130,497 research outputs found
Intermittency and cascade rate of turbulent magnetic energy in the inner heliosheath and local interstellar medium from in-situ Voyager 1 and 2 measurements between 100 AU and 140 AU
No full textIn the inner and outer heliosheath (IHS and LISM), turbulence and magnetic reconnection are believed to be the major players in the processes responsible for particle transport and magnetic energy conversion into kinetic energy and heat.
State-of-art numerical simulations demonstrated that a transition to turbulence can occur in the inner heliosheath and also showed that instability and magnetic reconnection can occur in proximity of the heliopause. However, it is still unfeasible to resolve numerically scales smaller than the sector spacing, which makes it necessary to analyze in-situ data provided by the Voyager Interstellar Mission.
The present study builds on our recent works [Fraternale et al ApJ 2019, Fraternale et al JPCS 2019], where the spectral properties of the energy-injection range and of the inertial-cascade regime of magnetic field fluctuations have been shown for several periods within the IHS and LISM – for heliocentric distances up to 106 AU for Voyager 2 (2017.0) and 136 AU for Voyager 1 (2016.67).
In this work, we include in the analysis the data intervals 2017.0 - 2017.66 at Voyager 2 (115.2 AU, IHS) and 2017.1 - 2018.0 at Voyager 1 (140.7 AU, LISM).
We investigate the properties of scale-dependent intermittency, and provide the first analysis of magnetic-energy cascade rates. In particular, the magnetic energy flux is computed both from a power spectrum-based proxy and from the third-order moments of the field’s temporal increments. In the inertial range of fluctuations, the different estimators yield values between 100 and 1000 m2/s3 in the IHS close to the heliopause, and around 0.01-0.1 m^2/s^3 in the latest LISM interval.
This research is framed within the project “Turbulence as Indicator of Physical Processes at the Heliospheric Interface”, NASA’s H-GI Open Program, 18-HGIO18_2-0029
Comparative chemical analysis of peel, pulp and callus extracts of two apple (Malus domestica) varieties
No full textMalus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae) comprises different varieties of commercially widespread apple around the world and available on the market all year round [1]. Apples are a rich source of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and triterpenes present both in pulp and peel. The daily consumption of apples has been linked to the prevention of several diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, and type-2 diabetes [2]. Today, cell plant culture technology may be considered a source of valuable compounds [3] as, in some cases, bioactive compounds are higher in plant cell culture extracts than in vivo [4]. In the course of our continuing studies on apple callus culture, a comparative phytochemical analysis between peel, pulp and callus extracts of two apple varieties, “Annurca” and “Mela Rosa Marchigiana del Montefeltro”, two examples of local apple varieties from central-northern and southern Italy ,respectively, was carried out. The in vitro callus culture was obtained starting from explants of the ripe pulp of the two fruits considered. To recover the metabolites, 500 mg of each sample were subjected to ultrasound-assisted extraction with 10 mL of EtOH-H2O (80% v/v). The metabolomic analysis of the obtained extracts was carried out by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution electrospray ionization source-Orbitrap/mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-ESI-Orbitrap/MS). The findings of this study revealed slight differences in the chemical composition of the two apple varieties. Furthermore, the qualitative profile of peels and pulps was almost superimposable, while differences were observed in the callus extracts. In particular, pulps were rich in phenols including phlorizin, catechin and procyanidins; peels contained both phenols and triterpenic acids while, according to previous studies [5], callus extracts were characterized only by highly produced triterpenic acids, some of which were not found in the fruits (such as pomolic and tormentic acids). In conclusion, this study sheds light on how cell plant culture can be considered as an alternative system for producing secondary metabolites.
References
1. Perini P., Pasquali G., Margis-Pinheiro M., de Oliviera P. R. D., & Revers L. F. (2014). Molecular Breeding, 34, 829-842.
2. Wojdyło A., Oszmiański J., & Laskowski P. (2008). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56, 6520-6530.
3. Menbari A., Bahramnejad B., Abuzaripoor M., Shahmansouri E., & Zarei M. A. (2021). Scientia Horticulturae, 286, 110222.
