1,721,118 research outputs found
Oral L-thyroxine liquid versus tablet in patients with hypothyroidism without malabsorption: a prospective study
Full text linkNo consistent data are present in literature about the effectiveness of levothyroxine (L-T4) liquid formulation in patients without malabsorption. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of L-T4 liquid formulation, with L-T4 tablets, in hypothyroid patients without malabsorption or drug interference. One hundred and fifty two patients were recruited. Patients were switched from the L-T4 therapy in tablets, to liquid L-T4 at the same dosage, 30 min before breakfast. Serum thyrotropic hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) were re-evaluated after 1-3 months (first control) and 5-7 months (second control) from the switch. TSH values significantly declined with respect to the basal value after the switch to liquid L-T4 both at the first control (P < 0.05) and at the second control (P < 0.01); FT4 and FT3 levels were not significantly changed. We show that liquid L-T4 is more effective than L-T4 tablet in controlling TSH levels in hypothyroid patients without malabsorption, gastric disorders, or drug interference
Slit2 regulation of hyaluronan & cytokine synthesis in fibrocytes in thyroid associated ophthalmopathy
No full textIN PATIENTS WITH SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM WHILE IN THERAPY WITH TABLET L-T4, THE LIQUID L-T4 FORMULATION IS MORE EFFECTIVE IN RESTORING EUTHYROIDISM
No full textOBJECTIVE: Levothyroxine (L-T4) is the standard therapy of hypothyroidism. Our purpose is to compare the effectiveness of L-T4 liquid formulation, with respect to L-T4 tablet, in hypothyroid patients without malabsorption or drug interference.
METHODS: Twentyone subjects with high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values under therapy with L-T4 tablets were switched to liquid L-T4 at the same dosage, 30 minutes before breakfast.
RESULTS: TSH values significantly declined after 2 months from the switch to liquid L-T4, reaching in most cases the normal range. In fifteen (of the twentyone patients) who switched back to tablets, TSH increased again in the hypothyroid range. Since the liquid LT4 formulation resulted in a better control of TSH levels, all patients were finally treated with the liquid L-T4, and TSH, FT3, FT4 were evaluated again after 6 months, and 12 months, resulting in the normal range in all subjects.
CONCLUSIONS: The change from tablets to liquid oral formulation normalised serum TSH levels, while switching back to tablets caused thyrotropin levels to worsen. These results suggest that the liquid L-T4 formulation is more effective than tablet one in controlling the TSH levels in hypothyroid patients (in absence of malabsorption, gastric disorders, or drug interference)
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Thyroid Disorders: a Single Center Experience
No full textBackground: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) foster T lymphocytes to fight cancer, but they can also trigger immune-related adverse events (irAE) in various organs, including thyroid dysfunction that can manifest itself in terms of both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism or subclinical disease.
Objective: Based on previous observations, this study evaluated the impact of oncological immunotherapy on the development of thyroid dysfunction in a cohort of patients treated with ICI at our institution.
Methods: We collected 10 cases of thyroid irAE that emerged from 24 cancer patients treated with immunotherapy, belonging to a cohort of 120 patients sent to our clinic by the Oncology Department of our institution, between December 2016 and March 2020.
Results: From the analysis of the data, thyroid irAE emerged after a median time of 9 weeks, and they occurred mainly in females. Regardless of the initial presentation (thyroiditis with thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, or worsening of the previous subclinical hypothyroidism), later all patients developed persistent hypothyroidism which required hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine. This finding was confirmed by a statistically significant increase in the median value of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) between the pre-ICI treatment and subsequent phases and, for the first time, by a reduction in the median value of the thyroid volume estimated by neck ultrasound, a sign of destructive thyroiditis.
