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Douglassia antillensis Fallon, 2016, new species
No full text<i>Douglassia antillensis</i>, new species <p>(Plate 58)</p> <p> <i>Cerodrillia thea</i> auct. non (Dall, 1884), is a misidentification by Pointier & Lamy (1998: 159, text photos [Guadeloupe specimen]) and by Massemin <i>et al.</i> (2009: 204, right text photo [Martinique specimen]).</p> <p> <i>Cerodrillia</i> auct. non <i>perryae</i> (Bartsch & Rehder, 1939): Williams (2005; 2009: species 1524, second photo from right only); Jong & Coomans (1988: 112 [Not pictured but may be this species on the basis of their description.]).</p> <p> <i>Cerodrillia</i> aff. <i>perryi</i> [sic] Bartsch & Rehder, 1939: Altena (1975: 62, pl. 7, figs. 3, 4, [off Suriname]) may be this species.</p> <p> <i>Cerodrillia</i> aff. <i>perryae</i> Bartsch & Rehder, 1939: Rios (1975: 132, pl. 40, fig. 593, [off Amapá, Brazil]) may be this species.</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype 12.1 x 5.1 mm (USNM 1291338); 19 paratypes, all from the type locality: 3 spec., 11.8 x 5.0, 11.4 x 5.1 & 11.2 x 4.6 mm (ANSP 464988); 3 spec., 11.4 x 4.7, 10.5 x 4.7 & 9.9 x 4.4 mm (USNM 129339); 3 spec., 11.5 x 4.9, 12.7 x 5.3 & 11.4 x 4.9 mm (UF 496637); 3 spec., 11.8 x 5.0, 11.4 x 4.9 & 11.4 x 5.0 mm (MZSP 122064); 3 spec., 11.2 x 4.7 & 12.1 x 4.9 & 11.6 x 4.8 mm (MNRJ 34636); 3 spec., 12.0 x 5.0, 12.3 x 5.2 & 12.1 x 4.9 (BMSM 14988); 1 spec. 11.5 x 4.8 mm (P. Stahlschmidt coll.). All G. Mackintosh! 17, 22 May 1998.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Dragon’s Bay, Grenada, in 24– 26 m.</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> An additional 188 specimens were examined: <i>E Florida:</i> 1 spec., 17.7 x 7.0 mm, off Bath & Tennis Club, Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co., McGinty! 22 May 1951 (UF 228880); 1 spec., 16.1 x 6.9 mm, in 55 m, off Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co, McGinty! 14 Mar 1950 (UF 155623). <i>Bahama Is:</i> 1 spec. 10.3 x 4.5 mm, in 27 m, Gold Rock, Grand Bahama I. (USNM 900127); 1 spec., 9.8 x 4.2 mm, Tamarind, Grand Bahama I. (26°30'45''N, 078°36'00''W) J. Worsfold! (ANSP 368904); 5 spec., 4.8 x 2.3, 5.7 x 2.9, 6.7 x 3.3, 7.0 x 3.6 & 9.5 x 4.5 mm, Grand Bahama I., 26°31'00''N, 078°46'30''W, J Worsfold! (ANSP 374454); 1 spec., 8.7 x 4.3 mm, Indian Cay, Grand Bahama I., 26°43'N, 079°01'W, J. Worsfold! (ANSP 355578); 1 spec., 12.7 x 5.4 mm, Indian Cay, Grand Bahama I., 26°42'45”N, 078°39'15”W, J. Worsfold! (ANSP 366924); 2 spec., 12.7 x 5.7 & 12.7 x 5.5 mm, in 20–21 m, off Cape Eleuthera, Eleuthera I., P. Fallon! 11 Aug 1999 (author’s coll.); 2 spec., 13.6 x 6.1 & 14.7 x 6.0 mm, in 18 m, 2.4 km S of Cape Eleuthera Harbor, Eleuthera I., R. Masino! 5 Jun 2002 (author’s coll.). <i>Turks & Caicos Is:</i> 1 spec., 14.7 x 5.8 mm, in 14 m, off West Caicos I. (USNM 900125); 1 spec., 15.8 x 6.2 mm, in 14 m, off West Caicos I. (UF 355565); 2 spec., 12.7 x 5.4 (proto missing) & 12.8 x 5.4 mm, in 14 m, Turks I., W. Harland! Jun 1989 (UF 470274). <i>Cuba.</i> 2 spec., 13.8 x 5.8 & 12.3 x 5.0 mm, in 18 m, Chorrera Sands, Havana, J. Finlay! (UF 156037). <i>Dominican Republic:</i> 1 spec., 14.1 x 6.5 mm, Las Salinas (USNM 900128). <i>Puerto Rico:</i> 4 spec., 15.0 x 5.9, 13.2 x 5.5, 13.2 x 5.7 & 11.8 x 5.0 mm, in 30 m, Tourmaline Reef, Mayaguez, G. Mackintosh! (author’s coll.). <i>Honduras:</i> 2 spec., 13.6 x 5.9 mm (author’s coll.) & 12.2 x 4.7 mm (USNM 900132), in 12 m, Vivorillo Cays, Bay Is., G. Mackintosh! 12 Aug 1992. <i>Antigua:</i> 2 spec., 14.5 x 6.1 & 13.9 x 5.8 mm, in 9 m, Pelican Bay, Barbuda I. (USNM 900123). <i>Guadeloupe:</i> 1 spec., 10.7 x 4.6 mm, in 15 m, Vieux-Fort (USNM 900124); 1 spec., 11.3 x 5.0 mm, in 14 m, Deshaies, G. Duffy! 12 Oct 1982 (UF 470273); 77 spec., 2.8–14.0 mm (avge. = 6.22 mm), in 5–60 m, at 31 KARUBENTHOS stations, May 2012 (cataloged between MNHN IM-2012-28027 and -28063), and in addition, the following 5 live-taken spec., tabularized below, listing barcode accession numbers for sequenced specimens (others preserved in alcohol):</p> <p> <i>Martinique:</i> 4 spec., 9.6 x 4.4, 10.0 x 4.4, 10.6 x 4.8 & 12.3 x 5.1 mm, in 14–18 m, Grande Anse d'Arlet, G. Mackintosh! 13–14 May, 2002 (author’s coll.); 2 spec., 11.1 x 5.3 & 9.0 x 4.1 mm, in 5 m, Anse d’Arlet (MNHN ex J. Colomb coll.); 2 spec.; 9.8 x 4.0 & 10.3 x 4.5 mm, Pointe Baleine (MNHN ex J. Colomb coll.); 1 spec., 10.7 x 4.6 mm, in 9 m, Ramiers I., G. Mackintosh! 26 Jun 1996 (author’s coll.); 2 spec. <i>St. Vincent & the Grenadines:</i> 1 spec., 12.5 x 5.0 mm, in 14 m, Petit Nevis I., (USNM 900131); 1 spec., 12.7 x 5.6 mm, in 12 m, Petit Nevis I., G.</p> <p> Mackintosh! 13 May 1993 (author’s coll.); 5 spec., 12.2 x 5.0, 11.9 x 4.7, 12.1 x 5.2, 13.2 x 5.7 & 13.0 x 5.5 mm, in 9 m, N Point, Chatham Bay, Union I., SVG, G. Mackintosh! 16 Apr 2007; 2 spec., 10.7 x 4.4 & 10.8 x 4.6, in 32 m, SW Point, Union I., G. Mackintosh! 13 Apr 2007 (author’s coll.); 2 spec., 13.7 x 5.8 & 11.1 x 4.8 mm, in 21 m, Chatham Bay, Union I., R. Masino! (author’s coll.). <i>Grenada:</i> 11 spec., 13.4 x 5.4, 10.8 x 4.4, 10.9 x 4.6, 10.3 x 4.3, 9.4 x 4.2, 11.1 x 4.7, 11.2 x 5.0, 11.1 x 4.8, 12.8 x 5.4, 12.2 x 5.3 & 12.4 x 5.1 mm, in 12–14 m, N end of Flamingo Bay, G. Mackintosh! 15 Apr 2004 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 11.6 x 4.8 mm, in 20 m, Flamingo Bay, G. Mackintosh!, 7 Apr 2004 (author’s coll.); 4 spec., 12.1 x 4.9, 11.5 x 5.0, 12.1 x 5.0 & 10.8 x 4.6 mm, in 12 m, Flamand Bay (author’s coll.); 5 spec., 12.7 x 5.7, 11.5 x 4.9, 10.9 x 4.9, 11.8 x 4.9 & 9.6 x 4.1 mm, in 7 m, S side Moliniere Pt., G. Mackintosh! 25 Jan 2007 (author’s coll.); 2 spec., 10.6 x 4.5 & 10.6 x 4.6 mm, in 18 m, Hillsborough Bay, Carriacou I., G. Mackintosh! 15 May 2005 (author’s coll.); 5 spec., 16.0 x 6.8, 12.5 x 5.3, 14.0 x 5.8, 13.6 x 5.3, 13.1 x 5.4 & 11.5 x 5.1 mm, in 8 m, Hillsborough Bay, Carriacou I., G. Mackintosh! 14 May 2005 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 11.5 x 5.1 mm, in 9 m, NW coast of Carriacou I., G. Mackintosh! 19 Dec 2006 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 14.6 x 5.7 mm, in 15 m, Ronde I., G. Mackintosh! 17 Jun 1998 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 13.6 x 5.6 mm, in 7 m, Ronde I., G. Mackintosh! 7 May 2005 (UF 470275); 1 spec., 14.0 x 5.8 mm, in 11 m, Saline I., G. Mackintosh! 1 Feb 1997 (author’s coll.). <i>Barbados:</i> 1 spec., 9.5 x 4.2 mm, in 139 m, offshore, Blake expedition (MCZ 7072); 1 spec., 16.0 x 6.9 mm, in 183 m, off St. James, F. Sander! 1978. (UF 470276); 2 spec., 11.5 x 5.2 & 11.5 x 4.9 mm, in ca. 180 m, off Holetown, St. James Par., 13°10'52''N, 059°38'30''W, F. Sander! Oct 1978 (ANSP 353510). <i>Netherlands Antilles:</i> 1 spec., 10.9 x 4.9 mm, from old bottle at 130–168 m, Sta. 1 off Sea Aquarium, SW Curaçao, 12°04.87'N, 68°53.75'W, M. Harasewych! aboard <i>Curasub</i>, 23 May 2012 (USNM 1199822 [to be split from <i>D.enae</i>]); 1 spec., 10.7 x 4.9 mm, in 244–274 m, Sta. 13-04 off Sea Aquarium, Bapor Kibra, Willemstad, Curaçao, C. Baldwin! aboard <i>Curasub</i>, Feb 2013 (USNM 1231396). <i>Trinidad & Tobago:</i> 2 spec., 12.9 x 5.3 & 10.2 x 4.4 mm, in 24 m, 0.4 km off Lambeau Beach, Tobago I., R. Masino! (author’s coll.); 3 spec., 14.9 x 6.1, 12.8 x 5.3 & 11.4 x 4.9 mm, in 21 m, 0.4 km ENE of beach, Speyside, Tobago I., R. Masino! (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 11.5 x 4.7 mm, in 17 m, Store Bay, Tobago I., P. Fallon! 