1,720,968 research outputs found
Studio di composti cosmetici e farmaceutici finalizzato alle tecniche di preparazione e d'analisi strumentale.
No full textL’attività di ricerca è stata inerente al settore farmaceutico e tecnologico-cosmetico. Per il primo settore di ricerca, lo studio è stato indirizzato verso polimorfi di sostanze farmacologicamente attive (API), nello specifico verso la loro cristallizzazione, identificazione e caratterizzazione con tecniche analitiche tradizionali ed avanzate. Nota è infatti la differente biodisponibilità del farmaco legata a differenze nelle proprietà chimico-fisiche dei polimorfi.
In particolare lo studio è stato rivolto a due differenti farmaci: propantelina bromuro ed ampicillina. Il primo polimorfo esiste in due differenti forme solide, forma I e forma II, mentre l’ampicillina come triidrata, monoidrata e due forme anidre (δ e γ). Per la caratterizzazione di questi composti farmaceutici sono state utilizzate differenti tecniche: spettroscopie FT-IR e Micro-Raman, calorimetria differenziale a scansione DSC, termogravimetria TGA, diffrazione a raggi-X su polveri, hot-stage Raman Microscopy (HSM) e tecnica SERS (Surface Enhancement Raman Spectroscopy). Questa tecnica inducendo la riduzione dell’effetto di fluorescenza ed aumentando il segnale Raman, può essere applicata in svariati campi, farmaceutico, biochimico e forense. I polimorfi di propantelina bromuro ed ampicillina una volta cristallizzati sono stati caratterizzati mediante approccio multi analitico. L'assegnazione delle bande è stata assistita da calcoli quanto-meccanici.
Nell’ambito cosmetico la ricerca è stata rivolta allo studio analitico di reperti cosmetici e farmaceutici antichi provenienti da musei nazionali. Parte di questa ricerca è stata oggetto di un progetto PRIN “Colori e balsami nell’antichità: dallo studio chimico alla conoscenza delle tecnologie in cosmesi, pittura e medicina”. I campioni oggetto di questo studio sono stati raccolti presso il Museo Aboca (SanSepolcro), e analizzati con diverse tecniche. La correlazione tra i dati spettroscopici e le iscrizioni riportate sugli albarelli ha permesso di ricercare le ricette originali identificate su Farmacopee antiche e la successiva ripreparazione di questi unguenti. Questo ha portato alla preparazione in laboratorio di 14 differenti unguenti antichi e al successivo confronto tra i dati analitici dei residui antichi, degli unguenti ricreati e degli unguenti invecchiati artificialmente. I risultati di questo lavoro sono stati poi pubblicati su Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (ABC).
I campioni di epoca fenicio-punica, recuperati presso i musei Fondazione Whitaker (Mozia), A. Pepoli (Trapani), A. Salinas (Palermo) e Baglio Anselmi (Marsala), erano invece composti per lo più da polveri inorganiche colorate, probabilmente utilizzate per una applicazione cosmetica. Questi residui sono stati analizzati con tecniche spettroscopiche Raman e FT-IR e con la tecnica SERS.
Altri campioni, classificabili come preparati farmaceutici, sono stati recuperati presso il Museo Nazionale Atestino (Este). Si trattava di antichi colliri rinvenuti in una tomba di un medico assieme ad un astuccio cilindrico corredato di strumenti medicali. Anche per questi campioni sono state applicate delle tecniche analitiche non invasive al fine di determinarne la composizione.The doctoral research has been devoted in the pharmaceutical and technological-cosmetic fields.
For the first, the study was directed to polymorphs of pharmacologically active substances (API), specifically to their crystallization, identification and characterization with traditional and advanced analytical techniques. In fact drug different bioavailability is linked to differences in physic-chemical properties of polymorphs. The study was conducted on two different polymorphic compounds: Propantheline Bromide and Ampicillin. The first one is a polymorph existing in two different solid forms, form I and form II while ampicillin exist such as trihydrate, monohydrate and two anhydrous forms (δ e γ). For characterizing these pharmaceutical compounds different techniques have been used: spectroscopies techniques like FT-IR and Micro-Raman, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray powder diffraction, hot-stage Raman Microscopy (HSM) and a new technique, the SERS technique. SERS is an innovative technique in Raman analysis that reducing organic compounds fluorescence effects, it is going to be applied in different pharmaceutical, biochemistry and forensics fields. In laboratory, propantheline bromide and ampicillin polymorphic forms were prepared and their characterizations were made by a multianalytical approach, assisting the experimental picks assignments with quantum mechanical calculations.
