414 research outputs found
Coronary heart disease, hypertension and use of biomass fuel among women: Comparative cross-sectional study
No full textObjectives: To explore the associations of hypertension and coronary heart disease (CHD) with use of biomass fuel for cooking. Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Setting: Rural villages in Sindh, Pakistan. Participants: Women aged ≥40 years who had used biomass fuel for cooking for at least the last year (n=436), and a comparison group (n=414) who had cooked only with non-biomass fuel during the last year were recruited through door-to-door visits. None of those who were invited to take part declined. Primary and secondary outcome measures: Hypertension was determined from blood pressure measurements and use of medication. CHD was assessed by three measures: history of angina (Rose angina questionnaire), previous history of 'heart attack', and definite or probable changes of CHD on ECG. Potentially confounding risk factors were ascertained by questionnaire and anthropometry. Associations of hypertension and CHD with use of biomass and other risk factors were assessed by logistic regression, and summarised by ORs with 95% CIs. Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, there was no association of hypertension (OR: 1.0, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.4) angina (OR: 1.0, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.4), heart attack (OR: 1.2, 95% 0.7 to 2.2) or ECG changes of CHD (OR: 0.8, 95% CI 0.6 to 1.2) with current use of biomass for cooking. Nor were any associations apparent when analyses were restricted to long-term (≥10 years) users and non-users of biomass fuel. Conclusions: A linked air monitoring study indicated substantially higher airborne concentrations of fine particulate matter in kitchens where biomass was used for cooking. It is possible that associations with CHD and hypertension were missed because most of the comparison group had used biomass for cooking at some time in the past, and risk remains elevated for many years after last exposure.</p
Levels and determinants of fine particulate matter and carbon monoxide in kitchens using biomass and non-biomass fuel for cooking
No full textTo assist interpretation of a study in rural Pakistan on the use of biomass for cooking and the risk of coronary heart disease, we continuously monitored airborne concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) for up to 48 h in the kitchens of households randomly selected from the parent study. Satisfactory data on PM2.5 and CO respectively were obtained for 16 and 17 households using biomass, and 19 and 17 using natural gas. Linear regression analysis indicated that in comparison with kitchens using natural gas, daily average PM2.5 concentrations were substantially higher in kitchens that used biomass in either a chimney stove (mean difference 611, 95% CI: 359, 863 µg/m3) or traditional three-stone stove (mean difference 389, 95% CI: 231, 548 µg/m3). Daily average concentrations of CO were significantly increased when biomass was used in a traditional stove (mean difference from natural gas 3.7, 95% CI: 0.8, 6.7 ppm), but not when it was used in a chimney stove (mean difference −0.8, 95% CI: −4.8, 3.2 ppm). Any impact of smoking by household members was smaller than that of using biomass, and not clearly discernible. In the population studied, cooking with biomass as compared with natural gas should serve as a good proxy for higher personal exposure to PM2.5
Biomass fuel and coronary heart disease among women in Pakistan
No full textI investigated the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) from indoor air pollution caused by use of biomass fuel for cooking. Following a systematic review of the relevant scientific literature, I conducted three linked studies among women in a rural region of Sindh, Pakistan.The first was an investigation of levels of pollutants in kitchens and their determinants. 24-hour average concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured in samples of households that used biomass or natural gas for cooking, and information was collected about other factors that might influence pollution levels. Associations with pollution were explored by regression modelling.Secondly, a cross-sectional survey of cardiovascular morbidity was conducted in a sample of women aged 40 years or older who had used biomass fuel for cooking for at least the past year (n = 436), and a similar number of women (n=414) who had used natural gas for cooking for at least the past year. CHD was indicated by history of angina (Rose questionnaire), previous history of heart attack, and changes of CHD on electrocardiogram (ECG). Hypertension was assessed as a further outcome. Potential risk factors were ascertained by questionnaire and anthropometry. Associations between CHD outcomes and risk factors were assessed by logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders.The third study used a case-control design to determine the association of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with use of biomass fuel. Women from a defined geographical area who were admitted to two public tertiary care hospitals in southern Sindh with ACS (n = 364) were identified prospectively, and compared with controls (n=727), matched for sex and age, who were admitted to the same hospitals for