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Impacts of rumen fluid, refrigerated or reconstituted from a refrigerated pellet, on gas production measured at 24h of fermentation
Full text linkRumen fluid is used as fresh inoculum for gas production fermentations to predict the nutritional value of feeds and rations for ruminants. However, collection of rumen fluid from animal donors is invasive, expensive, time consuming and results in fluids of variable quality. The general aim was to identify a procedure to manipulate rumen inoculum in order to facilitate its storage and transfer between laboratories. This strategy would also limit fluid collections from animals. Two experiments were completed based on gas production from graduated 100 mL glass syringe with five feeds as substrates. In experiment 1, the gas production and some fermentation parameters of fresh rumen fluids were compared with those preserved at 4 °C for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Refrigeration did not modify concentration of volatile fatty acids and pH, but ammonia in liquids refrigerated for 48–96 h was higher (P < 0.05) compared to fresh. In contrast, rumen fluid refrigeration for 24, 48 or 72 h did not depress gas production at 24 h, but it was lower at 96 h. In experiment 2, the rumen fluid was centrifugated at 13,000 x g and sedimented material (i.e., pellet) was refrigerated for 48 h at 4 °C. The asymptote of gas production kinetics from rumen fluid regenerated from the pellet was 8 % lower (P < 0.05) than that from fresh. However for 24 h gas production, the correlation between fresh liquid and pellet inoculum, calculated for five ingredients, was high (R2 = 0.94). Results support the use of rumen fluid preserved by refrigeration for up to 72 h, and rumen fluid reconstituted from refrigerated pellet, as an alternative to fresh. This would reduce the need for laboratories to maintain animal donors and/or frequently collect rumen fluid
Fatty acid profile of table eggs from laying hens fed hempseed products: A meta-analysis
No full textAbstract
The type of dietary lipids consumed by laying hens affects the fatty acid (FA) profile of the eggs. This work analyzed the available scientific publications that examined the use of hempseed products (Cannabis sativa L. varieties with low concentration of tetrahydrocannabinol) on the fatty acid profiles of eggs produced by laying hens. The literature search was performed to identify publications that reported experiments, in which laying hens were fed hemp products (seeds, cakes, or oils). Fourteen eligible publications (49 dietary treatments) were identified that were published in international journals from 2005 to 2019. Most of the experimental diets (24 treatments) used whole hempseeds, about one-third of the diets examined low levels of hempseed oils, and 3 studies (7 treatments) examined hempseed cakes and meal. To summarize the results of the different experiments, the inclusions of hempseed products were converted into hempseed equivalents based on total fat concentration. The inclusion of hempseed products in the diet did not affect the total saturated FA concentration of the eggs, but it did decrease the monounsaturated FA content (R2 = 0.47) by about 115 mg/yolk for each 10% inclusion in the diet of hempseed products. Dietary hempseed also increased several polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) content of yolk. A 10% increase in the dietary hempseeds led to eggs that had 46 mg/yolk of α-linolenic acid (ALA, R2 = 0.86), 25% greater than the control diet (36 mg/yolk). The same inclusion rate of dietary hempseeds increased the γ-linolenic acid content by 1.7 mg/yolk (+28% relative to the basal level, R2 = 0.85), and increased the linoleic acid (LA) content by about 6%. The other ω-3 PUFA also increased (docosahexaenoic acid, R2 = 0.62, +33%; docosapentaenoic acid, R2 = 0.81, +51%; eicosapentaenoic acid, R2 = 0.60, +41%). For each 10% increase in the diet of hempseeds, the egg yolks had greater increases of ALA than LA, leading to a reduction in the ω-6:ω-3 (R2 = 0.66). In conclusion, diets for laying hens containing hemp products led to eggs that had increased PUFA and a reduction in the ω-6:ω-3
Meccanizzazione dell'allevamento della vongola verace in laguna di Marano. Volume PIM per le zone lagunari dell'Adriatico settentrionale
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Inter- and intra-crystalline temperature and pressure estimates on pyroxenes from NE Brazil mantle xenoliths.
