1,507 research outputs found
Planning in Brazil, India and Germany
No full textPlanning is a fundamental cognitive ability that helps in organizing and structuring events unfolding in a person\u27s daily life. Two studies are presented that analyze planning behavior in different cultures: Brazil, India, and Germany. The first is a cross-cultural psychological study in which students develop plans for uncertain problem scenarios. The second study follows a cultural psychological tradition. Workers from different domains are interviewed about their life problems and plans. The strengths and the weaknesses of both approaches become obvious in the description and discussion of these two studies. The cross-cultural study sheds light on cross-cultural similarities and differences in planning in Brazil, India, and Germany. The cultural psychological approach yields data regarding a theoretical model on the specific cultural influences on planning
On the Benefit of Merging Suffix Array Intervals for Parallel Pattern Matching
No full textWe present parallel algorithms for exact and approximate pattern matching with suffix arrays, using a CREW-PRAM with p processors. Given a static text of length n, we first show how to compute the suffix array interval of a given pattern of length m in O(m/p + lg p + lg lg p * lg lg n) time for p <= m. For approximate pattern matching with k differences or mismatches, we show how to compute all occurrences of a given pattern in O((m^k sigma^k)/p max (k, lg lg n) + (1+m/p) lg p * lg lg n + occ} time, where sigma is the size of the alphabet and p <= sigma^k m^k. The workhorse of our algorithms is a data structure for merging suffix array intervals quickly: Given the suffix array intervals for two patterns P and P', we present a data structure for computing the interval of PP' in O(lg lg n) sequential time, or in O(1 + lg_p lg n) parallel time. All our data structures are of size O(n) bits (in addition to the suffix array)
Decision Making in Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures
No full textHow do cultural values influence individuals\u27 decision making? One would expect answers to this question either from cognitive psychology or from cross-cultural psychology. Cognitive theories on decision making, however, rarely consider the factor of culture, and research in cross-cultural psychology deals only to a small extent with decision making. Therefore the study of culture and decision making is a relatively new and unexplored field. In this paper normative and descriptive approaches to decision making are discussed and three cross-cultural studies on decision making in individualistic and collectivist cultures using different methodologies are described. The results are integrated into a model that can be helpful to derive specific hypotheses for further studies in this field
Distribution and status of the hippopotamids in the Ivory Coast
No full textThe distribution and relative abundance of the common hippo (Hippopotamus amphibius) and the pygmy hippo (Hexaprotodon liberiensis) was studied in the Ivory. Coast between 1978 and 1986 by questionnaire survey, interviews, local field investigations and aerial censuses. In addition, the size of the pygmy hippo population in the Tai Forest area was monitored between 1995 and 2001. At the time of the initial study, the common hippo inhabited the Sassandra, Bandama and Comoe rivers, but was abundant only in the Upper Comoe. The pygmy hippo was restricted to the Guinean Forest zone between 7degrees25'N (Tiapleu Forest Reserve (Forets Classee)) in the north and 4degrees18'W (estuary of the Agnebi River) in the east. where it was abundant in undisturbed rainforest areas. Population data are presented from the Comoe. Tai and Azagny national parks where the ecology of both species was studied in greater detail. The total population of the common hippopotamus was estimated at about 1100 animals in 1978-1984. of which at least 70% concentrated during the dry season in the Upper Comoe, Leraba and Iringou rivers. The average dry-season population density in the Comoe varied at that time between three and four animals per river kilometre, in groups of five to six. but had dropped to one to two per kilometre in 2002. During the rainy season hippos disperse upstream into smaller tributaries and downstream as far as the coast. As the forest zone is modified by forestry and agriculture, small herds of common hippos have become resident and in some localities are sympatric with the pygmy hippo. Pygmy hippos are solitary animals, confined to home-ranges of 50-150 ha. In optimal habitat their population density can be as high as seven animals/km(2), averaging about three animals/km(2) over larger areas of undisturbed rainforest. At present, however, hunting pressure has reduced population densities to 0.8-2.5 animals/km(2) even in the most favourable ecological conditions of the Tai National Park. Extrapolation of these densities suggests that the total population of pygmy hippos in the Ivory Coast is greater than previously thought, but does not exceed 15 000 animals. Most of these inhabit the Tai National Park and its adjacent protected areas. The remainder occur mainly in various forest reserves (Forets classees). Ecological factors, which influence population density or limit population growth of the two different hippo species, are discussed and recommendations made for their conservation
Distribution and status of the hippopotamids in the Ivory Coast