11 Nov 1999 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 12.5 x 5.4 mm, in 30 m, Store Bay, Tobago I., G. Mackintosh! 20 Oct 1997 (author’s coll.). <i>Venezuela:</i> 1 spec., 15.0 x 6.5 mm, in 12 m, Tortuga I., G. Mackintosh! 27 Sep 1993 (author’s coll.); 1 spec. 12.8 x 5.3 mm, in 12 m, Tortuga I. (USNM 900129). <i>French Guiana:</i> 3 spec., 15.1 x 5.6, 2.4 x 1.4 & 2.7 x 1.5 mm, in 57 m, GUYANE 2014 Sta. CP4408, 05°36.3'N, 52°09.2'W, 10 Aug 2014 (MNHN not cataloged); 4 spec., 3.3 x 1.6, 3.8 x 2.0, 4.8 x 2.3 & 5.0 x 2.5 mm, in 102–103 m, GUYANE 2014 Sta. CP4390, 05°49'N, 51°28'W, 6 Aug 2014 (MNHN not cataloged); 1 spec., 11.6 x 4.8 mm, in 83–85 m, GUYANE 2014 Sta. CP4383, 06°25.6' N, 52°25.3'W, 4 Aug 2014 (MNHN IM-2012- 43469); 1 spec., 5.6 x 2.6 mm, in 95 m, GUYANE 2014 Sta. DW4359, 06°52.2'N, 53°02.6'W, 30 Jul 2014 (MNHN not cataloged); 4 spec., 2.3 x 1.2, 3.5 x 1.9, 4.2 x 2.0 & 4.7 x 2.2 mm, in 95–97 m, GUYANE 2014 Sta. CP4402, 06°18'N, 52°13.3'W, 8 Aug 2014 (MNHN not cataloged).</p> <p> <b>Range and habitat.</b> E Florida (off Palm Beach Co.); Bahama Is. (Grand Bahama I.; Eleuthera I.); Turks & Caicos Is.; Dominican Republic; Puerto Rico; Honduras (Vivorillo Cays); Antigua; Guadeloupe; Martinique; St. Vincent & the Grenadines; Granada; Barbados; Trinidad & Tobago (Tobago I.); Venezuela (Tortuga I.); Netherlands Antilles (Curaçao I.); and French Guiana. Specimens reported as <i>Cerodrillia perryae</i> in Jong & Coomans (1988: 112) are believed to be this species on the basis of a photograph of a specimen from Curaçao I. provided by M. Faber (pers. comm. 22 Apr 2011). <i>Douglassia antillensis</i> is associated with coral reefs and has been reported from 7–32 m depths on carbonate sand or carbonate sand and coral rubble in reef swales or pockets. Only dead-collected specimens occur at greater depths from off Palm Beach Co. (55 m), from off Barbados (128– 183 m), off Curaçao (244–274 m), and off French Guiana (57–103 m), perhaps transported there from shallower depths by currents.</p> <p> <b> Description. <i>Shell</i></b> small (to 17.7 mm), stoutly fusiform, glossy, truncated anteriorly, whorls up to 11, but more commonly around 9; last whorl approximately 63% of total length; whorls convex with bulging ribs; shell apex acutely pointed. <i>Protoconch</i> conical, of approximately 2½–2¾ glassy, smooth whorls, the exact number difficult to determine because the tip of the first is partially immersed in the second; color golden brown. <i>Axial sculpture</i> of prominent convex ribs, obsolete or absent in sulcus, most prominent and widest on whorl periphery a little below mid-whorl, and evanescent on the shell base below periphery. Rib crests round at whorl periphery but ridged in the sulcal region where ribs are narrower and slightly hooked to the left reflecting outline of anal sinus. Ribs number 8–9 on penultimate and 5–7 on the body whorl to the varix. Axial growth striae present on shell surface, curved in the region of the anal sulcus. <i>Varix</i> located just behind the anal sinus and resembles a cup handle when viewed ventrally. <i>Anal sinus</i> on shoulder adjacent to suture, deep, U-shaped, offset from the shell axis by parietal callus; edge of inner lip of sinus flared. <i>Spiral sculpture</i> of fine threads or ridges, barely visible below the periphery of last whorl, becoming stronger anteriorly on base and anterior fasciole. <i>Outer lip</i> thin, projecting out from the varix; with an irregular axial fold or thin axial rib; edge flexed out at anal sinus, waved below; with a shallow stromboid notch. <i>Inner lip</i> wide, margined, thick anteriorly, thinner on parietal wall, with a thick callus that forms one side of the anal sinus. Lip and callus edge raised by visible layers of successive deposition, especially in more mature specimens. <i>Anterior canal</i> short, open, unnotched, slightly curved to the right viewed ventrally, canal tip with a slightly flared marginal lip. Anterior fasciole not swollen; with about 6 faint spiral ridges. <i>Color</i> shell base dingy white, with a light to dark golden brown band just below body whorl periphery, visible as a narrow band at spire sutures; rib crests dingy white; band’s posterior edge fades to the shell’s base color; the anterior edge is more distinct.</p> <p> <b> Remarks. <i>Taxonomy</i>.</b> <i>Douglassia antillensis</i> has all the key characteristics of the genus: a concave sulcus with obsolete or absent ribs, a 2½- to 2¾-whorl protoconch, spiral microsculpture confined to the base, and a cuphandle-like varix positioned immediately behind the anal sinus. It is the commonest <i>Douglassia</i> in the Antilles, often misidentified as <i>Cerodrillia perryae</i> (Bartsch & Rehder, 1939) in museum collections. Many of the published reports of <i>C. perryae</i> from outside of Florida are also likely this species but cannot be confirmed without accompanying photographs. A list of reports of <i>C. perryae</i> that are likely this species is given in the synonymy list under that species. <b> <i>Variability</i>.</b> The average total length of 210 measured specimens is 9.72 mm (2.8–17.7 mm); the average W/ L ratio of 0.449. Given its relatively wide dispersal, it is fairly uniform in its morphology and color pattern, although there are some regional differences in color—those from the northern limit of its distribution, e. g. Grand Bahama I., appear to be lighter in color, and those from the southern limit (French Guiana) a mostly solid orange-brown color with white rib crests. Specimens are shown from various localities in Plate 58. <i> <i>Identification.</i> Douglassia antillensis</i> most closely resembles <i>D. enae</i> Bartsch, 1934 but differs principally in possessing less angular shoulders, most conspicuously on the last whorl. It also differs in coloration; the central band in <i>D. antillensis</i> tends to be less distinct on its adapical (posterior) margin, and its protoconch is dark, similar to the color of the band. <i>Douglassia enae</i> has a more distinct adapical margin on its central band, and a light colored protoconch. Although their ranges overlap, <i>D. antillensis</i> is reported from shallower water. <i>Douglassia antillensis</i> is often misidentified as <i>C. perryae</i> but is stouter, has 2½–2¾ protoconch whorls, not 1¾–2, and a slightly different color pattern. Because it is stouter, its W/ L ratio is greater (Average W/L = 0.449 for 210 specimens of <i>D. antillensis</i> versus 0.392 for the 17 specimens of <i>C. perryae</i>). The color pattern of <i>D. antillensis</i> is consistent among specimens, even across its much larger range than <i>C. perryae</i>. The latter varies in pattern; i.e., the central band is more variable in width, or even absent. <i>Douglassia antillensis</i> differs from <i>D. moratensis</i>, new species in having less convex body whorl, less prominent ribs on the shoulder, and a different color pattern. <i>Douglassia antillensis</i> has also been confused with <i>C. thea</i> (Dall, 1884), but that species’ spire is taller, color a uniform brown, and ribs shorter and more oblique.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The Antillean <i>Douglassia</i>. Although not strictly confined to the Antilles, <i>D. antillensis</i> appears to be quite common and widespread in this region, especially in the Windward Is.</p>Published as part of <i>Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1)</i> on pages 130-133, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/263299">http://zenodo.org/record/263299</a>
