1,721,007 research outputs found
Spasticity following brain and spinal cord injury: assessment and treatment
No full textPurpose of review: Spasticity is a common sequela of brain and spinal cord injury and contributes to disability, reduces quality of life, and increases economic burden. Spasticity is still incompletely recognized and undertreated. We will provide an overview of recent published data on the definition, assessment, and prediction, therapeutic advances, with a focus on promising new approaches, and telemedicine applications for spasticity. Recent findings: Two new definitions of spasticity have been recently proposed, but operational criteria should be developed, and test-retest and inter-rater reliability should be explored. Cannabinoids proved to be effective in spasticity in multiple sclerosis, but evidence in other types of spasticity is lacking. Botulinum neurotoxin injection is the first-line therapy for focal spasticity, and recent literature focused on optimizing its efficacy. Several pharmacological, interventional, and nonpharmacological therapeutic approaches for spasticity have been explored but low-quality evidence impedes solid conclusions on their efficacy. The recent COVID-19 pandemic yielded guidelines/recommendations for the use of telemedicine in spasticity. Summary: Despite the frequency of spasticity, robust diagnostic criteria and reliable assessment scales are required. High-quality studies are needed to support the efficacy of current treatments for spasticity. Future studies should explore telemedicine tools for spasticity assessment and treatment
Can the Combination of Rehabilitation and Vitamin D Supplementation Improve Fibromyalgia Symptoms at All Ages?
Full text linkSeveral studies have indicated a correlation between vitamin D deficiency and widespread
chronic pain syndromes, such as fibromyalgia. During this study, the effect of supplementation with
vitamin D in association with physical exercise in patients with fibromyalgia was evaluated, in terms
of improvement of pain, functional capacity and quality of life, also evaluating the presence of any differences in age. A single-center, observational, comparative study was conducted in 80 fibromyalgia
patients. They are randomized into 2 groups: Group A, consisting of patients ≤50 years; and group B,
consisting of patients >50 years. Both received weekly supplementation with 50,000 IU cholecalciferol for 3 months in association with a rehabilitation protocol. Patients were assessed at enrollment
(T0), 3 months (T1), and 6 months (T2) from the initial assessment with blood vitamin D dosage
and administration of rating scales (NRS, FIQ, and SF-12). From the comparison between the two
groups, we have seen that in young people, supplementation with high-dose vitamin D improves
short-term musculoskeletal pain and long-term functional capacity. Conversely, musculoskeletal pain
and long-term quality of life improve in the elderly. Supplementing with high doses of vitamin D
in fibromyalgia patients improves the quality of life and pain in the elderly and also the functional
capacity in the young
Botulinum Toxin Combined with Robot-Assisted Therapy for Post-Stroke Spasticity: A Systematic Review
Full text link(1) Background: Post-stroke spasticity limits motor recovery and independence. Combining botulinum toxin type-A (BoNT-A) injection with intensive, task-specific robot-assisted therapy (RAT) might enhance neuroplasticity and functional gains, but its additive effect and optimal timing are uncertain. (2) Methods: We systematically searched major medical databases and trial registries up to April 2025 for randomized controlled trials in adults with post-stroke spasticity comparing botulinum toxin type-A injection plus RAT with toxin injection plus conventional therapy, or RAT alone with RAT combined with toxin injection. Risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2 tool, and findings were synthesized narratively. (3) Results: Seven trials (n = 229) were included. Across all studies, toxin treatment reduced spasticity within groups, whereas additional spasticity reduction with RAT versus conventional rehabilitation was inconsistent. In contrast, several lower-limb trials reported greater improvements in walking capacity and balance when RAT was added, while upper-limb trials showed comparable motor recovery across treatment arms with occasional advantages in strength and movement quality. A pilot four-arm study suggested that starting RAT around four weeks after injection may maximize upper-limb motor gains. (4) Conclusions: The combination of BoNT-A with RAT appears safe and is particularly promising for gait rehabilitation, but further research is needed to define optimal timing and protocols
Robot-assisted arm training for treating adult patients with distal radius fracture: a proof-of-concept pilot study
No full textBACKGROUND: Fracture of the distal radius is a common wrist injury. As to its management after orthopedic (conservative or surgical) treatment, there is weak evidence for conventional rehabilitation interventions. Despite the increasing interest for robot-assisted arm therapy as to neurological disabilities and its growing diffusion in rehabilitation facilities, no previous study investigated the feasibility of robotic training on arm orthopedic impairment. Aim. To evaluate the feasibility in terms of efficacy of robot-assisted arm training on upper limb impairment in patients with fracture of the distal radius. DESIGN: Proof-of-concept, pilot, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: University hospital. POPULATION: Twenty adult outpatients with distal radius fracture due to wrist injury. METHODS: All participants underwent ten, 1-hour (40 minutes of arm training + 20 minutes of conventional occupational therapy) training sessions, five days a week for two consecutive weeks. They were randomly assigned to two groups: patients allocated to the Robotic Arm Training group received arm training by means of a robotic device and patients allocated to the Conventional Arm Training group performed arm training following a conventional rehabilitation program. All patients were evaluated before, immediately after treatment and at four weeks of follow-up. The following outcomes were considered at the affected arm: forearm pronation/supination and wrist extension/flexion passive and active range of motion; maximal pinch and grip strength; the Patient-Rated Wrist and Hand Evaluation. RESULTS: No difference was found between groups as to the primary (wrist active and passive range of motion) and secondary (pinch and grip strength; Patient-Rated Wrist and Hand Evaluation score) outcomes at all time points. Within-group comparisons showed similar improvements at all time points as to all outcomes considered in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary findings support the hypothesis that robot-assisted arm training might be a feasible tool for treating upper limb impairment in adult patients with distal radius fracture treated conservatively or surgically. