87,015 research outputs found
Symbolic Optimization of Interacting Controllers Based on Redundancy Identification and Removal
No full textThis paper presents a binary decision diagram (BDD)-based algorithm for the optimization of the driven machine, M2, of a finite-state machine (FSM) network with cascade connection, M1 →M2. The technique we propose relies on redundant faults identification and removal. A fault, f, located into machine M 2, is redundant with respect to the overall network if the driving machine M1 is not able to generate any test sequence for such a fault. When the state transition graph (STG) specifications of the network components are available, the standard way for checking the redundancy condition for the considered fault requires one to first construct the product machine M2×M2F , where M2F is the faulty FSM, then to connect it to the driving machine, and finally to perform reachability analysis on the composed machine M1→M2×M2F. Clearly, the size of such machine limits the applicability of the approach above to systems whose components have a few tens of states at most, even when symbolic traversal algorithms are used. Since we are interested in dealing with networks of larger FSM's (i.e., machines whose STGs can not be represented explicitly), we propose to use the product automaton P'=A1×Af, where A1 ' is the finite automaton (FA) accepting all the output sequences of M1, and Af is the FA accepting all the test sequences for fault f, instead of machine M1→M2 ×M2F. This simplifies sensibly the task of the reachability analysis program, since Af has considerably less states and less edges than the product machine M2 ×M2F and, thus, the size of the BDD representation of its transition relation is much more easily manageable. In addition, differently from other approaches, automaton A 1' is not required to be deterministic and state minimal. This allows us to avoid the application of determinization and state minimization procedures whose complexity is exponential. We present experimental results For examples (i.e., network of interacting controllers) on which existing optimization methods are not applicable, due to the size of the component FSM's. We also provide a comparison to the data produced by state-of-the-art FSM network optimizers on small benchmarks in order to show the effectiveness of our approac
How an ''evolving'' fault model improves the behavioral test generation
No full textBy considering test costs at behavioral level, test problems can be pointed out during the first phases of the design flow. Thus, in case either some testability problems are identified or the size (and hence the cost) of the test set results to be too high, the designer or the high level synthesis tool can modify the circuit to reduce such testability problems. The main problem is the correspondence between the behavioral and RT or gate level fault models. To overcome such limitation, the paper presents a design flow based on the behavioral fault model modification (''evolution'') depending on the actual RTL implementation
Petrus Hispanus O.P. Auctor Summularum (III) ¿”Petrus Alfonsi” o “Petrus Ferrandi”?
Get PDFThis article aims to be a complement and continuation of my earlier work on the figure of Petrus Hispanus O. P., Auctor Summularum. First I bring to light some new documents in connection with the issues already examined in my 1997 and 2001 articles. Next, I deal with the questions postponed in my 2001 article: the problems concerning the figure of “Petrus Ferrandi” and his possible connection with the “auctor Summularum”, as well as Tugwell’s arguments against the hypothesis of the possible identity of the two figures, now examined from the perspective of the author of the Legenda prima. After analysing evidences from very diverse origin, I affirm, on the one hand, that the hypothesis of the identity of “Petrus Ferrandi” and “Petrus Hispanus” might be correct and, on the other hand, that there are no conclusive arguments that force us to affirm with certainty that the author of the Legenda prima is Pedro Ferrando. Although the analyses do not allow yet to determine whether the “auctor Summularum” is “Petrus Alfonsi” or “Petrus Ferrandi”, the evidence gathered and the connections set up will no doubt contribute to guide future research around the figure of “Petrus Hispanus”.Este artículo pretende ser complemento y continuación de mis anteriores trabajos sobre la figura de Petrus Hispanus O. P., Auctor Summularum. Comienzo presentando algunos nuevos documentos relacionados con las cuestiones ya examinadas en mis artículos de 1997 y 2001. A continuación, me ocupo de las cuestiones aplazadas en el artículo de 2001: los problemas relativos a la figura de “Petrus Ferrandi” y su posible relación con el “auctor