Splendrillia bahamasensis Fallon, 2016, new species
No full text<i>Splendrillia bahamasensis</i>, new species <p>(Plates 144, 145)</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype 16.2 x 6.2 mm (USNM 1291354); 24 paratypes, all from the type locality: 12 spec., 20.4 x 7.8, 16.1 x 6.2, 11.7 x 5.3 & 12.6 x 5.0 mm (USNM 1291355), 14.2 x 5.6, 16.6 x 6.5, 14.0 x 6.0 & 15.1 x 6.0 mm (ANSP 464994), 15.6 x 6.2, 14.2 x 5.6, 14.4 x 5.7 & 15.9 x 6.3 mm (UF 496645), NW side of N Elbow Cay; 2 spec., 15.6 x 5.9 mm (BMSM 14994) & 15.5 x 6.1 mm (BMSM 14992), NW side of N Elbow Cay; 3 spec., 12.3 x 4.9 & 12.5 x 4.9 mm (BMSM 14993) & 14.9 x 5.6 mm (BMSM 14995), NW side of Elbow Cays; 7 spec., 6.9 x 3.2, 7.6 x 3.4 & 7.8 x 3.4 mm (DMNH 240358), 9.8 x 4.1, 12.0 x 5.0, 12.0 x 5.2 & 14.8 x 5.7 mm (MZSP 122071), NW side of Elbow Cay. All types G. Mackintosh! Jan–Feb 1996.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Elbow Cays, Cay Sal Bank, Bahama Is., at 9– 12 m.</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> An additional 84 specimens were examined, all from the Bahama Is.: <i>Grand Bahama I.:</i> 1 spec., 8.6 x 4.4 mm, in 3.7–5 m, S end, Wood Cay, P. Fallon!, 13 Jul 2000 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 10.5 x 4.6 mm, off E side of Freeport Harbor inlet, 26°31'00"N, 078°46'30"W, Worsfold! (ANSP 374479); 7 spec., 2 largest: 11.5 x 4.3 & 11.9 x 5.1 mm, on algae covered rocks Freeport Dist., West End, 26°41'N, 078°58'W, J. Worsfold!, 1981 (ANSP 355569); 1 spec., 6.6 x 2.9 mm, in beach drift, West End, Bob Quigley! 1985 (H.G. Lee coll.); 8 spec., 6 largest: 11.8 x 5.1, 12.0 x 4.6, 9.4 x 3.6, 8.5 x 3.2, 9.4 x 4.0 & 14.2 x 5.3 mm, in 0–0.3 m, Settlement Pt., 26°42'15"N, 078°59'50"W, J. Worsfold! (ANSP 368585); 1 spec., 9.4 x 4.0 mm, in 24 m, Indian Cay, 26°42'45"N, 078°39'15"W, J. Worsfold! (ANSP 366925); 14 very young specimens, 2 measured: 7.0 x 3.0 & 8.5 x 3.5 mm, in 24 m, Gold Rock, 26°30'00''N, 078°22'00''W, J. Worsfold! (ANSP 369705); 5 spec., 4.3 x 2.5, 7.5 x 3.2, 8.1 x 3.5, 8.5 x 3.8 & 9.1 x 4.0 mm, in 24 m, Gold Rock, 20 mi E of Freeport, 26°35'N, 078°22'W, J. Worsfold! 1981 (ANSP 355563); 5 spec., 6.4 x 2.6, 9.4 x 4.0, 3.8 x 2.9, 8.7 x 3.7, & 4.3 mm, in 18–38 m, Lucaya, 26°29'45"N, 078°37'15"W, Worsfold! (ANSP 368081, 368082). <i>Bimini Is.:</i> 1 spec., 12.8 x 4.8 mm, in 1.8 m, Honeymoon Cove, Gun Cay, G. Mackintosh! 26 Feb 1996 (author’s coll.); 2 spec., 13.1 x 5.4 (author’s coll.) & 12.8 x 4.9 (USNM 900130) mm, in 4 m, Honeymoon Cove, Gun Cay, G. Mackintosh! 7 Apr 1994; 7 spec., 6 measured: 14.4 x 5.4, 13.9 x 5.4, 13.0 x 5.0, 10.1 x 4.1, 11.8 x 4.9 & 11.4 x 4.3 mm, Gun Cay, Bimini Is., McGinty! 21 May 1947 (UF 155958). <i>Berry Is.:</i> 1 spec., 10.0 x 4.2 mm, in 0.9 m, Hoffmans Cay, Pat Bingham! 20 Jun 1998 (H.G. Lee coll.). <i>Exuma Cays:</i> 4 spec., 10.4 x 4.6, 10.2 x 3.9, 11.3 x 4.5 & 11.6 x 5.0 mm, Ship Channel Cay, H. Dodge! (USNM 598737). <i>Cay Sal Bank:</i> 2 spec. 11.7 x 4.9 and 14.6 x 6.2 mm, in 9.8–11 m, E side of Dog Rocks, G. Mackintosh!, 15, 22 Feb 1996 (author’s coll.); 17 spec., 11.8 x 5.1, 12.9 x 5.3, 13.7 x 5.6, 13.5 x 5.5, 12.8 x 5.4, 13.5 x 5.4, 14.4 x 5.6, 14.4 x 5.7, 15.1 x 5.8, 14.8 x 6.0, 15.7 x 5.8, 15.5 x 6.1, 15.6 x 6.4, 16.4 x 6.4, 16.5 x 6.3, 16.2 x 6.2 & 13.7 x 5.5 mm, in 10 m, W side of Dog Rocks, G. Mackintosh! 24 Feb 1996 (author’s coll.); 1 spec., 11.5 x 4.5 mm, in 11 m, Cay Sal, G. Mackintosh!, 21 Apr 1994 (author’s coll.); 6 spec., 9.5 x 4.4, 10.2 x 5.5, 14.5 x 5.9 (all decollate) & 16.6 x 6.6 (author’s coll.), 9.2 x 4.2 & 9.2 x 4.3 (USNM 900111) mm, in 9 m, NW side of Elbow Cay, G. Mackintosh! 11 Jan 1966.</p> <p> <b>Range and habitat.</b> Bahama Is. (Grand Bahama I.; Bimini Is.; Berry Is.; Exuma Cays, and Cay Sal Bank). Reported from shallow sandy bottoms and on hard surfaces in approximately 2– 24 m.</p> <p> <b> Description. <i>Shell</i></b> small (to 20.4 mm); fusiform, truncated anteriorly; glossy, whorls appressed, with sloping shoulders, convex below; body whorl large compared to the spire, 62.0% of total length. <i>Protoconch</i> paucispiral, of approximately 2 smooth round whorls, the tip of the first partially submerged; the second larger than the first. <i>Axial sculpture</i> of broad low ribs, crests of most ribs rounded anteriorly, becoming narrower near the sulcus then terminating at sulcus; evanesce on shell base. Ribs slightly oblique on early whorls, but progressively less so to body whorl; absent between the varix and edge of outer lip; about as wide as their interspaces. Ribs 8 on penultimate (6–10), 6 to varix on body whorl (4–8 on specimens with a varix). Heavy, compact growth striae cover shell surface. <i>Spiral sculpture</i> of microscopic spiral lines overall, mostly obscured by dense striae; with weak spiral ridges on the anterior fasciole. <i>Sulcus</i> broad, slightly concave, about ¼ spire whorl height, with trace swellings of reduced ribs. <i>Varix</i> broader and higher than preceding ribs, positioned about ⅓-turn from the edge of the outer lip. <i>Outer lip</i> smooth, thick, juts out somewhat and flexed inward at its edge; a slight indentation present anteriorly suggests a stromboid notch. <i>Anal sinus</i> moderately deep in mature individuals, adjoins suture near back of sinus, behind parietal callus. <i>Inner lip</i> very thin, not margined, except in old shells; erect anteriorly near tip of canal, thin on parietal wall, ends in a low callus at suture line. <i>Anterior canal</i> short but distinct, open, notched. <i>Columella</i> slightly twisted to the left anteriorly viewed ventrally; anterior fasciole slightly swollen. <i>Color</i> white with light pink to rose-colored bands mid-whorl and anteriorly; dark rose-colored streaks between ribs, and on apertural side of varix. Other forms are patterned similarly with brownish orange, or a combination of brownishorange and rose; all white forms also occur.</p> <p> <b> Remarks. <i>Taxonomy</i>.</b> <i>Splendrillia bahamasensis</i> has all the important characteristics of <i>Splendrillia</i>: a smooth sulcus, axial ribs that terminate at the sulcus, a hump-like varix located about ⅓-turn from the edge of the outer lip, and an anal sinus that adjoins the suture at its rear. It is unique among <i>Splendrillia</i> in possessing heavy growth striae. <b> <i>Variability</i>.</b> The average length of 85 specimens is 12.24 mm (3.8–20.4 mm); the average W/ L ratio of 54 measured specimens is 0.413. Although color varies, no geographic pattern in the occurrence of pink or brownish orange forms could be discerned. All-white (dingy white) forms are rare. <i> <i>Identification.