4. Park D. E., Adhikari D., Pangeni R., Panthi V. K., Kim H. J., & Park J. W. (2018). Cosmetics, 5, 71.
5. Verardo G., Gorassini A., Ricci D., & Fraternale D. (2017). Phytochemical Analysis, 28, 5-15
Essential oil composition of Angelica archangelica L. (Apiaceae) roots and its antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi
No full textThe present study reports the results of Gas Chromatographic-Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses of Angelica archangelica L. (Apiaceae) roots essential oil, as well as its in vitro antifungal activity against ten plant pathogenic fungi. Moreover, the essential oil was evaluated for its antifungal activity using the agar dilution method, and also MICs (minimum inhibithory concentrations) and MFCs (minimum fungicidal concentrations) were determined. The major compounds identified by GC-MS were α-pinene (21.3%), δ-3-carene(16.5%), limonene (16.4%) and α-phellandrene (8.7%). The oil showed in vitro antifungal activity against some species of the Fusarium genus, Botrytis cinerea, and Alternaria solani. Our study indicates that the oil of A. archangelica could be used as a control agent for plant pathogenic fungi in natural formulations
A new prostaglandine-like compound from Salvia adenophora Fernald.
No full textSalvia adenophora Fernald [1] is a Mexican species whose aerial part exudate showed herbicide activity against Papaver rhoeas L. and Avena sativa L. in a preliminary test [2]. The surface exudate, obtained by rinsing the plant material with CH2Cl2, was subjected to repeated column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and silica gel and to HPLC-MS and MS2 experiments followed by semi-preparative RP-HPLC, yielding a new prostaglandin-like (1). The new compound was identified by IR and NMR analysis, including TOCSY, COSY, HSQC, HMBC experiments, and ESI-TRAP-MS and HR-MS analysis.Bibliografia
1 Epling, C. A Revision of Salvia, subgenus Calosphace. In: Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis. Fedde F., University of California Press: Berkley, California, 1940, Vol.110.
2 Bisio, A., Fraternale, D., Giacomini, M., Giacomelli, E., Pivetti, S., Russo, E., Caviglioli, G., Romussi, G., Ricci, D., De Tommasi, N. Crop Protection, 2010, 29, 1434-144
Chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of Cotinus coggygria Scoop. from marche region (Italy)
No full textThe present study reports the results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses of the essential oil from flowering aerial parts of Cotinus coggygria Scoop. (Anacardiaceae), as well as its in vitro antifungal activity against nine plant pathogenic fungi. Moreover, the essential oil was evaluated for its antifungal activity using the agar dilution method, and also MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations) and MFCs (minimum fungicidal concentrations) were determined. The major compounds identified by GC-MS were limonene (49.2%), (Z)-β-ocimene (13.6%), α-pinene (8.8%) and (E)-β-ocimene (5.9%). The oil showed in vitro antifungal activity against some species of the Fusarium genus, Botrytis cinerea, and Alternaria solani. Our study indicates that the oil of C. coggygria could be used as a control agent for plant pathogenic fungi in natural formulations
The Essential Oil of Monarda didyma L. (Lamiaceae) Exerts Phytotoxic Activity in Vitro against Various Weed Seed
No full textThe chemical composition of the essential oil of the flowering aerial parts of Monarda didyma L. cultivated in central Italy was analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The major compounds of the oil were thymol (59.3%), p-cymene (10.3%), terpinolene (9.2%), δ-3-carene (4.4%), myrcene (3.7%), and camphene (3.4%). The essential oil was tested in vitro for its anti-germination activity against Papaver rhoeas L., Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg., Avena fatua L., Raphanus sativus L. and Lepidium sativum L. seeds, demonstrating good inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent way. The exposure of the employed weed seeds to M. didyma essential oil and thymol solution (59.3%) increased the level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), markers of oxidative stress, in emerging 5-day-old rootlets
Further New Diterpenoids from Salvia miniata Fernald (Lamiaceae)
No full textIn course of our search on Salvia metabolites for the identification of new herbicides with diterpene and triterpene skeletons [1, 2] we have continued the study on Salvia miniata Fernald [3], a Mexican species whose aerial part exudate in a preliminary test showed anti-germinative activity against Papaver rhoeas L. and Avena sativa L., chosen on the basis of evaluating the seed germination response respectively of a common invasive species and of a common crop species. From Salvia miniata we had already isolated some new and known di- and triterpenes [4]; here we report two new compounds, obtained from the chromatographic separation of not previously considered fractions. The surface exudate, obtained by rinsing the plant material with CH2Cl2, and subjected to repeated column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and silica gel and to reversed-phase semi-preparative HPLC, yielded two new clerodane diterpenoids (1, 2) identified by IR and NMR analysis, including TOCSY, COSY, HSQC and HMBC experiments.