For the cosmetic context the research regarded the study of ancient cosmetic and pharmaceutical remains collected from national museums to study the composition with invasive and non analytical techniques and to permit the reproduction in modern way of ancient ointments. The study of ancient cosmetic remains was developed in several phases. The progress in instrumental techniques was able of a clearly identification of material composition with the purpose of a possible re-proposition of the handiworks. The samples were collected from Aboca’s Museum (SanSepolcro) and then analyzed with several analytical techniques. The comparison of Raman data with the jars inscriptions allowed of researching ointments recipes in ancient Pharmacopoeias finalized for the laboratory preparation in modern prospective. With this purpose, in laboratory, fourteen ointments were prepared and the results of this study were published on ABC journal (Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry). The Phoenician samples were collected from the Whitaker Museum (Mozia Island), the Conte Agostino Pepoli Museum (Trapani), Antonio Salinas Museum (Palermo) and Baglio Anselmi Museum (Marsala), and were, mostly, inorganic coloured powders, probably used for cosmetic applications. These remains were studied with Raman and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques and also with the application of SERS (Surface Enhancement Raman Spectroscopy) technique. Another set of samples were collected from the Atestino Museum (Este), ancient eye-drops remains found in a doctor grave together with medical instruments. Also in this case the analysis were conducted with FT-IR and Raman spectroscopic techniques with the purpose of identifying the components
Vibrational Study of Propantheline Bromide Polymorphism
No full textPropantheline or 2-Propanaminium, N-methyl-N-(1-methylethyl)-N-[2-[(9H-xanthen-9-ylcarbonyl)oxy]ethyl]- bromide is a quaternary ammonium synthetic derivate with modulation activity on vagal tone. It is one of the most parasympatholytic active agent with peripheral activity similar to atropine. It reduces the hypersecretion and the ipermotility of the gastro-intestinal apparatus and it has spasmolitic properties. The presence of two known Propanteline bromide polymorphs is reported in literature1,2: the stable form I and the metastable form II. Through multi-analytical approach used by our group in other pholimorphic studies, in the present communication we report the study and characterization of the studied two forms. For the first time micro-Raman spectroscopy and Hot-Stage Raman microscopy (HSRM) studies of Propantheline polymorphs are reported. Raman techniques were useful tools for distinguish and monitor the conversion of polymorphs cause of changing temperature. The spectroscopic reported data, together with those form previous reports, complete the Propantheline bromide polymorphs knowledge. DSC thermograms and X-Ray powder diffraction data, were also collected. Furthermore XRPD patterns of I and II forms were in agreement with Kountourellis data. Some attributions of significant IR and Raman bands were firstly reported. In summary, the IR spectra permitted to identify I and II polymorphs through their typical bands at 1729, 1250-1235, 1171-1157, 1038, 758-746, 713, 630 cm-1 and 1727-1739, 1260, 1166, 1032, 753-744, 709 cm-1, respectively. The polymorphs characterization through Raman spectroscopy permitted to identify specific bands for form I (1267-1255, 1222, 520, 417-402-380, 294, 255 cm-1) and form II (in particular at 1229, 669, 537-530, 397, 295-282 and 185 cm-1).According to L. Borka results1,6, in this study a conversion of II into I form was observed. The conversion occurred above 100°C with a successive fusion of I form. A further heating caused a decomposition phenomenon. The used temperature program started form 35° until 200°C with an heating rate of 2°C/min. To confirm DSC results of form II, Hot-stage measurements were carried out with the same DSC temperature program (2°C/min; 35-200°C temperature range). By this technique, the same results recovered with DSC thermal curves were noticed: a conversion of II into I form was observed and the successively fusion phenomenon was noticed. At 35°C until 80°C, the micro-Raman spectra correspond to form II, while at 90°C