</i> Splendrillia bahamasensis</i> is commonly misidentified as <i>S. coccinata</i> (Reeve, 1845) by collectors and in museum collections; perhaps hampered by the absence of a published photograph of a <i>S. coccinata</i> type. Authors including the Bahama Is. in the range of <i>S. coccinata</i> have probably misidentified this species; the occurrence of verified specimens of <i>S. coccinata</i> is limited to the lower Lesser Antilles (see description of <i>S. coccinata</i>). <i>Splendrillia bahamasensis</i> is most easily distinguished from its congeners by its heavy growth striae. It also differs from <i>S. coccinata</i> by its larger maximum total length (20.4 versus 10.0 mm), straighter and fewer ribs. <i>Splendrillia bahamasensis</i> is also larger than <i>S. interpunctata</i> (largest 20.4 versus 16.5 mm). The ribs of <i>S. interpunctata</i> are narrower, more oblique, and sharper at their crests. While growth striae are noticeably present in <i>S. interpunctata</i>, they are not as dense so the shell still appears translucent, which is not the case for <i>S. bahamasensis</i>.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The Bahamas <i>Splendrillia</i>. Named for the country of the type locality and where all specimens reported here have been found.</p>Published as part of <i>Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1)</i> on pages 283-287, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/263299">http://zenodo.org/record/263299</a>
Fenimorea mackintoshi Fallon, 2016, new species
No full text<i>Fenimorea mackintoshi</i>, new species <p>(Plate 85)</p> <p> <b>Types.</b> Holotype 13.0 x 4.6 mm, G. Mackintosh!, 15 Mar 1996 (USNM 1291349); 15 paratypes: 1 spec., 12.5 x 4.6 mm, from type locality, G. Mackintosh!, 15 Mar 1996 (USNM 1291350); 13 spec: 13.7 x 5.1, 12.8 x 4.7, 13.9 x 5.1, 13.2 x 5.0 & 13.7 x 5.0 mm (ANSP 464990), 12.5 x 5.0, 13.4 x 4.8, 12.6 x 4.6, 13.4 x 5.2 mm (UF 496642), 12.3 x 4.6, 12.3 x 4.5, 12.3 x 4.4 & 15.3 x 5.5 mm (author’s coll.), in 6.4 m, S end of Highborne Cay, Exuma, Bahama Is., G. Mackintosh!, 17 Mar 1996; 1 spec., 14.9 x 5.9 mm, at 12 m, Start Bay, Mayaguana I., Bahama Is., G. Mackintosh!, 18 Feb 1993 (author’s coll.).</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> W side of Allen’s Cay, Exuma, Bahama Is., in 6.4 m.</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> 1 spec., 13.1 x 5.0 mm, at 3 m, Honeymoon Cove, Gun Cay, Bimini Is., G. Mackintosh! 8 Apr 1994 (author’s coll.).</p> <p> <b>Range and habitat.</b> Bahama Is. (Gun Cay, Bimini Is.; Allan’s and Highborne Cays, Exuma; Mayaguana I.) in 3– 12 m.</p> <p> <b> Description. <i>Shell</i></b> small (to 15.3 mm), fusiform, truncated anteriorly, to approximately 9 whorls; body whorl large compared to spire whorls, approximately 58% of total shell height. <i>Protoconch</i> of 2 smooth round whorls, the first only slightly smaller in diameter than second. <i>Axial sculpture</i> of weak, narrow ribs on first, strong on second and succeeding whorls, extending from suture-to-suture, abruptly narrowed, arcuate, and reduced in the sulcus, forming a distinct shoulder at the edge of the sulcus. Ribs about as wide or less than their interspaces; most slightly opisthocline overall, 12–13 on the penultimate whorl, 7–11 to the varix on the body whorl. Microscopic growth striae are present throughout, but finer compared with other members of the genus. <i>Varix</i> broad, hump-like, ⅓-turn back from edge of outer lip. <i>Spiral sculpture</i> consisting of a microsculpture of fine parallel jagged lines closely spaced in sulcus, more widely spaced anterior to the shoulder (approximately 4/mm on body whorl), together with fine axial striae that form shallow pits on shell surface. <i>Sulcus</i> wide, about ¼- to ⅓-whorl height; slightly convex with rib traces curved in an arc reflecting the outline of the anal sinus. <i>Outer lip</i> thin, smooth-edged, forming a gentle continuous curve from the anal sinus to the canal tip; strengthened by up to four irregular axial folds between the varix and edge of outer lip; not toothed but with small crenulations along its inside edge; stromboid notch shallow. <i>Anal sinus</i> deep, sinus angled away from the suture by a parietal callus. <i>Inner lip</i> margined; thickest on the anterior canal, thin in the parietal area, and forming a thick parietal callus near the junction with the outer lip. <i>Anterior canal</i> short, deeply channeled and notched; twisted to the left viewed ventrally; anterior fasciole slightly swollen, its surface marked by spiral ridges. <i>Color</i> an uneven brown with lighter and darker areas, except apex (protoconch and first teleoconch whorl), anterior fasciole, and distal end of anterior canal, which are white. Darker brown in a band on the top of the shoulder and between the ribs; rib crests and anterior halves of the whorls lighter brown. Some specimens have irregular patches of white or broken white bands.</p> <p> <b> Remarks. <i>Taxonomy.</i></b> Fenimorea mackintoshi exhibits all of the critical characteristics of <i>Fenimorea</i>: numerous ribs from suture-to-suture but transformed in the sulcus, surface microsculpture typical for the genus, and varix hump-like about ⅓-turn from the edge of the outer lip. It is unique for the genus in its coloration and in possessing a relatively narrow shell. <i>Variability.</i> The specimens vary little in color; some exhibit faint white bands on whorl shoulder or irregular patches, but otherwise quite uniform. The average length of 17 measured specimens is 13.23 mm (12.3–15.3 mm), their average W/ L ratio is 0.372. The specimens vary by only 3 mm in length, and are relatively slim for the genus. <i>Identification.</i> Specimens of <i>F. mackintoshi</i> first appear to be small or oddlycolored <i>F. f u ca t a</i> because of its similarity in shell sculpture and color; however, it differs in a number of ways. The protoconch whorls are more evenly sized, not tapering; the teleoconch is slenderer; the microscopic spiral lines are not as numerous and variable as in <i>F. f u c at a</i>; the axial growth lines are not as prominent; and the outer lip lacks projecting teeth. From <i>F. jongreenlawi</i>, new species and <i>F. caysalensis</i>, new species it differs in size, shell shape, shell microsculpture, and in coloration.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Gary Mackintosh’s <i>Fenimorea</i>. Named for Gary Mackintosh who collected all of the specimens studied here, and for the contribution to science his efforts have yielded.</p>Published as part of <i>Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1)</i> on page 181, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/263299">http://zenodo.org/record/263299</a>
Fenimorea jongreenlawi Fallon, 2016, new species