Summularum”, así como los argumentos de Tugwell contra la hipótesis de la posible identidad de estas dos figuras, examinados ahora desde la perspectiva del autor de la Legenda prima. Tras analizar testimonios procedentes de muy diversos ámbitos, afirmo, por una parte, que la hipótesis de la identidad entre “Petrus Ferrandi” y “Petrus Hispanus” podría ser correcta y, por otra parte, que no hay argumentos concluyentes que obliguen a afirmar con seguridad que el autor de la Legenda prima es Pedro Ferrando. Aunque los análisis no permiten por el momento determinar si es “Petrus Alfonsi” o “Petrus Ferrandi” el “auctor Summularum”, los testimonios recogidos y las conexiones establecidas contribuirán, sin duda, a orientar futuras investigaciones en torno a la figura de “Petrus Hispanus”
Byrsopolis ferrandi Soula 2010
No full textByrsopolis ferrandi Soula, 2010a (Figures 16 (i–j), 18(a–h)) Byrsopolis ferrandi Soula 2010a: 45 (original description); Carvalho and Grossi 2018: 372 (checklist, distribution); Hielkema and Hielkema 2019: 127 (checklist, distribution); Vaz-deMello and Grossi 2022 (online catalogue). Type locality. Bélizon, French Guiana. Type material. Holotype male, dissected. (a) ‘ Holotype / Byrsopolis / ferrandi S./2010 Soula’ [red label, handscript by Soula], (b) ‘Mussé des Confluences/MHNL/47030014’, (c) ‘Piste de/Belizon/I.94 G.F./col. SOULA’ [handwritten by Soula], (1♂ CCECL, specimen examined through images) (Figures 16 (i–m). Additional material. [4 specimens] ‘ FRENCH GUIANA: Mont Itoupé /(sommet 830 m), Maripa-Soula,/sommet (830 m), N 03°01 ʹ 19 ’, W 53°05 ʹ 03” // ‘L. T: light trap,/ 13.i.2016 ’ // ‘ Byrsopolis ferrandi /Soula, 2010/det. M. Seidel 2021’ // ‘ WORLD/SCARAB./DATABASE/ WSD00347520’ (1♂ MSPC); same, except ‘L. T: light trap,/ 16.i.2016 ’ // ‘WORLD/SCARAB./ DATABASE/WSD00347521’ (1♂ MSPC); same, except ‘WORLD/SCARAB./ DATABASE/ WSD003475213’ (1♂ MSPC); same, except ‘ 16.i.2016, PVP:/automatic light trap/(pink)’ // ‘WORLD/SCARAB./ DATABASE/WSD00347522’ (1♂ MSPC). Diagnosis. Body light yellow to reddish-brown, without metallic green reflections; clypeus subrectangular with weakly rounded apex; antennal club about 1.70x longer than antennomeres II–VII combined; scutellar shield subtriangular, base broadly rounded; elytral apex with right angles; elytra almost smooth, humeri weakly punctate; protibial spur about 2x longer than wide; parameres symmetrical, moderately divergent; parameres with weak sinuosities, proximal margin without strong emarginations. Description of holotype. Body. Shape elongate oval; light yellow on elytra to reddishbrown (Figures 16 (i), 18(a-c)); without green metallic reflections; frontoclypeal suture reddish-brown to black; yellow to orange setae on scutellar shield. Lectotype. Length 27.00–28.00mm. Humeral width 17.00–22.00. Elytral width 14.00–17.00 mm. Head. Clypeus about twice wider than long; subrectangular with weakly rounded apex; weakly concave only at marginal areas; punctures small to moderately large, densely punctate; frontoclypeal suture with curvilinear extremities weakly rounded, with obtuse angles; frons about 1.41x longer than clypeus; punctures small to moderately large, sparsely punctate at base, densely punctate at apex; glabrous; mandibles with apex weakly rounded external border, without setae, scissorial region weakly rounded, with one small tooth at middle (Figure 18 (e)); galea with one moderate apical tooth, three small setae, a single seta at middle, two setae at anterior part (Figure 18 (f)); apex prementum strongly emarginated; last labial palpomere about 2.18x longer than palpomere II (Figure 18 (g)); labrum moderately emarginate, moderately setose (Figure 18 (h)); antennomere III subcylindrical, IV–V subquadrate, antennomeres VI–VII subconical; antennal club about 1.70x longer than antennomeres II–VII combined. Thorax. Pronotum transverse, about 1.73x wider than long (Figure 18 (a)); punctures small to moderate, moderately punctate at disc, densely punctate at marginal areas; a small, anterior concavity on each side near marginal areas; scutellar plate subtriangular, base moderately rounded (Figure 18 (a)); small setae on apex, sparsely distributed; punctures small to moderate, sparsely punctate at marginal areas, moderately punctate at disc surface. Elytra. About 1.12x longer than wide; punctures small to moderate, moderately punctate at disc, densely punctate at marginal areas; interstriae indistinct (Figure 18 (a)); elytral apex with right angles; humeri with microsetae, moderately distributed. Legs. Protibial spur about 2.80x longer than wide; mesotibiae and metatibiae with one carina. Aedeagus. Parameres with apex rounded, weakly sinuous, moderately divergent, symmetrical; acute angle between parameres; parameres wide and flat (Figures 