Conclusions: Our results confirm that patients undergoing immunotherapy should be monitored for potential thyroid dysfunction with biochemical assessments and changing in thyroid volume estimated by ultrasound could be helpful in the diagnostic work-up
Worsening of Graves' ophthalmopathy after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination
No full textMore reports are documenting how vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could represent new external triggers for autoimmune endocrine diseases (AIED) in patients with individual predisposition. We report two cases of Graves' Ophthalmopathy (GO) recrudescence few days after the administration of BNT162B2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Even if causality relationship cannot be excluded, the development of these events could be explained through immune mediated mechanism such as the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA). While further investigations are necessary to improve our knowledge of the underlying pathogenesis of these phenomena, caution may be warranted when vaccinating individuals with known autoimmune diseases
Current and future immunotherapies for thyroid cancer
Full text linkCancer immunotherapies were approved in recent years, including immune checkpoint inhibitors. Experience with ipilimumab (CTLA-4 antagonist), nivolumab and pembrolizumab (PD-1 antagonists), and atezolizumab (PD-L1 antagonist) has shown that the impact on overall survival in cancer patients is paramount. Immune checkpoint inhibitors target the immune system and they can be applied across multiple cancers; the response rate is ranging from 20 to 40%. Many studies have shown that thyroid cancer (TC) cells produce cytokines and chemokines, inducing several tumor-promoting effects. Targeting and/or lowering cytokines and chemokines concentrations within the tumor microenvironment would produce a therapeutic benefit. In TC, increased Treg and PD-1+ T cell frequencies are indicative of aggressive disease and PD-L1 expression correlates with a greater risk of recurrence. Area covered: After performing a literature search, a few pioneering studies have evaluated immunotherapy in thyroid cancer. More recently a case has been described involving anaplastic thyroid cancer treated with vemurafenib and nivolumab, with substantial regression and complete radiographic and clinical remission. Expert commentary: The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in aggressive TC has not yet been extensively investigated and further studies in a large number of TC patients are urgently needed
Environmental Issues in Thyroid Diseases
Full text linkEnvironmental factors are determinant for the appearance of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) in susceptible subjects. Increased iodine intake, selenium, and vitamin D deficiency, exposure to radiation, from nuclear fallout or due to medical radiation, are environmental factors increasing AITD. Cigarette smoking is associated with Graves' disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy, while it decreases the risk of hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity. Viral infections are important environmental factors in the pathogenesis of AITD, too, particularly human parvovirus B19 (EVB19) and hepatitis C virus. Among the many chemical contaminants, halogenated organochlorines and pesticides variably disrupt thyroid function. Polychlorinated biphenyls and their metabolites and polybrominated diethyl ethers bind to thyroid transport proteins, such as transthyretin, displace thyroxine, and disrupt thyroid function. Among drugs, interferon- and iodine-containing drugs have been associated with AITD. Moreover intestinal dysbiosis causes autoimmune thyroiditis. To reduce the risk to populations and also in each patient, it is necessary to comprehend the association between environmental agents and thyroid dysfunction
Reversible normalisation of serum TSH levels in patients with autoimmune atrophic gastritis who received L-T4 in tablet form after switching to an oral liquid formulation: A case series
Full text linkBackground: L-thyroxine (L-T4) malabsorption is a potential concern in patients with autoimmune atrophic gastritis. Methods: We evaluated five patients with autoimmune gastritis, who showed high serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels (in the hypothyroid range) while in therapy with L-T4 in tablet. All patients were switched to receive an oral L-T4 liquid formulation maintaining the same dosage. Results: In all patients who received L-T4 in tablet form after switching to an oral liquid formulation with the same L-T4 dosage, TSH circulating levels were normalized. In four patients who were switched back again to receive L-T4 in tablets, maintaining the dosage, TSH levels worsened again reaching levels in the hypothyroid range. Conclusions: The fact that the change from tablets to liquid oral formulation normalised serum TSH levels, and that switching back to tablets caused thyrotropin levels to worsen, leads us to believe that absorption of L-T4 is greater with oral liquid formulations in these patients. These results suggest that the L-T4 oral liquid formulation could circumvent the pH alteration resulting from atrophic gastritis
The association of other autoimmune diseases in patients with Graves’ disease (with or without ophthalmopathy): Review of the literature and report of a large series
Full text linkGraves’ disease (GD) and autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) are the two main clinical presentations of AITD, and their clinical hallmarks are thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism, respectively. GD, and AT, can be associated with other organ specific, or systemic autoimmune diseases in the same patient. However discordant results have been reported in the literature about the possible associations. Here, we review the association of GD and other autoimmune syndromes. Furthermore, we report the results of our prospective study that investigated the prevalence of other autoimmune disorders in 3209 GD patients (984 with Graves’ ophthalmopathy), with respect to 1069 healthy controls, or 1069 patients with AT, or 1069 with multinodular goiter (matched by age, gender, coming from the same area, with a similar iodine intake). On the whole, 16.7% of GD patients had another associated autoimmune disease; and the most frequently observed were: vitiligo (2.6%), chronic autoimmune gastritis (2.4%), rheumatoid arthritis (1.9%), polymyalgia rheumatica (1.3%), multiple sclerosis (0.3%), celiac disease (1.1%), diabetes (type 1) (0.9%), systemic lupus erythematosus and sarcoidosis (<0.1%), Sjogren disease (0.8%). Moreover, 1.5% patients with GD had three associated autoimmune disorders. Interestingly, patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) had another autoimmmune disorder more frequently (18.9%), with respect to GD patients without GO (15.6%). However the pattern of the associated autoimmune disorders in GD was not significantly different from that observed in AT patients. In conclusion, we suggest GD patients who are still sick, or who develop new unspecific symptoms (even if during an appropriate treatment of hyperthyroidism) should be appropriately screened for the presence of other autoimmune disorders
Rituximab in the treatment of patients with systemic sclerosis. Our experience and review of the literature
Full text linkThe treatment of systemic sclerosis (SSc) represents a great clinical challenge because of the complex disease pathogenesis including vascular, fibrotic, and immune T- and B-lymphocyte-mediated alterations. Therefore, SSc should be treated by combined or sequential therapies according to prevalent clinico-pathogenetic phenotypes. Some preliminary data suggest that rituximab (RTX) may downregulate the B-cell over expression and correlated immunological abnormalities
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