No full textFenimorea jongreenlawi, new species (Plate 83) Types. Holotype 12.3 x 5.0 mm, G. Mackintosh! 14 Jul 1996 (USNM 1291347); 32 paratypes: 2 spec., 10.4 x 4.4 & 9.9 x 4.2 mm, in 6 m, Charlestown Bay, Canouan I., SVG, G. Mackintosh!, 7 Aug 1997 (USNM 1291348); 5 spec., 11.8 x 4.6, 10.5 x 4.4, 10.6 x 4.6, 10.3 x 4.4 & 10.4 x 4.3 mm, in 4.6 m, Dove Cay, Canouan I., SVG, G. Mackintosh!, 6 Jun 2004 (ANSP 464987); 2 spec., 12.0 x 4.7 & 11.4 x 4.6 mm, in 8 m, Petit Nevis I., SVG (ANSP 464983); 4 spec., 10.6 x 4.2, 11.4 x 4.3, 10.5 x 4.5 & 10.3 x 4.0 mm, in 8 m, Petit Nevis I., SVG (BMSM 14990); 6 spec., 12.2 x 5.0, 11.4 x 4.6, 11.4 x 4.3 mm (UF 496639), 10.3 x 4.3 mm (UF 496640), 10.8 x 4.5 & 11.6 x 4.6 mm (UF 496641), in 8–9 m, Petit Nevis I., SVG; 6 spec., 11.0 x 4.5, 11.2 x 4.3, 11.7 x 4.5, 12.2 x 5.0, 9.7 x 4.0 & 9.9 x 4.0 mm, in 8–9 m, Petit Nevis I., SVG (MZSP 122066); 6 spec., 9.8 x 3.8, 10.8 x 4.3, 10.7 x 4.5, 11.2 x 4.3, 12.3 x 5.0 & 10.0 x 4.0 mm, in 8–9 m, Petit Nevis I., SVG (author’s coll.); 1 spec. 10.4 x 4.2 mm, in 8–9 m, Petit Nevis I., SVG, G. Mackintosh! (P. Stahlschmidt coll.). Type locality. Petit Nevis I., SVG, in 8 m. Other material examined. 1 spec., 9.3 x 4.0 mm, 0.8 km W of Pigeon Pt., Tobago I., Trinidad & Tobago, R. Masino! (author’s coll.). Range and habitat. SVG (Canouan I.; Petit Nevis I.); Trinidad & Tobago (Tobago I.). Reported from 6– 9 m. Description. Shell small (to 12.3 mm in total length), stoutly fusiform, bullet-shaped, with a short, acuminate spire and truncated last whorl; to about 8 ¼ whorls, slightly convex on spire, last whorl approximately 64 % of shell length. Axial sculpture dominates. Protoconch paucispiral, of 2 smooth round whorls, the second bulging, edge slightly beyond suture with first teleoconch whorl. Axial sculpture of low, round ribs that extend from suture-tosuture, slightly reduced and curved in the sulcus, evanescing on shell base. Ribs number 11–15 on penultimate and 6–9 on last whorl to the varix. Ribs about as wide as their interspaces. Growth striae cover shell surface; striae on trailing sides run parallel with ribs; striae on leading side cross over ribs obliquely at rib shoulders, thence to suture, slightly arcuate in sulcus. Spiral sculpture of very fine threads, more closely spaced in sulcus, becoming slightly ridge-like on shell base and anterior fasciole. These are made jagged by intersecting, more closely spaced growth striae creating spirally aligned rectangular pits between the threads, the characteristic microsculpture of Fenimorea. Larger, more widely spaced spiral grooves are lacking. Sulcus demarcated with a crease anteriorly, with low, slightly convex, arcuate ribs, spiral lines and growth striae. Vari x broad, hump-like, ⅓-turn back from the edge of the outer lip. Outer lip projecting, somewhat flattened from the varix to its edge; smooth, without teeth, with a weak indentation anteriorly for a stromboid notch. Anal sinus deep, close to suture, round at its apex, partially constricted at its opening by a parietal callus and projection of outer lip. Inner lip margined, thickest anteriorly, thin on the parietal wall, formed into a parietal lobe posteriorly. Anterior canal short, open, slightly notched, anterior fasciole not swollen. Color white with light brown band below periphery; darker brown in intercostal spaces, patches on sulcus, and varix. Remarks. Taxonomy. Fenimorea jongreenlawi has all the traits of the genus: shell surface microsculpture typical for the genus, ribs suture-to-suture that are modified in the sulcus, a broad, hump-like varix, and a deep Ushaped anal sinus. It is unique for its small size and coloration. Variability. The 34 examined specimens have an average total length of 10.87 mm (9.3–12.3 mm) and an average W/ L ratio of 0.405. While the specimens from SVG are very similar in color, a single specimen from Tobago I. is more orange in color. It is not known if this single representative is typical of the Tobagoan population. Identification. Fenimorea jongreenlawi is similar to F. caysalensis, new species, F. biminensis, new species, F. glennduffyi, new species, F. culexensis, Usticke, 1969, and F. fabae, new species. From F. caysalensis it differs in being less stout (W/L = 0.405 versus 0.449), in possessing slightly fewer axials (11–15 versus 12–18 on the penultimate whorl), and in having a smooth, not scalloped outer lip. Also, F. caysalensis is more darkly colored. From F. bimensis and F. glennduffyi it differs in lacking minute “teeth” on the edge of the outer lip, is a paler brown color, and has a slightly acuminate spire tip, which is not so in F. biminensis and F. glennduffyi. From F. culexensis it differs in being smaller (10.87 mm versus 11.97 mm average total length), in lacking spiral grooves on the last whorl, in possessing a round not squarish base, and in coloration. From F. fabae it differs in being larger (10.87 versus 8.99 mm average total length), in possessing ribs and a more streamlined profile. It also has a different color pattern. Etymology. Named in honor of Dr. Jon Greenlaw, ornithologist and conchologist, who was hugely influential in stimulating my interest in molluscan taxonomy.Published as part of Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1) on page 177, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/26329
Calliclava tobagoensis Fallon, 2016, new species
No full textCalliclava tobagoensis, new species (Plate 18) Clathrodrillia tryonii auct. non (Dall, 1889): is a misidentification by Williams (2005; 2009: species 1546 [R photo pair only]) and likely this species. Type material. Holotype 11.3 x 4.3 mm (USNM 1291324); 56 paratypes: 5 [of a total of 11] spec., 11.5 x 4.4, 11.4 x 4.1, 10.7 x 4.0, 9.8 x 3.8 & 9.2 x 3.6 mm, from on soft carbonate and mineral sand, 0.8 km W of Pigeon Point, Tobago I., R. Masino! (UF 496633); 16 spec., 12.6 x 4.7, 12.7 x 4.9, 9.5 x 3.7, 10.3 x 3.9 & 10.5 x 4.0 mm (MNRJ 34640), 10.8 x 4.0, 8.8 x 3.4, 9.9 x 3.9, 11.2 x 4.2, 10.1 x 4.1, 9.7 x 3.7, 9.5 x 3.7, 11.8 x 4.4 & 12.8 x 4.8 mm (MZSP 122056), 10.2 x 3.9 & 10.2 x 4.2 mm (author’s coll.), in 23 m, 2.4 km NNW of Crown Pt., Store Bay, Tobago I., R. Masino!; 13 [of 21] spec., 12.5 x 4.8, 11.4 x 4.4, 11.2 x 4.3, 11.6 x 4.4 & 11.5 x 4.4 mm (USNM 1291325), 10.8 x 4.1, 11.7 x 4.2, 11.4 x 4.4, 11.7 x 4.4, 10.4 x 4.0, 11.1 x 4.2, 9.7 x 4.0 & 10.0 x 3.9 mm (ANSP 464982), in 10–30 m on silty fine sand, Store Bay, Tobago I., N. Deynzer!; 4 [of 6] spec., 9.5 x 4.1, 7.2 x 3.2 mm (BMSM 14986), 12.0 x 4.5 mm (BMSM 14984) & 11.6 x 4.7 mm (BMSM 14985), in 15–24 m, on silty fine sand, Store Bay, Tobago I., P. Fallon! 8, 11 Nov 1999; 2 spec., 10.0 x 4.1 & 9.5 x 3.8 mm, in 15–18 m, Store Bay, Tobago I., G. Mackintosh! Mar 2002 (P. Stahlschmidt coll.). Type locality. 2.4 km NNW of Crown Pt., Store Bay, Tobago I., Trinidad & Tobago in 23 m. Other material examined. An additional 18 specimens were examined: 2 spec., 10.9 x 4.5 & 9.8 x 4.0 mm, in 7–11 m, off Buccoo Point, Tobago, C.W. Sheafer! May 1958 (UF 156118); 14 spec., 11.4 x 4.8, 11.7 x 4.5, 11.1 x 4.5 & 11.0 x 4.7 mm (USNM 1291326), 11.1 x 4.6 mm (ANSP 464971), 10.1 x 3.9, 11.5 x 4.7 & 10.1 x 4.2 mm (ANSP 464981), 10.0 x 4.2, 10.6 x 4.3, 10.2 x 4.1 & 12.0 x 4.6 mm (MZSP 122055), 10.8 x 4.4 & 10.5 x 4.2 mm (author’s coll.), in 9 m, Maracas Bay, Trinidad I., G. Mackintosh! 