16 (j–l), 18(d)); lateral margins excavated at base forming a small carina; basal margin with weak sinuosities, basal margin without strong emarginations; longitudinal midline concave at apex; glabrous. Female. Unkown. Variation. Humeral width 12.50–13.00 mm. Elytral width 16.00–17.00 mm. Etymology. The specific epithet is a atribute to Michel Ferrand, given by Soula. Distribution. Byrsopolis ferrandi was described from Bélizon (Cayenne, French Guiana). Remarks. Byrsopolis ferrandi and B. aenescens can be found in French Guiana, but there are localities within cities bordering Brazil – for example, Oiapoque. Key to the genera of Areodina (modified from Grossi and Vaz-de-Mello (2015) after Jameson (1990)) 10(4). Frontoclypeal suture almost straight or sinuous; clypeus broadest at base, apex rounded, trapezoidal, rectangular, semioval or squared; surface weakly to moderately concave; hind wings with anterior margin near RA1+2, RA3 and apical hinge glabrous................................................................................................ Byrsopolis Burmeister 10’. Frontoclypeal suture rounded or arched; clypeus broadest at middle, apex quadrate; surface moderately to strongly concave; hind wings with anterior margin near RA1+2, RA3, and apical hinge setose................ Moronius Grossi and Vaz-de-Mello Key of the South American Areodina 1 Mesoventral process moderate to long (exceeding the apex of mesocoxae); parameres strongly asymmetric.............................................................................................................. 2 - Mesoventral process short (not exceeding the apex of mesocoxae); parameres symmetric or weakly to moderately asymmetric............................................................................ 3 2 Apex of clypeus weakly rounded (males); parameres with hook-like projection...................................................................................................................................... Areoda MacLeay, 1819 - Apex of clypeus trilobed (males); parameres without hook-like projection.................................................................................................................................... Oplognathus MacLeay, 1819 3 Clypeus weakly to moderately concave; parameres weakly asymmetrical....................................................................................................................................... Byrsopolis Burmeister 1844 - Clypeus strongly concave; parameres symmetrical........................................................................................................................................................ Moronius Grossi and Vaz-de-Mello 2015 . Identification key for adults of the Byrsopolis species Burmeister 1. Species from Cerrado and Atlantic Forest (castanea, crassa and quadraticeps groups)...................................................................................................................................................... 2 - Species from Amazon (unknown females) [aenescens group]......................................... 12 2. Elytral surface rugostriate, with weak to strong striae, deep punctures (males and females) [castanea group]................................................................................................................. 3 - Elytral surface punctatostriate to shallowly punctate (unknown females) [crassa and quadraticeps groups]............................................................................................................................ 8 3. Clypeus subrectangular with apex emargination; general colour usually dark brown......................................................................................................................................................... 4 - Clypeus subrectangular, subtrapezoidal, parabolic, without apex emargination; general colour usually light brown or metallic green.................................................................. 5 4. Scutellar plate with sparse to moderate setation (males and females); parameres weakly to moderately divergent; parameres with basal margin rounded.................................................................................................................... Byrsopolis castanea Burmeister 1844 - Scutellar plate with moderate to dense setation (males and females); parameres strongly divergent; parameres with basal margin weakly bisinuate.................................................................. Byrsopolis burmeisteri Medeiros , Seidel and Grossi, 2020 sp. nov. 5. Elytral suture with strong striae and coalescent punctures; antennal club less than 2x longer than antennomeres II–VII combined............................................................................. 