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: The treatment of arm impairment consequent to distal radius fractures by means of robot-assisted arm training may allow therapists to focus on functional rehabilitation during occupational (individual) therapy and supervise (more than one) patients simultaneously during robotic training sessions
Effects of two different protocols of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation combined with transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation on robot-assisted gait training in patients with chronic supratentorial stroke: A single blind, randomized controlled trial
No full textBACKGROUND: The neural organization of locomotion involves motor patterns generated by spinal interneuronal networks and supraspinal structures, which are approachable by noninvasive stimulation techniques. Recent evidences supported the hypothesis that transcranial direct current stimulation (combined with transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation) may actually enhance the effects of robot-assisted gait training in chronic stroke patients. The cerebellum has many connections to interact with neocortical areas and may provide some peculiar plasticity mechanisms. So, it has been proposed as "non-lesioned entry" to the motor or cognitive system for the application of noninvasive stimulation techniques in patients with supratentorial stroke. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of two different protocols of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation combined with transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation on robotic gait training in patients with chronic supratentorial stroke. METHODS: Forty patients with chronic supratentorial stroke were randomly assigned into two groups. All patients received ten, 20-minute robotic gait training sessions, five days a week, for two consecutive weeks. Group 1 underwent cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the contralesional cerebellar hemisphere + cathodal transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation in combination with robotic training. Group 2 underwent cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the ipsilesional cerebellar hemisphere + cathodal transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation in combination with robotic training. The primary outcome was the 6-minute walk test performed before, after, and at follow-up at 2 and 4 weeks post-treatment. RESULTS: No significant difference in the 6-minute walk test between groups was found at the first post-treatment evaluation (P = 0.976), as well as at the 2-week (P = 0.178) and the 4-week (P = 0.069) follow-up evaluations. Both groups showed significant within-group improvements in the 6-minute walk test at all time points.∥Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis that cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the contralesional or ipsilesional cerebellar hemisphere in combination with cathodal transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation may lead to similar effects on robotic gait training in chronic supratentorial stroke patients
Therapeutic ultrasound versus acupuncture for lateral epicondylitis: a pilot case-control observational study
No full textBACKGROUND: Lateral epicondylitis, commonly known as tennis elbow, is a prevalent musculoskeletal condition characterized by pain and functional impairment of the lateral elbow. Among conservative treatments, both acupuncture and therapeutic ultrasound are widely used, yet their comparative effectiveness remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of manual and electroacupuncture versus therapeutic ultrasound in patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis. METHODS: This pilot case-control study included 30 outpatients with chronic lateral epicondylitis, divided into two groups: one treated with a combination of manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture, and the other with therapeutic ultrasound. Each group received 10 treatment sessions over two weeks. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, immediately post-treatment, and at 2-and 4-weeks follow-up. The primary outcome was pain intensity measured by the Visual Analogue Scale. Secondary outcomes included functional disability (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire and Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation), grip strength, and quality of life (EuroQol-5D). Between-group comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U Test. RESULTS: Both treatments led to improvements in pain and function. However, the acupuncture group showed greater reductions in pain intensity and superior gains in grip strength, particularly at short-term follow-up. No adverse events were reported in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Acupuncture, combining manual and electroacupuncture, appears to be more effective than therapeutic ultrasound in reducing pain and improving grip strength in patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis. These findings support its use as a safe and effective conservative treatment option
Effects of deep heating modalities on the morphological and elastic properties of the non-insertional region of achilles tendon: a pilot study