8 Dec 2003; 1 spec., 11.9 x 4.6 mm, in 90–100 m, Nieuwpoort, Curaçao, T. McCleery! May 2004 (P. Stahlschmidt coll.); 1 spec., 12.0 x 4.5 mm, in 10–12 m, off Malmok Beach, Aruba, Neth. Antilles, M. Coltro!, Sep 2004 (P. Stahlschmidt coll.). Range and habitat. Trinidad & Tobago (Tobago I.; Trinidad I.); Netherlands Antilles (Curaçao; Aruba). Reported from on fine silty sands in a relatively sheltered bay in 9– 24 m. Description. Shell small (to 12.8 mm), fusiform, glossy, translucent between ribs and spiral threads; whorls convex, about 9 ¾ total, the last approximately 57 % of total length; sulcus present, about ¼-whorl height; principal sculptural element of ribs and spiral threads. Protoconch approximately 1 ¾– 2 ¼ whorls, a clearly visible carina arising about ¼-turn from the tip beginning mid-whorl, but is sub-peripheral beginning on 2 nd; the 2 nd whorl is wider than first teleoconch whorl, the protoconch appearing somewhat bulbous. Axial sculpture of numerous narrow, opisthocline ribs, suture-to-suture; recurved in sulcus and extending to anterior fasciole on last, 14–15 on penultimate, 10–13 on last whorl to varix or to varix crest where they often appear; rib interspaces much wider than ribs. Varix broad, hump-like, approximately ⅓-turn from edge of outer lip. Spiral sculpture of flattened threads, interspaces less than thread width, or alternatively, wide grooves evenly spaced creating the appearance of flattened threads, closer and narrower in sulcus; threads override axials giving them a somewhat nodulose appearance. Sulcus convex, with 4–6 closely packed spiral threads, together appearing like a wide subsutural fold. Outer lip flattened from varix to edge of lip thus projecting out from the curvature of the shell in apical view; with up to 5 axial folds; lip edge forms a flat arc from anal sinus to the stromboid notch, and is inflected at anterior canal, bent inward posteriorly. Stromboid notch deep, edge flared. Anal sinus deep, mid-way on whorl shoulder, U-shaped, entrance slightly constricted by callus on parietal wall; outward flare of sinus edge gives the appearance of being spout-like. Inner lip erect anteriorly where a chink forms between it and fasciole on older specimens, recumbent and wider on parietal wall, and formed into a lobe posteriorly; successive growth increments visible on edge of lip. Anterior canal open, moderately long, turned to the right when viewed ventrally; canal end upturned, and notched asymmetrically across its width. Anterior fasciole slightly swollen with spiral threads on surface forming a marginal ridge along its adapical edge. Color pink with light orange-yellow maculation between ribs in the sulcus; flesh-colored with light brown between ribs in the sulcus; brownish-pink with a whitish mid-whorl band and rib crests, sulcus and above suture darker, apex pink and a brown stain on the varix, or lavender pink with light brown between ribs in the sulcus and a brown-stained varix. Remarks. Taxonomy. Calliclava tobagoensis has all of the characteristics of the genus: numerous ribs that extend from suture-to-suture with a distinctly delineated sulcus, conspicuous spiral grooves (threads) across intercostal spaces, and a protoconch with both whorls carinate. Variability. The average total length of 54 specimens is 10.79 mm (7.2–12.8 mm) and their average W/ L ratio is 0.392. Specimens vary in color by locality (of examined specimens); those from Store Bay, Tobago I. are brownish-pink, have a whitish mid-whorl band and rib crests, darker sulcus, pink apex; and brown-stained varix. Those from Maracas Bay, Trinidad I. are lavender pink and have light brown between ribs in the sulcus, and a brown stained varix. Specimens from the latter locality are stouter than those from the former. The Trinidadian 14 have an average W/ L ratio of 0.406, compared to the slimmer W/ L ratio of 0.386 of the 39 Tobagoan specimens. These differences in color and form are not believed to merit their separation at species level, but further study is merited. Identification. Calliclava tobagoensis may be confused with Agladrillia rhodochroa (Dautzenberg, 1900), which is similar in size, color, and sculpture. The distinctions are that A. rhodochroa has a smooth almost translucent last whorl dorsum, without axials, the varix precedes the edge of the outer lip by about ½-turn, and has a “pinched” anterior canal, unlike the more even tapered one of C. tobagoensis. Calliclava tobagoensis is also similar to C. fasciata, new species but differs in being smaller, differently colored, and has some minor differences in shell morphology. The average total length of C. tobagoensis is 10.8 mm versus 16.70 mm for the larger C. fasciata. Calliclava tobagoensis has a fairly uniformlycolored shell with maculations in the intercostal spaces on whorl shoulders; C. fasciata has a white shell with a wide, mid-whorl spiral color band. From Calliclava vigorata, new species it differs in being smaller (average total length of 10.80 mm versus 14.08 mm), in possessing a narrower last whorl and an anterior canal that is straighter, not bent as much to the right as in C. vigorata, when viewed ventrally. Etymology. The Tobago Calliclava, named for the island in which its type locality is located.Published as part of Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1) on pages 49-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/26329
Fenimorea glennduffyi Fallon, 2016, new species
No full text<i>Fenimorea glennduffyi</i>, new species <p>(Plate 81)</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype 10.8 x 4.7 mm (UF 470307); 5 paratypes: 2 spec., 10.2 x 4.2 & 10.4 x 4.4 mm, from the type locality, G. Duffy! Apr 1985 (UF 470308); 2 spec., 11.9 x 4.9 & 11.8 x 4.8 mm, in 1.2 m, ca. 1.6 km E of Salinas Point, SW of Bani, Dominican Republic, E. García! Jan 1986 (EFG 7855); 1 spec., 11.5 x 4.8 mm, in 0.9– 1.2 m, Las Salinas, Dominican Republic, G. Duffy! 15 Oct 1994 (USNM 1146305).</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> One all-white spec., 9.6 x 4.5 mm, in 0.9–1.2 m, Las Salinas, Dominican Republic, G. Duffy! 15 Oct 1994 (USNM 1146597).</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Las Salinas, Dominican Republic, at 0.6–1.2 m.</p> <p> <b>Range and habitat.</b> Dominican Republic (Las Salinas and vicinity). Reported live-taken from shallow water at 0.6–1.2 m.</p> <p> <b> Description. <i>Shell</i></b> small (to 11.9 mm in total length), fusiform, anterior truncated, up to 8¼ slightly convex whorls, the last approximately 63% of total length; sculpture of axials, aperture narrowly oval. <i>Protoconch</i> of approximately 1¾–2 smooth round whorls. <i>Axial sculpture</i> of low narrow ribs that extend from suture-to-suture on spire whorls, evanesce just below periphery on last, number 11–12 on penultimate, 6–8 on last whorl. Ribs highest on shoulder, greatly reduced and slightly recurved in sulcus, then greatly reduced below periphery such that they appear almost knob-like. <i>Varix</i> low, broad and hump-like, about ⅓-turn from the edge of the outer lip. <i>Spiral sculpture</i> of microscopic threads and more widely space shallow grooves. The threads are intersected by growth striae of about equal strength producing the typical pattern of aligned microscopic “pits”; grooves end in dimples or projections at outer lip’s edge. <i>Sulcus</i> about ⅓-whorl height, ribs convex; microsculpture present. <i>Outer lip</i> thin, flattened from varix, with several very low axial folds; edge of lip forms a flat arc from anal sinus to anterior canal; stromboid notch faint. <i>Anal sinus</i> a U-shaped notch near suture, entrance slightly constricted by parietal lobe. <i>Inner lip</i> narrow, recumbent, margined, pinched up on anterior canal, very thin on parietal wall, and formed into a lobe at anal sinus. <i>Anterior canal</i> short, open, notched; fasciole not swollen. <i>Color</i> off white with a central brown spiral band, a spiral band of intermittent brown patches in sulcus and over shoulder, and a large brown patch on varix.