1,720,988 research outputs found
Does status affect intergroup perceptions of humanity?
No full textAcross three studies, we examined whether ingroup status may affect intergroup perceptions of humanity. In Studies 1 and 2, we considered real groups: Northern versus Southern Italians; in Study 3, we manipulated the socioeconomic status of two minimal groups. In all studies, members of higher status groups perceived the ingroup as more human than the outgroup, while members of lower status groups did not assign a privileged human status to the ingroup. Such findings were obtained using different implicit techniques: the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the Go/No-go Association Task (GNAT). Further, results suggest that the different perceptions of humanity may depend on the stereotypic traits generally ascribed to higher and lower status groups. The implications of results for infrahumanization research are discussed. © The Author(s) 2012
AN EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF THE JOB DEMANDS-RESOURCES THEORY
No full textIn this work, we tested basic propositions of the job demands-resources (JD-R) theory. The vignette technique was applied. A 2 × 2 experimental design was used, defined by the following between-partic-ipants factors: resources (high vs. low) and demands (high vs. low). A specific scenario was devised for each cell of the experimental design. Participants were university students; the majority was enrolled in bachelor’s or master’s degrees in social or occupational psychology. A paper-and-pencil questionnaire was the study’s tool. In analyzing data, ANOVA was applied, and mediation models were tested with path analysis. Validating basic propositions of the JD-R theory, findings showed that resources instigate a motivational process leading to work engagement and performance; they also reduce burnout (exhaus-tion). Demands, in contrast, lead to exhaustion and have a low (negative) impact on work engagement. Findings also showed the central role that basic need satisfaction (self-determination theory) plays in the association between job characteristics and work engagement and exhaustion
Confronto tra strategie di contatto in contesti di lavoro [Testing contact strategies in working contexts]
No full textNella presente ricerca, si è analizzata l’efficacia di alcuni modi di contatto nel migliorare le relazioni tra Italiani e immigrati. In particolare, si sono confrontate la teoria del contatto intergruppi (Brown e Hewstone, 2005), il modello dell’identità dell’ingroup comune (Gaertner e Dovidio, 2000), il modello dell’identità duplice (Gaertner et al., 2000). Lo strumento utilizzato era un questionario. I partecipanti, tutti Italiani, erano lavoratori di aziende in una regione del Nord. L’ipotesi era che la salienza dell’identità comune sarebbe stata la modalità di contatto più efficace per migliorare le relazioni tra Italiani e immigrati entro il contesto di lavoro. La generalizzazione degli effetti del contatto alla categoria generale degli immigrati avrebbe dovuto, invece, essere più forte quando, negli incontri tra lavoratori italiani e stranieri, era saliente l’identità duplice. I risultati hanno confermato l’ipotesi relativa all’efficacia dell’identità comune, anche se non si sono rilevati i previsti effetti di moderazione. Sono state, infine, discusse le implicazioni pratiche e teoriche dei risultati ottenuti
Denying full humanity to patients and nurses’ well-being: The moderating role of attachment security
Full text linkThe present study aimed to investigate the relationship between patient dehumanizing perceptions and nurses’ well-being, by testing the hypothesis that this relationship may be moderated by secure attachment orientation. A cross-sectional study was conducted, surveying Italian nurses through a que-stionnaire. Humanity attributions to patients and nurses were assessed using uniquely human and non-uniquely human traits; well-being was assessed using job burnout and work engagement measures. Re-sults showed patient infrahumanization effects, with nurses perceiving patients as less defined by uniquely human characteristics than nurses. A moderating effect of attachment security was found for work engagement, indicating that nurses defined by low security may be more inclined to resort to patient infrahumanization to improve well-being at work than their high-security colleagues. Practical implications of findings for the nursing profession and healthcare organizations are discussed
Can secure attachment be related to prosocial behaviors through the mediation of humanizing self-perceptions?
Full text linkIn this study, we explore whether different self-perceptions in terms of human traits are associated with attachment orientations (secure, anxious, and avoidant) and whether these perceptions explain the relationship between attachment orientations and prosocial behaviors. A sample of adult participants was investigated through an online questionnaire. To test the mediation model path analysis was applied. Findings show that secure attachment is related to the perception of being qualified by emotional responsiveness and relational skills (human nature traits). Anxious and avoidant attachment are, in contrast, related to self-denial of these traits. Attachment anxiety is also linked to the perception of not being defined by uniquely human characteristics like rationality and self-control. As predicted, humanity self-attributions mediated the relationship between dispositional attachment and prosocial or antisocial orientations. This mediation effect was observed when controlling for self-esteem. Limits and practical implications of findings are discussed
The dark triad, humanity attributions, and behavioral inclinations toward outgroups
Full text linkIn the present study, we explored the relationship between the dark personalities (psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism) and outgroup dehumanization. Four outgroups were considered, occupying a different position in the plane defined by the stereotypes of warmth and competence (see the stereotype content model). Participants (N = 800) completed an online questionnaire. Both subtle and blatant measures of humanity perceptions were used. As predicted, the three personalities were associated with outgroup dehumanization through the mediation of social dominance orientation. Dehumanizing perceptions, in turn, mediated the relationship between the Dark Triad and negative behavioral tendencies toward the outgroups. Practical implications of findings are discussed
Individual Differences, subjective well-being, and job satisfaction: The mediating role of workaholism
No full textThe aim of this research was to test a model where the workaholism dimensions, identified by Spence and Robbins (1992), have been considered as mediators of the relationships between individual differences (personality traits and personal values) and personal or professional outcomes such as subjective well-being and job satisfaction. Individual dispositions have been recognized as relevant predictors of work addiction, however, only few empirical evidence is available about the role of personal values. Participants were employees who completed a battery of scales. Results indicated that two workaholism dimensions played a mediational role between predictors and criterion variables. Specifically, work enjoyment mediated the relationships between antecedents and the two outcome variables while drive to work mediated only those with well-being. Moreover, results indicate that openness to change and selfenhancement values have relevant and opposed effects on the different facets of workaholism
Cuba and Italy: a comparative study on the determinants of health in a context of limited resources
No full textItalian and Cuban healthcare systems, although operating in very different context, show some of the best evidence in the world in terms of health outcomes. The Cuban model, unique because of an historical-economic-political asset not repeatable, had oriented its development on education and health promotion through a public health approach. The aim of our study is to perform a comparison of the Italian and Cuban healthcare system through the use of health indicators validated at international level in order to identify best practices. Cuba provides health care to all residents focusing strongly on primary care and health promotion and obtains similar results to Italy despite the limited availability of resources. Italy can win the challenge of sustainability and finally make their own healthcare system able to invest in prevention and primary care
Dehumanization in medical contexts: An expanding research field
No full textIn this contribution, we review the studies which have investigated humanity attributions in medical contexts. They evidence patient infrahumanization effects; healthcare professionals working in hospitals perceive patients as less characterized than physicians and nurses by the unique features of human species. It has also been found that the attribution of a lower human status to patients is associated with lower perceptions of stress and burnout. In addition, patient dehumanization may facilitate clinical problem solving. We support the position that patient dehumanization is a dysfunctional strategy to cope with stress; stress can be limited in other ways, for instance by taking appropriate organizational measures. Concerning clinical problem solving, physicians should find a balance between sharing patients' emotions and performing clinical tasks. Future research should investigate whether healthcare providers' dehumanizing perceptions affect patients' self-evaluations, patients' satisfaction with care, and their adherence to medical treatments
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