No full textThe distribution and relative abundance of the common hippo (Hippopotamus amphibius) and the pygmy hippo (Hexaprotodon liberiensis) was studied in the Ivory. Coast between 1978 and 1986 by questionnaire survey, interviews, local field investigations and aerial censuses. In addition, the size of the pygmy hippo population in the Tai Forest area was monitored between 1995 and 2001. At the time of the initial study, the common hippo inhabited the Sassandra, Bandama and Comoe rivers, but was abundant only in the Upper Comoe. The pygmy hippo was restricted to the Guinean Forest zone between 7degrees25'N (Tiapleu Forest Reserve (Forets Classee)) in the north and 4degrees18'W (estuary of the Agnebi River) in the east. where it was abundant in undisturbed rainforest areas. Population data are presented from the Comoe. Tai and Azagny national parks where the ecology of both species was studied in greater detail. The total population of the common hippopotamus was estimated at about 1100 animals in 1978-1984. of which at least 70% concentrated during the dry season in the Upper Comoe, Leraba and Iringou rivers. The average dry-season population density in the Comoe varied at that time between three and four animals per river kilometre, in groups of five to six. but had dropped to one to two per kilometre in 2002. During the rainy season hippos disperse upstream into smaller tributaries and downstream as far as the coast. As the forest zone is modified by forestry and agriculture, small herds of common hippos have become resident and in some localities are sympatric with the pygmy hippo. Pygmy hippos are solitary animals, confined to home-ranges of 50-150 ha. In optimal habitat their population density can be as high as seven animals/km(2), averaging about three animals/km(2) over larger areas of undisturbed rainforest. At present, however, hunting pressure has reduced population densities to 0.8-2.5 animals/km(2) even in the most favourable ecological conditions of the Tai National Park. Extrapolation of these densities suggests that the total population of pygmy hippos in the Ivory Coast is greater than previously thought, but does not exceed 15 000 animals. Most of these inhabit the Tai National Park and its adjacent protected areas. The remainder occur mainly in various forest reserves (Forets classees). Ecological factors, which influence population density or limit population growth of the two different hippo species, are discussed and recommendations made for their conservation
J(Si,H) Coupling Constants of Activated Si-H Bonds
No full textWe outline in this combined experimental and theoretical NMR study that sign and magnitude of J(Si,H) coupling constants provide reliable indicators to evaluate the extent of the oxidative addition of Si-H bonds in hydrosilane complexes. In combination with experimental electron density studies and MO analyses a simple structure-property relationship emerges: positive J(Si,H) coupling constants are observed in cases where M → L π-back-donation (M = transition metal; L = hydrosilane ligand) dominates. The corresponding complexes are located close to the terminus of the respective oxidative addition trajectory. In contrast negative J(Si,H) values signal the predominance of significant covalent Si-H interactions and the according complexes reside at an earlier stage of the oxidative addition reaction pathway. Hence, in nonclassical hydrosilane complexes such as Cp2Ti(PMe3)(HSiMe3-nCln) (with n = 1-3) the sign of J(Si,H) changes from minus to plus with increasing number of chloro substituents n and maps the rising degree of oxidative addition. Accordingly, the sign and magnitude of J(Si,H) coupling constants can be employed to identify and characterize nonclassical hydrosilane species also in solution. These NMR studies might therefore help to reveal the salient control parameters of the Si-H bond activation process in transition-metal hydrosilane complexes which represent key intermediates for numerous metal-catalyzed Si-H bond activation processes. Furthermore, experimental high-resolution and high-pressure X-ray diffraction studies were undertaken to explore the close relationship between the topology of the electron density displayed by the η2(Si-H)M units and their respective J(Si,H) couplings. (Chemical Equation Presented)
Direct and indirect effects of management intensity and environmental factors on the functional diversity of lichens in central European forests
No full textUsing 642 forest plots from three regions in Germany, we analyzed the direct and indirect effects of forest management intensity and of environmental variables on lichen functional diversity (FDis). Environmental stand variables were affected by management intensity and acted as an environmental filter: summing direct and indirect effects resulted in a negative total effect of conifer cover on FDis, and a positive total effect of deadwood cover and standing tree biomass. Management intensity had a direct positive effect on FDis, which was compensated by an indirect negative effect via reduced standing tree biomass and lichen species richness, resulting in a negative total effect on FDis and the FDis of adaptation-related traits (FDisAd). This indicates environmental filtering of management and stronger niche partitioning at a lower intensity. In contrast, management intensity had a positive total effect on the FDis of reproduction-, dispersal-and establishment-related traits (FDisRe), mainly because of the direct negative effect of species richness, indicating functional over-redundancy, i.e., most species cluster into a few over-represented functional entities. Our findings have important implications for forest management: high lichen functional diversity can be conserved by promoting old, site-typical deciduous forests with a high richness of woody species and large deadwood quantity. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