6 - Elytral suture with indistinct striae and coalescent punctures; antennal club about 2x longer than antennomeres II–VII combined.. Byrsopolis laticollis Burmeister 1855 6. Frontoclypeal suture bisinuate; pronotum and scutellar shield weakly punctate (males known)..................................................................................................................................................... 7 - Frontoclypeal suture almost straight; pronotum and scutellar shield strongly punctate (males unknown).............................................................. Byrsopolis cribricollis Ohaus 1912 7. Clypeus about 1.75x wider than long; labrum weakly emarginate; elytral apex with divergent angles; wide parameres (females unknown)..................................................................................................... Byrsopolis ohausi Medeiros , Seidel and Grossi, 2020 sp. nov. - Clypeus about 2.2x wider than long; labrum moderately emarginat;; elytral apex truncate; narrow parameres (females unknown)........................................................................................................ Byrsopolis blanchardi Medeiros , Seidel and Grossi, 2020 sp. nov. 8. Clypeus subrectangular, weakly bilobed or trilobed, hirsute; parameres separated by a U-shaped gap, symmetrical, parallel to slightly convergent [quadraticeps group] 9 - Clypeus semioval, rounded, sparsely setose or glabrous; parameres separated by a Vshaped gap, dorsally symmetrical to slightly asymmetrical, parameres moderately divergent [crassa group].................................................................................................................. 11 9. Metallic green on most parts of the body; clypeus weakly trilobed; antennal club about 3x longer than antennomeres II–VII combined (females unknown)........................................................... Byrsopolis schmidti Medeiros , Seidel and Grossi, 2020 sp. nov. - Yellowish to reddish brown on almost the whole body; clypeus weakly to moderately bilobed; antennal club about 2.60x longer than antennomeres II–VII combined.. 10 10. Frontoclypeal suture almost straight between curvilinear extremities; pronotum glabrous; parameres with lateral margins moderately excavated longitudinally, forming a moderate carina at base (females unknown)......................................................................................................................................................... Byrsopolis quadraticeps Blanchard 1851 - Frontoclypeal suture with a slight V-shaped concavity between curvilinear extremities; pronotum with short setae, sparsely to moderately distributed; parameres with lateral margins weakly excavated longitudinally, forming a short carina at the base of parameres. (females unknown)...................................................................................................................................... Byrsopolis angeloottatii Medeiros , Seidel and Grossi, 2020 sp. nov. 11. Mandibles glabrous or hirsute in the angle formed by external border and scissorial region, wide longitudinally; labrum moderately emarginated; parameres with transverse striae in middle region. (females unknown) Byrsopolis crassa Blanchard 1851 Mandibles glabrous, without projections; narrow longitudinally; labrum strongly emarginated; parameres without transverse striae in middle region (females unknown)........ Byrsopolis vazdemelloi Medeiros , Seideland Grossi, 2020 sp. nov. 12. Apex prementum with triangular lobes; labrum moderately emarginate; scutellar shield with apex weakly rounded; elytral apexes with divergent angles............................................................................................................................ Byrsopolis aenescens Ohaus 1926 - Apex of prementum with rounded lobes; labrum weakly emarginate; scutellar shield with apex broadly rounded; elytral apexes with right angles........................................................................................................................................................ Byrsopolis ferrandi Soula 2010aPublished as part of Medeiros, Rone A. F., Seidel, Matthias & Grossi, Paschoal C., 2022, Revision of the genus Byrsopolis Burmeister, 1844 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), with the description of six new species endemic to Brazil and Paraguay, pp. 1315-1364 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 56 (29 - 32) on pages 1354-1359, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2115950, http://zenodo.org/record/715647
Implicit test generation for behavioral VHDL models