</p> <p> <b> Remarks. <i>Taxonomy.</i></b> Fenimorea glennduffyi has all the diagnostic characteristics of <i>Fenimorea</i>: ribs sutureto-suture but greatly reduced in the sulcus, microsculpture of very fine spiral threads and growth striae that show intervening pits and a large hump-like varix about ⅓-turn from the edge of the outer lip. <i>Variability.</i> The six type specimens have an average total length of 11.10 mm (10.2–11.9 mm) and an average W/ L ratio of 0.418. Nearly all-white forms occur (faint color appears on the varix). <i> <i>Identification.</i> Fenimorea glennduffyi</i> is closest to <i>F. caysalensis</i>, new species. It differs from that species in possessing shouldered whorls and fewer ribs (11–12 versus 12–16 on the penultimate whorl). An all-white form of <i>F. glennduffyi</i> (Fig. 8) originally from the same lot as the one depicted in Fig. 7 is very similar to <i>F. ni v al i s</i>, new species, of Brazil, but differs principally in possessing fewer ribs that are broader and have rounder crests. <i>Fenimorea glennduffyi</i> is also similar to <i>F. biminensis</i>, new species. It differs in being slightly more stout (W/L = 0.418 versus 0.395), and in possessing a narrow, not the wide, central spiral band of <i>F. biminensis.</i></p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Glenn Duffy’s <i>Fenimorea</i>. Named in honor of Mr. Glenn Duffy for his contribution of mollusks from the Dominican Republic for scientific study.</p>Published as part of <i>Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1)</i> on pages 173-174, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/263299">http://zenodo.org/record/263299</a>
Agladrillia aureola Fallon, 2016, new species
No full textAgladrillia aureola, new species (Plate 1) Agladrillia (?) lassula auct. non Jung, 1969 is a misidentification by Petuch (1981: 311, 338; figs. 109, 110) for living specimens from Venezuela (Falcon: Gulf of Triste, not examined). A. lassula was described from the Springvale Formation of Trinidad (Jung, 1969: 550, pl. 59, figs. 1–3) [=Late Pliocene (Carr-Brown & Frampton, 1979)]. Agladrillia lassula auct. non Jung, 1969 are misidentifications by Williams (2009: 1501, [right photo only]) and Daccarett & Bossio (2011: 128–129, fig. 777) that are likely this species. Type material. Holotype 12.0 x 4.3 mm, G. Mackintosh! 9 Nov 1999 (USNM 1291318); 2 paratypes: 1 spec., 11.1 x 4.3 mm, in 9 m, S side of Coche I., Venezuela, G. Mackintosh! 3 Sep 1999 (ANSP 464965); 1 spec., 10.3 x 3.9 mm, in 15–18 m, Caribe & Lobos Is., near Coche I., Venezuela, G. Mackintosh! Sep 1999 (P. Stahlschmidt coll.). Type locality. Bahia Guamache I., Margarita I., Venezuela, in 5 m on hard-packed sand. Range and habitat. Venezuela (Margarita I.; Coche I.), at depths between 5.5 –18.0 m. If the specimen depicted in Daccarett & Bossio is this species, then the range would include Colombia (Magdalena Dept.) to the north. Description. Shell small (to 12.0 mm in total length), glossy, fusiform, to approximately 10 moderately convex whorls, their peripheries approximately mid-whorl, the last about 55 % of total length, flattened dorsoventrally and rapidly tapering to a narrow anterior canal. Shell sculpture of ribs with deep intercostal spiral grooves. Protoconch of approximately 1 ½– 1 ¾ smooth translucent whorls, becoming sub-carinate on last ½–¾ whorl, the first not immersed in the second. Axial sculpture narrow ribs that run from suture-to-suture on spire whorls evanesce at anterior fasciole of last whorl, absent on dorsum of last except in sulcus; intercostal spaces greater than their width. Ribs straight, then crescent shaped in sulcus, number 9–10 on penultimate and 5–8 on last whorl to varix. Spiral sculpture of evenly spaced deep grooves in intercostal spaces (rib crests are smooth) more closely spaced in sulcus. Grooves present across the dorsum of the last whorl. Grooves give the appearance of closely packed spiral cords, number approximately 7 on penultimate, 10 in shell base, and 7 on anterior fasciole. Sulcus is marked by crescent-shaped ribs on the whorl shoulder that are lower than the sigmoid ribs on the whorl face, ribs overridden by spiral grooves giving sulcus the appearance of having 3–4 spiral cords. Varix hump-like, positioned ½-turn from edge of outer lip; its position resulting in the appearance of the body whorl of being compressed dorso-ventrally. Outer lip thin, projecting, its edge congruent with and from anal sinus forming a low almost flat arch to stromboid notch where it is bent out at the stromboid notch and follows the anterior canal; stromboid notch deep. The dorsum of the last whorl is thin, translucent, and except for their presence in the sulcus, ribs obsolete; to 4 minor axial folds present on the last ¼ turn. Anal sinus deep, U-shaped, entrance slightly constricted by parietal lobe, inner edge flared out. Inner lip erect anteriorly along canal, recumbent and widest on parietal wall and developed into a lobe posteriorly at the anal sinus. Incremental growth layers visible on side of parietal lobe. Anterior canal moderately long, narrow, open and turned slightly to the right and dorsally; deeply notched. Color golden yellow, rib crests lighter, varix white and dorsum of last whorl orange brown. Remarks. Taxonomy . Agladrillia aureola has the characteristics of Agladrillia: a varical hump ½-turn from the edge of the outer lip, strongly constricted anterior canal, and a dorsum on last whorl mostly devoid of ribs. Variability. The average length of three specimens is 11.13 mm (11.1 –12.0 mm) and average W/ L ratio is 0.375. Identification. Agladrillia aureola most closely resembles A. rhodochroa (Dautzenberg, 1900). It differs in color, which is golden yellow with an orange brown varical spot, not pink with a brown varical spot, and in relative whorl height, which is shorter in A. rhodochroa. Also, whorls are more convex and axial ribs less oblique than in A. rhodochroa. From Calliclava tobagoensis, new species A. aureola differs in possessing a smooth protoconch, a greater constriction of the anterior canal and a varix located ½-turn from the edge of the outer lip. The latter species has a carinate protoconch, a less-constricted anterior canal, and a varix located about ⅓-turn from the edge of the outer lip. Etymology. The Gold colored Agladrillia, from the Latin adjective aureolus, feminine aureola, meaning golden or gold colored. The color seems to consistently differentiate this species from the somewhat similar A. rhodochroa, which has some violet, pink or rose color.Published as part of Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1) on page 18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/26329
The political economy of Russia’s economic transition problems since 1991 and their implications for Russia’s relations with the west
No full textCopyright @ 2001, The Author
The Schistosoma granuloma: friend or foe?