reasons other than ACS. Information about exposure to potential risk factors, including use of biomass fuel for cooking was ascertained through a questionnaire. Associations with risk factors were assessed by conditional logistic regression.The first study found high average concentrations of CO and particularly PM2.5 in the kitchens of biomass-users. Ventilated kitchens tended to have lower levels of the pollutants, and houses with smokers somewhat higher concentrations. However, stove chimneys had no discernible impact on levels of PM2.5. In my cross-sectional survey, I found no association of hypertension or the three measures of CHD – angina, previous history of heart attack and definite or probable CHD on ECG - with current use of biomass for cooking. This may have been because of inaccuracies in the outcome measures, or because most users of natural gas had previously used biomass. In contrast, the case-control study found a clearly elevated risk of ACS among women who had ever used biomass for cooking, although not particularly with more recent use.Overall, my findings add to the weight of evidence for an importantly increased risk of CHD from use of biomass for cooking, and are a further encouragement to initiatives aimed at reducing exposures to the indoor air pollution that it produces. However, they suggest that the full benefits from better design of stoves or switching to other fuels may not accrue until many years after the changes are introduced. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship of cardiovascular morbidity to use of biomass fuel These could perhaps be embedded in established cohort studies of cardiovascular disease and national surveys
sj-docx-1-aph-10.1177_10105395231226273 – Supplemental material for Assessing the Feasibility of a Multifaceted Intervention Package for Improving Respiratory Health of Textile Workers: Findings From the MultiTex Pilot Study in Karachi, Pakistan
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-aph-10.1177_10105395231226273 for Assessing the Feasibility of a Multifaceted Intervention Package for Improving Respiratory Health of Textile Workers: Findings From the MultiTex Pilot Study in Karachi, Pakistan by Asaad Ahmed Nafees, Yousaf Ali, Afreen Sadia, Natasha Shaukat, Muhammad Irfan, Zafar Fatmi, Iqbal Azam, Sara De Matteis, Peter Burney and Paul Cullinan in Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health</p
Solid fuel use is a major risk factor for acute coronary syndromes among rural women: a matched case control study
No full textMethodsData were collected at a public tertiary care hospital in a rural district of Pakistan. Seventy-three women with ACS were compared with controls, individually matched for sex and age (±5 years), who were admitted to hospital for other reasons. Fuels used for cooking and exposures to potentially confounding variables were ascertained through a questionnaire administered at interview and measurement of height and weight. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).ResultsAfter adjustment for potential confounding factors, current use of solid fuel was strongly associated with ACS (OR 4.8, 95% CI: 1.5–14.8), and risk was lowest in women who had last used solid fuel more than 15 years earlier. The population attributable fraction for ACS in relation to current use of solid fuel was 49.0% (95% CI: 41.3%–57.4%).ConclusionsThese findings support the hypothesis that indoor air pollution from use of solid fuel is an important cause of ACS. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of case-control studies in rural populations of women to address this question, and is an encouragement to larger and statistically more powerful investigations
METODOLOGI PENULISAN SYEKH ‘ABD AL-HAY AL-LAKNAWI DALAM KITAB ZAFAR AL-AMANI
No full textThroughout the history of the tradition of Islamic studies, there have been various works of ‘ulum al-hadith that have been produced by hadith scholars. These works differ in their writing methodology from one work to another. To understand the differences, a study of each work and the background of the author is very necessary to be conducted to reveal and explain it. Thus, this study aims to introduce one of the figures in the discipline of ‘ulum al-hadith named Sheikh ‘Abd al-Hay al-Laknawi (d. 1304H) with a focus on one of his monumental works, namely Zafar al-Amani fi Sharh Mukhtasar al-Jurjani. This qualitative study uses content analysis methods to identify and comprehensively describe the methodology of al-Laknawi's writing in the work. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the methodology of writing al-Laknawi is seen as quite systematic and loaded with scientific discussions on issues that are quite complex in the science of hadith such as the issue of hadith hasan, the problem of doing good deeds with weak hadith, the issue of hadith mursal, issues munkar hadith and so on, along with his interpretation of the various views of the scholars presented. According to the research, this book of Zafar al-Amani is quite worthy to be placed in line with the great works of the discipline of ‘ulum al-hadith which should be studied and used as a reference by scholars and students.  
Lead and arsenic exposure among the urban and rural population of Pakistan
No full text自治医科大学博士（医学）令和元年度doctoral thesi
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