No full textThis paper proposes a behavioral-level test pattern generation algorithm for behavioral VHDL descriptions. The proposed approach is based on the comparison between the implicit description of the fault-free behavior and the faulty behavior, obtained through a new behavioral fault model. The paper will experimentally show that the test patterns generated at the behavioral level provide a very high stuck-at fault coverage when applied to different gate-level implementations of the given VHDL behavioral specification. Gate-level ATPGs applied on these same circuits obtain lower fault coverage, in particular when considering circuits with hard to detect fault
Testability Alternatives Exploration through Functional Testing
No full textThe aim of this paper is to show the effectiveness of a high-level approach to testability analysis and test pattern generation, when analyzing different classes of architectures implementing the same specification. A unique test set is derived on the behavioral specification, based on a functional error model, which shows a high correlation with the single stuck-at-gate-level fault model. Such a test set is then tailored to the particular gate-level implementation by transforming it into a specific test sequence, based on the scheduling adopted by the high-level synthesis. Experimental results show that the application of such test sequences allows one to accurately evaluate the testability of the architecture in terms of gate-level fault coverage, in a fraction of the time required by a gate-level test pattern generato
Power Estimation of Behavioral Descriptions
No full textThis paper presents a methodology for power estimation of designs described at the Behavioral-level as the interconnection of functional modules. The input/output Behavior of each module is implicitly stored using BDDs, and the power consumed By the network is estimated using a novel and accurate entropy-based approach. As a demonstration example, we have used the proposed power estimation technique to evaluate and compare the effects of some architectural transformations applied to a reference design specification on the power dissipation of the corresponding implementations
Test Generation and Testability Alternatives Exploration of Critical Algorithms for Embedded Applications
No full textPresents an analysis of the behavioral descriptions of embedded systems to generate behavioral test patterns that are used to perform the exploration of design alternatives based on testability. In this way, during the hardware/software partitioning of the embedded system, testability aspects can be considered. This paper presents an innovative error model for algorithmic (behavioral) descriptions, which allows for the generation of behavioral test patterns. They are converted into gate-level test sequences by using more-or-less accurate procedures based on scheduling information or both scheduling and allocation information. The paper shows, experimentally, that such converted gate-level test sequences provide a very high stuck-at fault coverage when applied to different gate-level implementations of the given behavioral specification. For this reason, our behavioral test patterns can be used to explore testability alternatives, by simply performing fault simulation at the gate level with the same set of patterns, without regenerating them for each circuit. Furthermore, whenever gate-level ATPGs are applied on the synthesized gate-level circuits, they obtain lower fault coverage with respect to our behavioral test patterns, in particular when considering circuits with hard-to-detect fault
Configuration-specific test pattern extraction for field programmable gate arrays
No full textThe aim of this paper is to present a methodology for extracting configuration-specific test patterns for FPGA cells, from the set of sequences that test all stuck-at-faults for the unconfigured cell. This is achieved through the construction of an automaton that recognises test sequences for all faults, followed by the extraction of a second automaton that recognises only the non-redundant faults with respect to a given configuration. Since structural information is not needed for sequence extraction, this methodology provides the user with a structural fault model while granting protection of Intellectual Propert
Increase the behavioral fault model accuracy using high-level synthesis information
No full textThis paper describes an approach for enhancing the effectiveness of behavioral test generation by considering high-level and logic synthesis information to increase the correlation between the behavioral fault model and the stuck-at-fault model. In particular we mainly consider two types of information: the mapping between high-level operators and RTL modules and the type of gate level implementation adopted by the RTL module
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