Effects of forest management on bryophyte species richness in Central European forests
No full textWe studied the effect of three major forest management types (unmanaged beech, selection beech, and age class forests) and stand variables (SMId, soil pH, proportion of conifers, litter cover, deadwood cover, rock cover and cumulative cover of woody trees and shrubs) on bryophyte species richness in 1050 forest plots in three regions in Germany. In addition, we analysed the species richness of four ecological guilds of bryophytes according to their colonized substrates (deadwood, rock, soil, bark) and the number of woodland indicator bryophyte species. Beech selection forests turned out to be the most species rich management type, whereas unmanaged beech forests revealed even lower species numbers than age-class forests. Increasing conifer proportion increased bryophyte species richness but not the number of woodland indicator bryophyte species. The richness of the four ecological guilds mainly responded to the abundance of their respective substrate. We conclude that the permanent availability of suitable substrates is most important for bryophyte species richness in forests, which is not stringently linked to management type. Therefore, managed age-class forests and selection forests may even exceed unmanaged forests in bryophyte species richness due to higher substrate supply and therefore represent important habitats for bryophytes. Typical woodland indicator bryophytes and their species richness were negatively affected by SMId (management intensity) and therefore better indicate forest integrity than the species richness of all bryophytes. Nature conservation efforts should focus on the reduction of management intensity. Moreover, maintaining and increasing a variability of substrates and habitats, such as coarse woody debris, increasing structural heterogeneity by retaining patches with groups of old, mature to over-mature trees in managed forests, maintaining forest climate conditions by silvicultural methods that assure stand continuity, e.g. by selection cutting rather than clear cutting and shelterwood logging might promote bryophyte diversity and in particular the one of woodland indicator bryophytes
Immediate effect of posterior chain facilitation using foam rolling on reactive strength performance
No full textAuthor: Bc. Petra Harasimová Thesis supervisor: Mgr. Vladimír Hojka, Ph.D. Expert consultant: PhDr. Jitka Malá, Ph.D. Mgr. Dominik Kolinger Title: Immediate effect of posterior chain facilitation using foam rolling on reactive strength performance. Objectives: The main aim of this study is to determine whether the inclination of the trunk towards the vertical changes after foam roller facilitation, whether the magnitude of the jump increases or whether the contact time during reactive force performance is reduced. Methods: In this thesis an experiment in the form of a randomized crossover study was used. Fifteen active female athletes with the problem of physiological maintenance of trunk position during running participated in the measurement. Subjects performed repeated snatch jumps over hurdles 57-68 cm in height. For the skip jumps, we measured jump height and support time using an Optojump (Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) and maximal trunk tilt using a video camera (GoPro HERO 9). After the warm-up, probands completed two measurements (pre-test) within 2 minutes. Then, the intervention group of probands performed foam rolling facilitation - m. triceps surae, mm. hamstrings, m. gluteus maximus, m. erector trunci; for each muscle group for 30 s, with a frequency of 1.5 Hz; the control group had rest...Autor: Bc. Petra Harasimová Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Vladimír Hojka, Ph.D. Odborný konzultant: PhDr. Jitka Malá, Ph.D. Mgr. Dominik Kolinger Název práce: Okamžitý efekt facilitace posterior chain pomocí foam rollingu na reaktivně silový výkon. Cíle práce: Hlavním cílem této práce je určit, zda se po facilitaci foam rollerem změní sklon trupu vůči vertikále, zda se zvýší velikost výskoku či zda se zkrátí doba kontaktu při reaktivně silovém výkonu. Metody: V této diplomové práci byl využit experiment ve formě randomizované zkřížené studie. Měření se účastnilo 15 aktivních sportovkyň s problémem fyziologického udržení polohy trupu při běhu. Probandi prováděli opakované snožné přeskoky přes překážky o výšce 57-68 cm. U přeskoků jsme měřili výšku výskoků a dobu opory pomocí Optojumpu (Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) a pomocí videokamery (GoPro HERO 9) maximální náklon trupu. Po rozcvičení absolvovali probandi dvě měření (pre-test) v rozmezí 2 minut. Poté provedla intervenční skupina probandů facilitaci pomocí foam rollingu - m. triceps surae, mm. hamstrings, m. gluteus maximus, m. erector trunci; na každou svalovou skupinu po 30 s, s frekvencí 1,5 Hz; kontrolní skupina měla po stejnou dobu odpočinek. Následovala tři měření (post-test) po 1 minutě, po 3 minutách a po 5 minutách. Pravděpodobnostní statistická...AtletikaFaculty of Physical Education and SportFakulta tělesné výchovy a sport
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