and at 160°C the transformation into I and its melting event were occurred, respectively.Moreover, the thermodynamic and spectroscopic behaviour of ground form I was investigated. Propantheline form I was ground at different times (1, 5, 10, 15, 20 minutes) and FT-IR/ATR and DSC measurements were carried out. In addition, a certain amount of recrystallized Propantheline bromide (form I, II) was placed into a compressing machine to obtain Propantheline bromide tablets using different compression forces (2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 28 KN). Using Raman microscopy, surfaces and inside tablets studies were carried out for verifying the polymorphic transformations. Polymorphic transformations were not been induced
Combined technique analysis on Punic cosmetic powders
No full textThe Whitaker Museum in Mozia (Sicily) conserves some funerary vessels coming from the isle’s archaic necropolis. Greek, Phoenician and Etruscan amphorae, a rich collection of jars of Birgi necropolis and also materials coming from Mozia Tofet and houses are exposed. Also jewels and weapons, amulets, scarabs and objects with original inscriptions engraved are found, as well as cosmetic and surgical instruments and fragments of inscribed stones coming from the Lilibaeum necropolis. From the collection of the Mozia Museum 77 samples from an interesting variety of containers including Unguentaria, Balsamaria, Alabastra, pyxes and shell valves were taken. The powders found in this cosmetic vessels have been analyzed by using FT-IR, micro-Raman, SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy) and XRF techniques and the results are reported in this work. The analyses carried out have shown the presence of a variety of compounds.The white powders, that are the more frequent ones, present in lead pyxes, were identified by micro-Raman as made of Cerussite PbCO3 coming from a complete carbonatation of hydrocerussite PbCO3*Pb(OH)2. This is compatible with the high chronology of the samples: instead, hydrocerussite has been identified in Pompeii samples. Its presence, confirmed by XRF measurements, can be a clear indication of cosmetic use, since it is well known that its use in mural painting is not advisable. At the time, cerussa (lead white) was employed as a foundation. Other white powders are mainly composed of calcite or aragonite: the first could come from the soil where the ancient founds were situated, the second one could derive from ground sea shells. Among white samples, but not only, TiO2 is frequently attested. Its presence should amount to the cosmetic use of ground rocks or could come from the Mozia soil, for example if ophiolites are available in the region.Litharge, an oxide present in many containers, could derive from the alteration of cerussa, or from a proper addition, whether the yellow colour had a special meaning for the population of the site. As to the yellow pigments a yellow ochre based on goethite was found together with lepidocrocite.Among the red pigments, beloved by Phoenician people, there are cinnabar and hematite: the latter can be found as a natural compound or as a thermodegradation product from goethite. The presence of red lead chromates crocoite and phoenicocroite, two rare minerals, in a particularly precious unguentary is a singular discovery.In one sample a trace of blue material was seen, that gave the spectrum of indigotine, a dye extracted in the past from many plants and used for dyeing tissues and in cosmesis.Among black materials carbon is one of the most frequently attested, alongside MnO2 (pyrolusite) and magnetite.Three samples analyzed exhibited red organic compounds, all fluorescent with normal Raman technique. By appliying a SERS technique it has been possible to record spectra relative to these red dyes, but till now, with a comparison of reference materials, it was only possible to exclude the common red such as madder, purple and kermes. Other comparisons are outstanding.In comparison with other sites, such as Pompeii, Herculaneum and Oplontis, this cosmetic powders showed a wider range of materials
Auctoribus curae fuere lapides mortariorum quoque nec medicinalium tantum aut ad pigmenta pertinentium (Pliny 36, 43). Our authors are interested in stones, for making mortars, and not only in officinal mortars or those uded for colors.