No full textInfection of man with Schistosoma species of trematode parasite causes marked chronic morbidity. Individuals that become infected with Schistosomes may develop a spectrum of pathology ranging from mild cercarial dermatitis to severe tissue inflammation, in particular within the liver and intestines, which can lead to life threatening hepatosplenomegaly. It is well established that the etiopathology during schistosomiasis is primarily due to an excessive or unregulated inflammatory response to the parasite, in particular to eggs that become trapped in various tissue. The eggs forms the foci of a classical type 2 granulomatous inflammation, characterized by an eosinophil rich, CD4+ T helper (Th) 2 cell dominated infiltrate with additional infiltration of alternatively activated macrophages (M2). Indeed the sequela of the type 2 perioval granuloma is marked fibroblast infiltration and development of fibrosis. Paradoxically, while the granuloma is the cause of pathology it also can afford some protection, whereby the granuloma minimizes collateral tissue damage in the liver and intestines. Furthermore, the parasite is exquisitely reliant on the host to mount a granulomatous reaction to the eggs as this inflammatory response facilitates the successful excretion of the eggs from the host. In this focused review we will address the conundrum of the S. mansoni granuloma acting as both friend and foe in inflammation during infection
Splendrillia cruzensis Fallon, 2016, new species
No full textSplendrillia cruzensis, new species (Plate 149) Drillia coccinata auct. non (Reeve, 1845) is a misidentification by Nowell-Usticke (1959: 81). Type material. Holotype 10.6 x 3.9 mm, April 1958, ex coll. Nowell-Usticke (AMNH 192603); paratypes from the same lot as the holotype (only 13 of 64 measured): 13.9 x 4.5, 12.7 x 4.7, 12.5 x 4.1, 13.0 x 4.7, 11.5 x 4.1, 11.1 x 3.9, 15.4, 10.4 x 3.9, 12.0 x 4.4, 10.3 x 4.1, 9.9 x 3.7 & 11.8 x 3.9 mm, (AMNH ICZ 249986); 1 spec., 11.3 x 4.3 mm, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Is., M. Hayes! (UF 163009); 1 spec., 12.4 x 4.6 mm, Pointe des Fleches, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Is., G. Usticke! Jun 1958 (UF 158124); 1 spec., 10.4 x 4.0 mm, Judith’s Fancy near Salt River, near dock entrance, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Is., G. Usticke! 10 Apr 1958 (UF 158125); 2 spec., 13.0 x 4.4 & 9.5 x 3.8 mm, Pointe des Fleches, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Is., D. Steger! 1976 (DMNH 114829). Type locality. Pointe des Fleches, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Is. Range and habitat. U.S. Virgin Is. (St. Croix). Depth and substrate unknown; based on their condition, specimens were probably collected as empty shells in the intertidal area. Description. Shell small (to 15.4 mm), fusiform, slender, with a truncated anterior, whorls slightly convex, to approximately 9, surface of shell smooth but dull, surface sculpture of numerous low ribs. Protoconch of approximately 1 ¾– 2 smooth whorls. Axial sculpture of low ribs with round crests that terminate at sulcus and evanesce below whorl periphery before anterior fasciole, 10–13 on penultimate and 7–9 on last whorl to varix. Growth striae throughout, heavy and dense rendering the shell surface less glossy. Varix broad, hump-like, approximately ⅓-turn from the edge of the outer lip. Spiral sculpture of widely spaced microscopic spiral lines or grooves over entire shell, developing into ridges anteriorly, most visible in the sulcus, otherwise mostly obscured by growth striae. Sulcus concave, with microscopic spiral lines and curved growth striae; ribs absent. Outer lip thin, flattened from varix to edge, with 1–3 axial folds; edge bent slightly inward posteriorly and forms a flattened arc from anal sinus to the anterior canal, without an inflection for the anterior canal; stromboid notch absent. Anal sinus deep, apex adjoins suture behind callus, outer side straight to slightly divergent. Inner lip recumbent, narrow, thin, unemarginate, produced into a short erect lip anteriorly on canal, formed into a low callus posteriorly. Anterior canal barely delineated at the anterior end of the aperture; with spiral ridges on anterior fasciole, fasciole not swollen. Color white with rose a blush over most of the whorl, deep rose between ribs. A narrow white spiral band is located just below the suture line, visible on the last whorl. Varix a deep rose patch dorsally, with a white central band. Remarks. Taxonomy . Splendrillia cruzensis has all the characteristics of Splendrillia: axial ribs that terminate at the sulcus, oblique ribs that fade just below the whorl periphery, and outer lip that joins the suture behind the sulcus. Variability. The average total length of 18 measured specimens is 11.76 mm (9.5–15.4 mm), and their average W/L is 0.363. Identification. Splendrillia cruzensis is unique among its congers in possessing a slim shell with low ribs, round shoulders, and moderately heavy growth striae. It is most similar to S. dissimilis, new species, with which it was initially confused, but differs in being slimmer (average W/ L ratio of 0.363 versus 0.388), in possessing less angular shoulders, and in being a different color: white, rose and deep rose versus creamy yellow and orange-brown. From S. coccinata (Reeve, 1845) it differs in being larger (11.76 versus 7.88 mm average total length), possessing stronger growth striae such that the shell surface appears dull, not glossy; its ribs are lower, and shoulders more rounded. From S. interpunctata (E.A. Smith, 1882) it differs in being smaller, in having less angular shoulders, and in general possessing more ribs (10–14 versus 9–11 on the penultimate whorl). From S. karukeraensis, new species it differs in having slightly shorter ribs on the spire and last whorls, a slightly narrower shell (average W/L = 0.363 versus 0.390), and a different color (white with rose with deep rose markings versus light golden brown). Etymology. The St. Croix Splendrillia, after the country of the type locality.Published as part of Fallon, Phillip J., 2016, Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species, pp. 1-363 in Zootaxa 4090 (1) on page 294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4090.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/26329
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