920,466 research outputs found
Spectant victores ruinam naturae (Plin. nat. hist. 33.73). Reazioni all’inquinamento in diritto romano
No full textSecondary sources as History of Nature by Plinius, Against Verres by Cicero, and On Architecture by Vitruvius, can reveal that ancient Romans paid attention to the Nature. By analyzing three practical legal cases connecting with these sources and concerning respectively the legalization of preventing water pollution, the illegal emission of waste, and the use of lead, the interdictum, the actio de effusis vel deiectis and the actio negatoria, as three procedural means in private law did produce indirect legal effects on the protection of the environment, although they were designed primarily for the protection of personal benefits rather than the protection of the environment
Environmental Protection in Ancient Rome
No full textDid ancient Romans realized that they needed to protect the enviromment through legality? A study of such literature as History of Nature by Pliny, Sr, Against Verres by Cicero, and On Architecture: 10 Books by Vitruvius, reveals that ancientRomans paid attention to Mother Nature. By analyzing three practical cases concerning respectively the legalization of preventing water pollution, the illegal emission of waste, and the use of lead, we discover that although the interdictum "Actio de effusis vel deiectis" and the "Actio negatoria", as three procedural means in private law did produce indirect legal effects on the proctection of the environment. Therefore, from the perspective of division between public and private laws, it can be concluded that there was no legal department specifically for the environmental protection in the time of the Ancient Roman Empire
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Si eam rem in urbe Roma ... iudicari iussisset : sulla 'legittimità' dei giudizi nella lex Irnitana
No full textGaius in his Institutions (4.103 – 109) and his paraphrase in the Fragmenta Augustodunensia (4.99 – 103) are the only sources describing the distinction between iudicia legitima and iudicia imperio continentia. The caput LXXXXI of the Lex Irnitana, XA linn. 53-54 - XB linn. 1-4, permits us to question if this distinction has already lost importance by the end of 1st century A.C. and if it was explained by Gaius only because of historical and pedagogical reasons. Every process which took place in Irni followed the trial rules of the iudicia legitima, as if the praetor had started the trial in Rome between cives romanos by the use of a legal fiction. One has to suppose that this fictio iuris was applied to every process which took place in Irni without the necessity of having some particular formal requisites
Safety vision of agricultural tractors. An engineering perspective based on recent studies (2009-2019)
No full textThe high rate of injuries occurring in agricultural activities is of major concern in most countries, despite the ever-increasing efforts made at normative levels. In particular, the use of agricultural tractors is recognized as the most hazardous activity for farmers due to the large number of fatalities occurring every year. The aim of the present study was to investigate the recent developments in research activities dealing with tractor safety. For this purpose, a systematic literature review was carried out, taking into account engineering journal papers appearing in Scopus in the 2009-2019 period and focusing on tractor safety. As a result, 79 documents were selected and analyzed based on both their type (e.g., conceptual or empirical studies) and specific targets. They were then classified and discussed in accordance with a reference framework representing the main issues of agricultural tractor safety: mechanical hazards, protective devices, command and control, other hazards, ergonomics, information, conformity, and user behavior. The results of this analysis brought to light the need for a more human-centered approach when dealing with tractor safety. In addition, the lack of a reliable framework of technical standards was also stressed. Overall, despite the limitations due to the selection criteria, this study represents the first systematic literature review depicting the status of tractor safety in the engineering field, providing a basis for further research on the emerging themes outlined
Product-Service Systems for Circular Supply Chain Management: A Functional Approach
No full textGrowing environmental concerns, as well as market competitiveness, are inciting manufacturers to optimize the performance of their products throughout their entire lifecycle. To address these objectives, manufacturing, field service engineering and customer support should be aligned and should strive towards the same end-goal. While several studies have revolved around this context, the product-service system (PSS) approach has emerged as a promising way of meeting manufacturer, customer and environmental requirements alike. Nevertheless, most of these studies revolve around the design and development of a PSS, whilst a minimal amount of research has targeted its impact from the supply chain perspective, leaving aside inventory management. Consequently, the following study utilizes functional hierarchy modeling (FHM) and the PSS concept matrix to propose solutions that make it possible to meet customer requirements and improve the environmental performance and associated costs at the same time. An application at a medical equipment manufacturer brings forward the positive effects suggested by the research and reduces the aforementioned gaps. In detail, the results show a smaller variability in the supply of spare parts combined with optimized maintenance planning, which translates into lesser costs to the manufacturer, a prolonged product life cycle and a reduced environmental impact