No full textA very important phase for reconstructing ancient technology and human activities is the analisys of artifacts. It can supply a lot of information, but sometimes the data obtained are not understandable. On the other hand an amount of written information is available since the classical antiquity. Some of the authors are considered not to be scientist and therefore their data are neither used nor interpreted. Beyond published texts some unpublished manuscripts are known that could be very interesting. Other documents include ancient translations from other languages, such as the Greek papyrii, and the Arabian documents from Spain, documents regarding trade and history of countries, icones in ancient paintings, tools used for paintings and other activities. In more recent time it is to recall, the "secreti", the books for treating diseases, where the subjects not only concern madicine, but include preparation of pigments, dyes, lakes, cosmetics, alloys inks...Their contents can be very old, some being composed much before Christ and re-written many times, and translated and sometimes erroneusly read. The transcription, understanding and interpretationof these recipes can help in understanding: the ancient paintings, decorations, alloys, textiles and cosmetics; the presence of some compounds as a consequence of past treatments and restorations; the survival of some compounds not necessary for the formulate, but added for somo forgotten reasons, such as folklore, superstition, faith, magic; the degradation of somo parts of artworks due to time and environment.These items have been followed in examining and unpublished miscellanea from the Biblioteca Estense Universitaria in Modena
COSMETIC AND PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS: FROM PAST TO PRESENT
No full textThe interest devoted to the scientific treatment of analytical data obtained from ancient founds preserved in Italian and foreign institutions and Museums is nowadays relevant. However, till now the study of the composition and the understanding of the preparation technologies of ancient founds is scanty and fragmentary. Now, the progress of instrumental techniques enables the material composition to be cleared in details and to advance a possible re-proposition of the handiworks. On the basis of analytical data, the possibility to establish the nature of raw materials and the formulations, becomes even more concrete.In the framework of the PRIN project the unit of Modena has thrown the basis for the study of ancient cosmetic, medical and pictorial founds, in particular: 1)Identification and sampling of ancient remains in national and international Museums and of handiworks not purely cosmetic or medical.2)Spectroscopic studies (FT-IR, micro-Raman and XRF) for the characterisation of inorganic and/or organic remains recovered in unguentaries and in containers of ancient workshops.3)Identification and study of the ancient published and unpublished bibliographic sources: translation from Latin and vernacular followed by an interpretation of the function of raw materials. 4)Identification in the actual market of the materials used in antiquity.5)Preparation or acquirement of raw materials not available on the market.6)Reproduction in a modern perspective of ancient formulations on the basis of the ancient sources. The first step faced was the acquirement of ancient founds, that is the sampling on the spot of samples to be studied. Therefore, samples were taken at the Museum Aboca (Sansepolcro, Arezzo). At the Aboca Museum about 68 pots were inspected and 30 exhibited a fair amount of residue of which 9 were the object of the study.After sampling, the materials were analysed by Micro-Raman and FT-IR in order to have a first screening of them, that is to determine whether they were of organic or inorganic origin and which compounds were present. In this way we got a first idea of what the materials were. Thanks to the spectroscopic analyses and to the labels on the containers, we proceeded into the research of ancient similar formulations. Therefore, it was necessary to examine the recipe books starting from the classical age till to the beginning of scientific chemistry and pharmacology in order to critically compare the materials found, to understand their nature, their possible alteration undergone with time, the novelties in comparison with preceding versions, the technological acquirements of an age in comparison with the others. From the study of the inscriptions reported on the containers and the interpretations carried out, the period of actualisation of the formulation was hypothesised. The study of the same formulation in subsequent times has shown the evolution and the adaptation to the age.Many ancient books and manuscripts reporting recipes concerning the subject in the period between 1597 and 1872 have been considered, the most interesting of these was Farmacopea Augustana by Occo, 1597. For each source, the desired recipes were searched for and then, if necessary, translated and interpreted. In fact, some texts are in Latin or vernacular (Farmacopea Augustana by Occo), French (Abrégé de Matière médicale et de Thérapeutique by C. Binz) or Spanish (Farmacopea Hispanica), and the translation must be careful, since the meaning of the terms at the time was searched 1-7.The next step was to study the raw materials used in the recipes, that is to verify the persistence of the ingredients today and their availability in commerce. The ointments to be prepared were chosen as a function of the remains found in the containers, but mainly on the basis of the results of the spectroscopic analyses. Those reproduced in the laboratory were many, sometimes the preparations have been made in double or triple, according to the sources of different historical periods. Here is reported an example of an ancient ointment reproduced in laboratory