[1] Vyvyan JR. Allelochemicals as leads for new herbicides and agrochemicals. Tetrahedron. 2002; 58: 1631–1646. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(02)00052-2
[2] Dayan FE, Duke SO. Trichomes and root hairs: natural pesticide factories. Pesticide Outlook. 2003; 8: 175–178. doi:10.1039/b308491b
[3] Epling C. A Revision of Salvia, subgenus Calosphace. In: Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis. Vol.110. Fedde F. Berkley, California: University of California Press,1940.
[4] Bisio A, Romussi G, Russo E, Cafaggi S, Fraternale D, De Tommasi N. New Clerodane Diterpenoids from Salvia miniata Fernald (Lamiaceae). Planta Med. 2008; 74: 1041. doi:10.1055/s-0028-108438
Nuovi diterpenoidi clerodanici dall’essudato delle parti aeree di Salvia miniata Fernald.
No full textIl prodotto di secrezione delle strutture epidermiche vegetali è coinvolto nelle interazioni pianta-pianta e pianta-ambiente [1-2], ed i suoi componenti vengono rilasciati nell’ambiente tramite dilavamento fogliare, volatilizzazione o decomposizione residuale [3]. Poiché l’essudato delle parti aeree di Salvia miniata Fernald [4] aveva mostrato in precedenza attività erbicida contro Papaver rhoeas L. ed Avena sativa L. in un test preliminare (totale inibizione della germinazione a 5 mg/L sia su Papaver sia su Avena; LC50 1.05±0.4 mg/L su Papaver e 0.75±0.4 mg/L su Avena) si è proceduto all’isolamento dei componenti di superficie delle parti aeree fresche (1.2 kg) mediante immersione in CH2Cl2 per 20 s. L’essudato (5 g, 0.42% w/w di pianta fresca) è stato estratto con n-esano, fornendo una frazione solubile in esano (0.2 g) ed una insolubile in esano (2.85 g). Ripetute purificazioni cromatografiche del residuo insolubile in esano su Sephadex LH-20 (porzioni da 0.8 g, 53x2.5 cm, miscela eluente CHCl3/ CH3OH 70:30), e su Kieselgel 60 (porzioni da 1 g, 60x2.6 cm, eluite con miscele di n-esano-CHCl3 a polarità crescente) hanno fornito vari gruppi di frazioni, da cui in precedenza erano stati ottenuti diversi nuovi composti [5-7]. Inoltre, sono stati isolati due nuovi diterpeni clerodanici, tramite HPLC-MS e MS2 seguiti da RP-HPLC preparativo (eluenti: A: CH3OH con 0.005% HCOOH, B: H2O con 0.1% HCOOH, gradiente lineare da 30% a 90% di B in 40 min). 1 (22.1 mg) è stato ottenuto al 49% di B (Rt = 19 min). 2 (10.6 mg) è stato ottenuto all’88% di B (Rt = 38 min). Entrambi i composti sono stati identificati tramite spettroscopia UV, IR ed NMR, includendo esperimenti TOCSY, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, ed analisi ESI-TRAP-MS e HR-MS. Riferimenti [1] R.G. Kelsey, G.W. Reynolds, E. Rodriguez In: Rodriguez E, Healey PL, Metha J, eds. Biology and chemistry of plant trichomes. New York: Plenum Press, 1984, 187-241; [2] E. Werker In: Advances in Botanical Research. Vol. 31. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 77-111; [3] C.H. Chou In: Allelopathy – A Physiological Process with Ecological Implications, MJ Reigosa, et al. Eds., Springer: Dordrecht, The Nederlands, 2006, 1-10; [4] C. Epling A Revision of Salvia, subgenus Calosphace. In: Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis. Vol.110. Fedde F., University of California Press: Berkley, California, 1940, 292-293; [5] A. Bisio, G. Romussi, E. Russo, S. Cafaggi, D. Fraternale, N. De Tommasi Planta Medica- 7th Joint Meeting of AFERP, ASP, GA, PSE & SIF, 2008, 1041; [6] A. Bisio, G. Romussi, E. Russo, S. Cafaggi, D. Fraternale, D. Ricci, N. De Tommasi XVII Congresso Italo-Latino Americano di Etnomedicina, 2008, 106; [7] Bisio A, Fraternale D, Russo E, Romussi G, Cafaggi S, Caviglioli G, De Tommasi N. 2009. Planta Medica, 57th International Congress of the GA, Geneva, Switzerland, 2009, 75, 105