No full textMercier's thermobarometer (Mercier 1980) and Saxena's thermometer (Dal Negro et al. 1982) were applied to single pyroxenes of both porphyroclastic (PF) and protogranular (PR) spinel peridotitic nodules enclosed in alkaline products related to necks of North-Eastern Brazil. Intercrystalline temperatures obtained using both orthopyroxene (opx) and clinopyroxene (cpx) compositions were in agreement, and were lower in protogranular than in porphyroclastic nodules (1051_+57 and 1266 +_ 19~ respectively). In contrast, pressure estimates using cpx and opx were conflicting, in particular as
regards PF nodules. In fact for PF nodules cpx compositions
point to 27 32 kbar (mean 29_+2) whereas opx compositions point to 1%19 kbar (mean 18_+ 1). Conversely, PR nodule cpx and opx compositions point to similar values 17 24 and 15-18 kbar respectively (mean 19_+4). The result obtained for PF nodules using cpx composition clearly contrasts with petrographic evidence
and it is due to the peculiar composition of PF cpx (e.g. low Ca content, from 0.645 to 0.737 atoms per formula
unit, a.f.u.) that strongly affects the barometric formulation.
The PR and PF cpxs reveal similar mean intracrystalline
temperature estimates (712 _+ 112 and 778 +_ 217~
respectively). These, considering the difference of about
200~ in the intercrystalline temperature estimates, indicate
that the exchange cation reaction between the M1
and M2 sites was a faster process in PF than in PR cpx,
favoured by the low Ca content of PF cpx. Thus alternatively,
the composition of PF cpx, characterized by a high
rate of Ca ~ Mg substitution in the M2 site, may not
affect the intercrystalline temperature. Therefore the difference
of about 200~ found in intercrystalline temperatures
between PR and PF cpxs, in spite of their same
pressure values, may be interpreted as indicating an
anomalous temperature gradient in the region
Measurement of Purine Derivatives and Creatinine in urine by HPLC
No full textTwo HPLC methods to measure the purine derivativcs (PD), including allantoin, uric acid, hypoxanthine and xanthine) and creatinine content in urine are described. PD separation and quantification were achieved using two Spherisorb ODS 2 reversed phase columns connected in series (4.6 x 250 mm) and a Spherisorb ODS 2 Waters pre-column and a Perkin Elmer pump with an autosampler. The mobile phase was NH4H2PO4; NH4H2PO4: acetonitrile (80:20), which was used at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min and the detection wavelength was at 190 nm. The average recoveries of standard compounds added to urine samples were satisfactory (92-106%) and the low detection limits (0.7-3.4 μM) permitted the precise determination of these compounds in urine.
Separation and quantification of crcatinine was achieved using one Spherisorb ODS 2 reversed phase column (4.6 X 250 mm) and one Spherisorb ODS 2 Waters pre-column and a Perkin Elmer pump with an auto sampler. The mobile phase was NH4H2PO4; NH4H2PO4;-acetonitrile (80:20), used at a how rate of 1.00 m1/min and the detection was at 190 nm. The mean recovery (3 measurements) of standard solution added to urine samples was 101%; detection limit was 7.9 μM
Inter- and intracrystalline temperature and pressure estimates on pyroxenes from NE Brazil mantle xenoliths
No full textMercier's thermobarometer (Mercier 1980) and Saxena's thermometer (Dal Negro et al. 1982) were applied to single pyroxenes of both porphyroclastic (PF) and protogranular (PR) spinel peridotitic nodules enclosed in alkaline products related to necks of North-Eastern Brazil. Intercrystalline temperatures obtained using both orthopyroxene (opx) and clinopyroxene (cpx) compositions were in agreement, and were lower in protogranular than in porphyroclastic nodules (1051±57 and 1266±19°C respectively). In contrast, pressure estimates using cpx and opx were conflicting, in particular as regards PF nodules. In fact for PF nodules cpx compositions point to 27–32 kbar (mean 29±2) whereas opx compositions point to 17–19 kbar (mean 18±1). Conversely, PR nodule cpx and opx compositions point to similar values 17–24 and 15–18 kbar respectively (mean 19±4). The result obtained for PF nodules using cpx composition clearly contrasts with petrographic evidence and it is due to the peculiar composition of PF cpx (e.g. low Ca content, from 0.645 to 0.737 atoms per formula unit, a.f.u.) that strongly affects the barometric formulation. The PR and PF cpxs reveal similar mean intracrystalline temperature estimates (712±112 and 778±217°C, respectively). These, considering the difference of about 200°C in the intercrystalline temperature estimates, indicate that the exchange cation reaction between the M1 and M2 sites was a faster process in PF than in PR cpx, favoured by the low Ca content of PF cpx. Thus alternatively, the composition of PF cpx, characterized by a high rate of Ca » Mg substitution in the M2 site, may not affect the intercrystalline temperature. Therefore the difference of about 200°C found in intercrystalline temperatures between PR and PF cpxs, in spite of their same pressure values, may be interpreted as indicating an anomalous temperature gradient in the region
Relazione tra indici riproduttivi del fagiano di monte, parassiti e caratteristiche ambientali
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