STUDY AND PREPARATION OF ANCIENT COSMETIC AND PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS IN A PRESENT PRESPECTIVE
No full textThe study of ancient cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations involved the examination of several recipe books starting from the classical age till to the beginning of scientific chemistry and pharmacology. The study of the same formulation in subsequent times has shown the evolution and the adaptation to the age. Many ancient books and manuscripts reporting recipes concerning the subject in the period between 1597 and 1872 have been considered. Study of the ancient remains found inside unguentaries and of the raw materials used in the recipes has been necessary. Not all the raw materials could be bought, some needed to be prepared in the laboratory, such as the rose-water and the turnip juice, two ingredients used in the preparation of many ointments.The ointments to be prepared were chosen as a function of the remains found in the containers, but mainly on the basis of the analytical results coming out from ancient remains analysis. Those reproduced in the laboratory were many, sometimes the preparations have been made in double or triple, according to the sources of different historical periods. The total number of the ointments reproduced was fourteen
RAMAN TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO ANCIENT COSMETIC AND PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS
No full textComplementary spectroscopic techniques, such as FT-IR and Micro-Raman spectroscopies are valuable means for maximizing the amount of information provided by complex matrices like the remains in archaeological containers. The difficulty in analyzing archaeological samples is due to their composition which generally involves a mixture of different inorganic and organic materials, some times degraded by the environmental conditions. We report the results of the vibrational spectroscopy techniques, such as Raman microscopy (laser 632 nm), FT-Raman spectroscopy (laser 1064 nm) and FT-IR/ATR with a golden gate accessory, of a first approach to the analysis of the ancient samples. The analytical results showed the importance of micro-Raman Spectroscopy in discriminating between inorganic and organic materials, thereby underlining the complexity of pharmaceutical and cosmetic matrices.Raman microscopy is the most suitable technique in order to identify minor inorganic components and contaminants at the micrometric scale inside these complex matrices. On the basis of the FT-IR and micro-Raman spectra, it was possible to identify some specific old cosmetic materials and some binders used in cosmetic preparations. In particular, Raman microscopy was able to identify the presence of constituents at the trace levels or compounds having vibrations at low wavenumbers within the sample examined, that it is not possible with normal FT-IR technique. This technique can easily identify compounds like lead oxide, red lead, cinnabar, rare minerals, (etc.) that could give interesting information about the original composition of the formulate and the provenance of the raw materials.Concerning the organic materials, their possibility of identification is very different from that of inorganic ones. Some compounds were rapidly degraded, some others persisted till to present day, often unchanged (e.g. wax). Historical samples are subjected to ageing and degradation process that make difficult to recognize the raw material originally present. For understanding the possible changes undergone by materials during ageing, a specific database of spectra must be available.In the project PRIN 2007 “Colours and balms in antiquity” some thirty raw materials were chosen among oils (e.g. olive, almond, and palm oil), gums (e.g. gumarabic), animal fats and waxes, commonly employed in the ancient preparations. The raw materials and the reference formulations prepared in the laboratory, were artificially aged. The reference Raman spectra have supplied an interesting database.The use of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) enabled to increase Raman signal and to decrease the background fluorescence for some samples. This techniques exhibits new perspectives for the study of organic and inorganic compounds in the field of cultural heritage
Spectral analysis of pharmaceutical formulations prepared according to ancient recipes in comparison with old museum remains
No full textA study of the composition of the remains ofancient ointments from museums was undertaken to enableunderstanding of the preparation techniques. Comparison ofancient recipes from different historical periods andspectroscopic characteristics of inorganic and/or organicremains recovered in museum vessels enabled preparationof ancient pharmaceutical–cosmetic formulations. FarmacopeaAugustana by Occo was one the most importantbooks studied for the 14 formulations prepared in thelaboratory. Three formulations are discussed in detail andraw materials and new preparations were proposed forozone ageing. The most important micro Raman results arediscussed. The spectra of the raw materials lipids, beeswax,and resins are discussed; beeswax and pig suet (axŭngia)Raman spectra were found to be similar, but different fromthose of the aged oils. SERS was applied to ancientointments and galbanum and the Raman spectra arereported and discussed for the first time
Spectroscopic Characterization Of Ancient Matrices