Full text linkBackground: Over the last 20 years, both diathermy and ultrasound have been popular choices for many clinicians in treating musculoskeletal disorders. However, there is a lack of clinical evidence of deep heating modalities to treat tendon pathology, There is no study to investigate the effects of such as physical modalities on morphological and elastic properties on the human tendons. Objective: the objective of the present study was to compare the effects of diathermy and ultrasound therapies on cross sectional area, transversal height and hardness percentage of the non-insertional region of the Achilles tendon in able-bodied subjects. Methods: healthy volunteers were divided in diathermy and ultrasound group received six 15-min treatment sessions. Before and after treatment a sonographic assessment was conducted by mean of ultrasonography and the following parameters were recorded: cross sectional area, transversal height and hardness percentage. Results: thirty-two subjects were enrolled. Between-group comparisons showed a significant change on hardness percentage (p = 0.004) after treatment in diathermy therapy group. Within-group comparison showed a significant improvement in the hardness percentage for the diathermy (p = 0.001) and ultrasound (p = 0.046) after two weeks of treatment. Conclusion: this pilot study demonstrated larger effects on morphological and elastic properties of the non-insertional region of the Achilles tendon after diathermy than ultrasound therapy in normal tendons. Diathermy may be a useful deep heat modality for treating non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy
Combined transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and robot-assisted arm training in patients with stroke: a systematic review
No full textBackground: Upper limb motor deficits in patients with severe stroke often remain unresolved over time. Combining transcranial Direct Current Stimulation with robotic therapy is an innovative neurorehabilitation approach that holds promise to improve upper limb impairment after stroke. Objective: To investigate the effects of robotic training in combination with transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for treating poststroke upper limb impairment. Methods: PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE electronic databases were searched using keywords, MeSH terms, and strings: "Stroke"[MeSH] AND ("Upper Extremity"[MeSH] OR "upper limb") AND ("Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation" [MeSH] OR "tDCS") AND ("robotics" OR "robotic therapy"). Full-text articles published in English up to October 2020 were included. Each was rated for quality according to the Physiotherapy Database (PEDro) score: eight out of eleven scored more than 8 points; their results were considered reliable for this review. Results: Of the total of 171 publications retrieved, 11 met the inclusion criteria. The results of studies that examined the same outcome measures were pooled to draw conclusions on the effectiveness of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and robot-assisted training in corticomotor excitability, upper limb kinematics, muscle strength and tone, function, disability, and quality of life after stroke. Conclusions: To date, there is insufficient evidence to support the hypothesis that transcranial Direct Current Stimulation enhances the effects of robot-assisted arm training in poststroke patients. Further studies with more accurate, comparable and standardized methodology are needed in order to better define the effects of robotic training in combination with transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on poststroke upper limb impairment. Therefore, given the scarce resources available to rehabilitation researches, other, more promising approaches should be given attention
Is the Silfverskiöld Test a valid tool for evaluating calf muscles spastic overactivity in patients with stroke? A retrospective observational study
Full text linkBackground: Spastic equinus (plantar flexed) foot is a common postural pattern in patients who suffer from post-stroke spasticity. To date, some clinicians use the Silfverskiöld Test in their practice to differentiate between gastrocnemius and soleus muscle overactivity in patients with spastic equinus (plantar flexed) foot. This use of the Silfverskiöld Test goes beyond its original aim, which was to distinguish isolated gastrocnemius contracture in patients with equinus deformity. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the Silfverskiöld Test validity for evaluating spastic equinus (plantar flexed) foot (i.e., differentiation between gastrocnemius and soleus muscle overactivity) by checking its outcome against those of selective diagnostic nerve block of tibial motor nerve branches to the soleus, gastrocnemius and tibialis posterior muscles. Design: The design of the study was retrospective observational. Setting: The study was set in a university hospital. Population: Sixty-seven adult stroke patients with spastic equinus (plantar flexed) foot. Methods: Each patient underwent selective diagnostic nerve block of tibial motor nerve branches to the soleus, gastrocnemius and tibialis posterior muscles. All patients were evaluated before diagnostic nerve block by means of the Silfverskiöld Test which was considered positive when ankle joint passive dorsiflexion was greater with the knee flexed than extended. Furthermore, they were assessed before and after nerve block by means of the modified Ashworth Scale and the Tardieu Scale. Results: Our sample included 41 males and 26 females (mean age 57.6 years) suffering from spastic equinus (plantar flexed) foot due to chronic stroke (mean time from onset 2.4 years). Forty-eight patients out of 67 presented with positive Silfverskiöld Test. The χ2 test showed no association between the Silfverskiöld Test and spastic overactivity of the gastrocnemius (P=0.253), soleus (P=0.605) and tibialis posterior (P=0.462) muscles as evaluated by serial selective diagnostic block of the tibial nerve motor branches. Conclusions: Our findings do not support the Silfverskiöld Test as a valid tool for evaluating spastic equinus (plantar flexed) foot to differentiate between gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis posterior spastic muscle overactivity in adult patients with stroke. Clinical rehabilitation impact: The choice for an appropriate management of spastic equinus (plantar flexed) foot in adults with stroke should not be mainly defined on the base of Silfverskiöld Test
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