NOSACQ-50 for safety climate assessment in agricultural activities. A case study in central Italy
No full textSafety climate assessment has been recognized as a powerful tool to bring to light workers’ perceptions related to safety practices, attitudes and behaviors at the workplace. Accordingly, its investigation can provide useful information about safety problems within a company before accidents occur. In literature, numerous studies can be found investigating safety climates in different types of industry. However, safety climate assessment in agricultural activities is addressed scarcely, even though agriculture represents a very hazardous sector. To reduce this gap, the present study proposes an investigation of safety climate among farmers by means of the Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire (NOSACQ-50). The results of the survey brought to light a low level of safety perception of the interviewed sample, especially as concerns safety commitment and risk-taking attitudes. In particular, a different attitude toward safety issues has been registered depending on both the position and gender of the interviewed farmers. Overall, the output of this cross-sectional analysis adds to the current literature by expanding knowledge of safety climate among farmers, representing a baseline for further investigations based on human-centered approaches to enhance safety in agriculture and consequently social and workplace aspects of sustainable agricultural systems
Development of a new procedure for evaluating working postures. An application in a manufacturing company
No full textMusculoskeletal diseases represent a constant phenomenon in occupational health and safety (OHS) despite the large effort at governmental and technical levels. In the industrial context, numerous studies have dealt with the evaluation of the physical demand of workers. Moreover, numerous studies have investigated the problem, providing tools for ergonomics analysis. However, practical approaches aimed at integrating ergonomics issues in risk assessment activities are still scarce. To reduce such a gap, the current study proposes a procedure for the evaluation of the static working postures of workers to be included in the risk assessment activities. Such an approach is based on the ISO 11226 standard, providing a practical checklist that can be used both at the workstation’s design stage and during risk assessment activities. Its effectiveness was verified through a case study at a manufacturing company. The results achieved showed that as well as the non-conformity of the workstations’ design, the lack of training of the operators on how to maintain a neutral posture while working can also lead to awkward postures of the trunk and head. Additionally, the proposed methodology allowed us to verify the correctness of each workstation based on the physical characteristics of the workers, providing a useful guideline for the company managers on how to properly assign working tasks
The management of customer requirements in a product-service system context. A case study in the medical equipment sector
No full textThe paper addresses the evaluation of customer requirements (CRs) in the implementation of services in a product-service system (PSS) context. The extension of services has expanded considerably, yet their correct combination with products is still problematic to manufacturers. Services are characterised by ambiguities and vagueness, hindering their effective implementation. Conventional product design tools such as quality function deployment (QFD) are limited when comprehending the intangibility of services and hence, evaluating and prioritising customer requirements. To address this topic, QFD is adapted to a service context through the integration of the fuzzy logic and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) as a means of reducing inaccuracies. The approach is applied to a case study in the medical field and its results are compared to the traditional QFD to analyse its outcomes and the effectiveness of the augmentations in increasing the usefulness of QFD in a PSS context
Designing product-service systems: A review towards a unified approach
No full textThe study addresses the design of Product-Service Systems (PSSs) as a means of replacing conventional product sales with comprehensive solutions. The shift towards PSSs however is problematic given the challenges of integrating products and services. Moreover, views regarding the design of PSSs are diverse and dissimilar. The research discusses the importance of PSSs and analyses the current approaches regarding design methods and design processes in terms of product-service integration. The analysis led to the proposal of a unified, generic design process, built on a design science approach where the existing differences in the literature are converged towards a holistic model. The model consists of four stages each including its intricate activities. The stages are built following a structure similar to product design, exposing the key activities to carry out as well as the tools to realize them
- …
