse in the
target system, suggesting that these constraints handicapped the widespread transfer of
classical Chinese poetry before 1915.
Chapter 3 examines xing, the poetic device in Chinese poetry that emphasizes
the poet's spontaneous response to nature and the merging of scene and feeling. The
very nature of xing defies any attempt to make it explicit. The chapter is divided into
two parts, discussing xing in the encoding and decoding process respectively. Readerresponse
criticism and phenomenology are also incorporated in the discussions. The
chapter is followed by an analysis of various attempts to translate poems that are
presented with zing in Chapter 4, which shows that there is a tendency on the part of
some translators to add logical links between the scene and the feelings expressed.
Chapter 5 looks at the translation strategies of Arthur Waley, investigating
the traditions of translating classical Chinese poetry that he has helped to build up.
The kind of smooth grammatical lines he uses and the Chineseness he conveys have
had great influence on subsequent translators. Chapter 6 studies Ezra Pound, with
special focus on his innovative work Cathay, and his juxtaposition techniques.
Chapter 7 studies Kenneth Rexroth's translations of Du Fu, while Chapter 8
examines Gary Snyder's translations of Cold Mountain. The vehicle of translating
Chinese poetry in general-- language and poetics-- was close to that of modern
poetry in the target culture.
Chapter 9, the conclusion, asserts that various strategies are adopted for
various purposes. It tries to place the position of the translators discussed in a
polysystem context. In the target system, poems are appreciated more for their charm
than their being supposedly faithful to an original. The image of China created
through translators remains distant. To the reader in the West, China is always far out
"there," not here
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