No full textSince a decade our research group deals with the analysis of ancient cosmetics and drugs, starting from the Roman founds 1-3. Actually, this kind of study involves other research groups supported by a national Fund (PRIN: Colours and ointments in antiquity). Firstly the analysis protocol provides non-destructive analyses and then the more expensive and destructive analyses, such as gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods. The samples analyzed in this study were collected from the Egyptian Museum of Turin, Italy. The discovery of the studied archaeological finds was made by Ernesto Schiaparelli (1906 until 1913) and the archaeological founds were dated from the late III millenium b.C. to early II millenium b.C. The sites of finding were in Assiut (at about 400 Km from Cairo on the bank of the Nile) and Gebelein (south of Assiut), near the southern border with Nubia. In the sarcophagus usually it is possible to find weapons, like bows and arrows, textiles and also ointments. Here the results of the vibrational spectroscopy techniques, such as Raman microscopy (laser 632 nm), FT-Raman spectroscopy (laser 1064 nm) and FT-IR/ATR with a golden gate accessory are reported. These techniques are identified as the most suitable ones for the first approach to ancient samples analysis. Raman microscopy is in fact the most suitable technique in order to identify minor inorganic components and contaminants at the micrometric scale inside these complex matrices4. This technique can easily identify compounds like lead oxide, vermillion, rare minerals, (etc.) that could give interesting informations about the provenance of the raw materials and the original composition of the formulate. In the present study some data are reported concerning the composition of five ancient Egyptian samples. It can be observed that Titanite is present, a mineral possibly coming from mines in Southern Egypt5.Concerning to organic materials, their possibility of identification, is very different from that of inorganic ones. Some compounds were rapidly degraded, some others persisted till to present day, often unchanged (e.g. wax). Historical samples give a chemical variability due to the natural products, in addiction, ageing and degradation processes make very difficult to recognize raw materials originally present. For understanding the possible changes undergone by materials in ageing, a specific database of spectra must be available. Some thirty raw materials were chosen among oils, gums, animal fats and waxes commonly employed in the ancient preparations. The reference materials were in laboratory artificially aged by heating, photo-oxidation and enzymatic degradation. Some artificial materials aged produced different alterations according to the type of ageing. The comparison to one remain sample and our database spectrum showed a correspondence with the enzymatically degraded palm oil spectrum. This indicates the importance of this database in recognising the organic materials into archaeological holders
STUDY OF ANCIENT PHOENICIAN REMAINS
No full textThe Mozia Museum conserves some funerary vessels coming from the isle’s archaic necropolis, commercial Greek, Phoenician and Etruscan amphorae, a rich collection of black varnish jars with red images of Birgi necropolis and also materials coming from Mozia Tofet and houses. Also jewels and weapons, amulets, scarabs and objects with original captions engraved are found, as well as cosmetic and surgical instruments and fragments of inscribed stones coming from the Lilibeo necropolis. From the collection of the Mozia Museum about 200 samples from the Unguentaria and Balsamaria were taken, some having large amount of residue, others a very small one. A preliminary spectroscopic analysis was carried out on these samples by using Micro-Raman and SERS techniques and the results of a first series are reported in this study. The preliminary analyses carried out with the Raman techniques have shown the presence of a variety of compounds.The white powders, among the more abundant ones, present in lead pyxes, were made of Cerussite PbCO3 coming from a complete carbonatation of hydrocerussite PbCO3*Pb(OH)2. This is compatible with the high chronology of the samples: instead, hydrocerussite has been identified in Pompeii samples. Its presence can be a clear indicator of cosmesis, since it is well known that its use in mural painting is not advisable. At the time, cerussa (lead white) was employed as a foundation. Other white substances are calcite and aragonite: the first could come from the ground where the unguentaria were found, the second one could derive from ground sea shells.Litharge, an oxide present in many containers, could derive from the alteration of cerussa, or from a proper addition, whether the yellow colour had a special meaning for the population of the site.The container NI 3149 had a gray powder composed of Carbon mixed with calcium phosphate. This could have been a bone-black or could come from cinerary urn.Among the red pigments found there are cinnabar and hematite: the latter can be found as a natural compound or as a thermodegradation product from goethite. The presence of red lead chromates crocoite and phoenicocroite, two rare minerals, in a particularly precious unguentary is a singular discovery.With the SERS technique it has been possible to record spectra relative to red dyes. However, these spectra do not correpond to compounds coming from madder, purple and kermes. Other comparisons are outstanding. In comparison with other sites, such as Pompeii, Herculaneum and Oplontis, this cosmetic powders exhibit a wider range of materials
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