Salvia miniata Fernald (Lamiaceae): characterization of a new clerodane diterpenoid and phytotoxic activity of previously isolated diterpenes
No full textPlanta Med 2009; 75
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1234884
Salvia miniata Fernald (Lamiaceae): characterization of a new clerodane diterpenoid and phytotoxic activity of previously isolated diterpenes
A Bisio 1, D Fraternale 2, E Russo 1, G Romussi 1, S Cafaggi 1, G Caviglioli 1, N De Tommasi 3
1 Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche e Alimentari, Università di Genova, Via Brigata Salerno, 16147 Genova, Italia
2 Istituto di Botanica, Università di Urbino, Via Bramante 28, 61029 Urbino, Italia
3 Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Salerno, Via ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Salerno, Italia
In a preliminary test, the aerial part exudate of Salvia miniata Fernald [1] showed anti-germinative activity against Papaver rhoeas L. and Avena sativa L. In this work, the antigerminative activity of previously isolated diterpenes [2] has been evaluated and the phytotoxicity (total germination inhibition at 60mg/L against Papaver and at 80mg/L against Avena) of one of these is described. Moreover, we report a new compound obtained from the chromatographic separation of a not previously considered exudate fraction. The surface exudate, obtained by rinsing the plant material with CH2Cl2, and subjected to repeated column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and silica gel and to semi-preparative reversed-phase HPLC, yielded a new clerodane diterpenoid (1), identified by IR and NMR analysis, including TOCSY, COSY, HSQC, HMBC and ROESY experiments.
References: [1] Epling, C. (1940) A Revision of Salvia, subgenus Calosphace. In: Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis. Vol.110. Fedde F. Berkley, California: University of California Press.
[2] Bisio, A. et al. (2008) Planta Med. 74:1041-104
Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of aerial parts and ripe fruits of Echinophora spinosa (Apiaceae) from Italy
No full textThe chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils obtained from the flowering aerial parts and ripe fruits of Echinophora spinosa L. (Apiaceae) from central Italy were analyzed by GC/MS. The major constituents of the oil from the aerial parts were beta-phellandrene (34.7%), myristicin (16.5%), delta3-carene (12.6%), alpha-pinene (6.7%) and alpha-phellandrene (6.2%), and of the oil from the ripe fruits p-cymene (50.2%), myristicin (15.3%), alpha-pinene (15.1%) and alpha-phellandrene (8.1%). The two oils showed good antimicrobial activity against Clostridium difficile, C. perfringens, Enterococcus faecalis, Eubacterium limosum, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Candida albicans with MIC values respectively of 0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 2.25, and 0.50%, v/v, and 0.13, 0.13, 0.13, 0.13, 2.25, 0.50%, v/v, for aerial parts and ripe fruits respectively. A less significant antimicrobial activity against bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, very important in the intestinal microflora, was also detected, with MIC values higher than 4.0%, v/v
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