1,721,145 research outputs found
Milk and plasma IgG levels in primiparous and multiparous cows, during the first week of lactation
No full textBovines are born agammaglobulinemic and achieve immune protection by transport of colostral immunoglobulins into the bloodstream through intestinal epithelium. This transfer depends on initial permeability of intestinal mucosa and transcytotic mechanisms mediated by receptors. Despite immunoglobulin transfer ceases within 48 hours after birth, receptors persist into adulthood. In bovine colostrum/milk the predominant immunoglobulin is IgG (subclasses IgG1 + IgG2), which mainly derives from maternal blood. During the first week of age, interaction between ingested IgGs and intestinal receptors stimulates intestinal mucosa thickness and villi length of the newborn. During the first week of lactation, colostrum/milk and blood IgGs were analysed in 7 primiparous and 7 multiparous Fresian dairy cows, in order to identify factors affecting their level. All cows were fed a total mixed ration ad libitum. On day 0, 1, 3 and 7 of lactation, milk yield and composition were determined and colostrum/milk and blood samples were tested for IgG1 and IgG2 by ELISA. Data were analysed by the PROC MIXED RM method of SAS.
Colostrum/milk yield ranged between 11.5 and 34.7 L/d, without differences between primiparous and multiparous cows, throughout the study period, but protein and casein were higher (P<0.05) in colostrum/milk of multiparous ones, from day 1 to 7. By contrast, on parturition day, fat (95.4 vs. 58.8 g/L, SE=9.35, P<0.01) and urea (0.81 vs. 0.65 g/L, SE=0.04, P<0.05) were higher in colostrum of primiparous cows. In both groups, maximum levels of IgGs were observed at parturition. Total IgG was twice higher in colostrum of primiparous cows (2.47 vs. 1.26 g/L, SE=0.30, P<0.05), but this difference was entirely due to IgG2 (1.20 vs. 0.37 g/L, SE=0.15, P<0.01), whereas colostrum IgG1 did not differ between groups.. In both groups, colostrum/milk IgG1 correlated (P<0.05) negatively with milk yield and positively with milk protein. In primiparous cows, colostrum/milk IgG2 correlated (P<0.01) negatively with milk yield and positively with milk urea. Maximum levels of blood IgGs were observed at parturition, without differences between groups.
Results suggest that milk yield, protein and urea, parity and distance from parturition are all factors affecting the level of IgG in colostrum and milk. Results suggest that IgG1 and IgG2 are transferred from maternal blood into milk through different processes and the efficiency of IgG2 transfer seems to decrease with parity
Leptin in bovine colostrum and milk
No full textWe studied leptin content in bovine colostrum, milk and plasma during the first month of lactation, and investigated relationships between selected milk components and milk leptin in five multiparous dairy cows. Colostrum/milk yield and composition were measured on days 0, 10, 20, and 30 of lactation. Leptin was assayed using a multi-species leptin RIA kit. Leptin concentration was 56 % lower in mature milk (day 10) than colostrum (13.90 vs. 6.14 μg/l; p < 0.001), but remained steady over the twenty days afterwards. Daily secretion of leptin into mature milk was 28 % lower than into colostrum (173.2 μg/d vs. 220.0 μg/d; p = 0.09) notwithstanding an 80 % increase in production. Colostrum and milk leptin levels correlated with fat (0.90; p < 0.001) and choline phospholipid (0.76; p < 0.05). Plasma and milk leptin decreased during the first month, but remained higher in milk, and highest in colostrum. Thus, leptin is present in large quantities in colostrum, less so and more variably in untreated milk, and is likely to be decreased in skimmed milk. These findings have implications for the use of untreated milk and colostrum-based (functional) food products
Bioactive components in goat milk and plasma
No full textLeptin, ghrelin and IGF-1 were measured in sonicated defatted milk (morning and evening milkings) and in plasma (before feeding, 1 and 4 h after feeding) in 17 Saanen goats in midlactation. Leptin and ghrelin were positively correlated and were twice/thrice more concentrated in milk than in plasma. Plasma IGF-1 level was 7-fold higher than in milk with high correlation (r=+0.84; P<0.01). During the periprandial period (immediately prefeeding, 1 and 4-h postfeeding) plasma leptin and IGF-1 levels did not change significantly, while plasma ghrelin level was significantly lower 1 h after feeding
Influence of a nonforage diet on plasma leptin in dairy goats throughout lactation
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to compare the plasma level of leptin in lactating goats fed a traditional silage-based diet or a totally free forage diet, throughout lactation and during the pre and post-feeding state.
Conclusions: The opposite trend in the pattern of diet effects on DMI and plasma leptin, both in pre- and postfeeding state, induces to retain that in goats throughout
lactation the levels of leptin can be related to DM intake, as Barb (1999) proposed in other animal models.
Finally, it is interesting to note that also in lactating goats, as in other species, plasma leptin level increased during the post-feeding phase
Slow-release somatotropin reduces plasma leptin in lactating dairy cows
No full textSomatotropin has dramatic effects on adipose tissue and lipid metabolism. Leptin, produced and released primarily by adipose cells, exerts a regulatory control on energy homeostasis. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of bST administration on milk production, plasma leptin and selected plasma metabolites in lactating dairy cows. Forty Holstein cows(90±33 DIM)were randomly divided into 2 groups: Control and bST. The bST group received 640mg/4wk of slow release bST(Posilac) for two cycles. Milk yield and composition were measured at 7 days post-injection of each cycle. Blood samples were collected on the same day before feeding, and analyzed for leptin, NEFA, total protein, α-amino nitrogen, and urea nitrogen. Both milk yield and milk fat percentage were increased(29.9 vs. 35.3 kg/d; P≤.01; 3.59 vs. 3.92%; P≤.05) by bST administration, while milk protein content was unaffected by treatment (3.19 vs. 3.13%. At 7 days post-injection, bST decreased (P<.01) plasma leptin by 33% (4.26 vs. 2.86 μg/l) whereas plasma NEFA was drastically increased (225 vs. 875 μmol/l; P≤.01). Plasma total protein was increased by bST (78.9 vs. 81.4 g/l; P≤.05), while both α-amino nitrogen and urea in plasma of treated cows were reduced (P≤.01) by 20% (2.54 vs. 2.03 mmol/l; 6.55 vs. 5.27 mmol/l, respectively). These data confirmed a galactopoetic effect of bST, which imposed, on peak of response, a higher demand of nutrients sustained by an enhanced lipolysis in adipose tissue. Lower plasma leptin observed in present study could be due to reduced body fat mass as consequence of lipolysis induced by bST. This is in line with higher plasma NEFA concentration observed in bST group. Plasma nitrogen metabolites indicate a higher efficiency in protein metabolism in treated cows. This study show that plasma leptin is linked with the nutritional status of cows, even though other hormones and metabolites are also involved in the signaling and control of body energy store
Trend-analysis of plasma insulin level around parturition, in relation to parity in Saanen goats
Get PDFThe present study investigated the effect of parity on plasma insulin level around parturition in Saanen goats. On d -14, -7, 0, 3, 7, 10 and 14 from parturition, plasma glucose, NEFA, free AAs, cortisol and insulin concentrations were analyzed in 10 primiparous and 10 multiparous goats. At parturition, BW of primiparous goats was about 75% of that of multiparous ones (P < 0.001) and then their milk production was lower than that of multiparous ones (P < 0.001). At parturition, glucose increased (P < 0.01) in both primiparous and multiparous goats, and then decreased (P < 0.01) on d 3 of lactation, remaining higher (P < 0.01) in primiparous than multiparous goats until the end of the study period. In both groups, free AAs decreased (P < 0.01) at parturition, returning to pre-partum levels (P < 0.01) on d 3 of lactation without difference between groups. Only in multiparous goats, plasma NEFA increased at parturition (P < 0.01), returning to pre-partum levels on d 14 (P < 0.01). Changes in glucose and AAs could have been caused by cortisol, which increased (P < 0.01) at parturition in both primiparous and multiparous goats, returning to pre-partum levels (P < 0.01) on d 7 of lactation, without difference between the parity groups. In multiparous goats insulin decreased soon after parturition (P < 0.05), remaining at low levels until the end of the study period, whereas, in primiparous goats, insulin did not vary until d 14 of lactation, when it decreased (P < 0.05) also in this group. Therefore, between d 3 and 14 of lactation, insulin was higher in primiparous than multiparous goats (P < 0.05). Only in primiparous goats, at kidding, insulin was negatively correlated to body weight (P < 0.01), and after parturition it was negatively correlated with milk yield (P < 0.05) and plasma NEFA (P < 0.05). We hypothesize that higher insulin levels in primiparous Saanen goats, which are still immature at their first breeding season, acted to limit both the mobilization of bodily reserves and the capture of nutrients by the lactating mammary gland, thus providing nutrients for their own physical and physiological development
Effect of cocoa husks diet on lipid metabolism and liver composition in fattening pigs during the hot season
No full textCocoa husks are byproducts from chocolate production, characterized by high contents of proteins, lipids, dietary fibre and antioxidants, polyphenols in particular. The present study evaluated the effect of cocoa husks feeding on lipid metabolism and liver composition in finishing pigs. Eight castrated male Duroc x Large White pigs (135 ± 4.06 kg, mean ± SE) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: CTRL, fed a conventional pelleted diet based on cereals, and COCOA, fed a diet obtained by substitution of 10% of the conventional diet with coarsely-ground cocoa husks. The experimental diets were isoproteic and isoenergetic, but EE (4.53 vs. 3.60 % DM), NDF (14.2 vs. 12.8 % DM), ADF (7.19 vs. 5.03 % DM), ADL (2.22 vs. 1.21 % DM) and total polyphenols (15.4 vs. 8.18 g/kg DM) were higher in COCOA than CTRL diet. The trial was conducted during the hot season (T = 27.1 ± 2.49 °C; Ur = 65.0 ± 4.65 %) and lasted 6 weeks, after which blood samples were taken before the first meal of the day, and analyzed for lipid parameters. Pigs were then sent to the slaughter house, where body and liver weights were recorded and liver samples were collected and analyzed for composition. Obtained data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
Consumption of cocoa husks for 6 weeks reduced (P<0.01) by 10 % DM and energy intake, but had no effect on body and carcass weights and hot dressing percentage.
Cocoa husks diet increased plasmatic level of HDL cholesterol (38.5 vs. 25.9 mg/dL, SE=5.34, P<0.05), without affecting total and LDL cholesterol. In humans, increased HDL cholesterol is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. The intake of polyphenols has been shown to increase plasma HDL cholesterol in both humans and animals, but the mechanism by which polyphenols stimulate HDL cholesterol synthesis by the liver remains unclear.
Cocoa husks feeding did not affect liver cholesterol, but reduced liver weight (1634 vs. 1833 g, SE=88.5, P<0.05) and liver content of soluble protein (66.7 vs. 84.8 mg/g, SE=4.43, P<0.01), DNA (3.20 vs. 4.74 mg/g, SE=0.34, P=0.01) and glycogen (24.6 vs. 88.4 mg/g, SE=10.7, P=0.01). By contrast, cocoa husks increased liver ether extract (15.1 vs. 11.8 mg/g, SE=1.13, P=0.05). Previous studies showed that liver weight decreases in pigs exposed to high/discomforting temperatures, in order to reduce endogenous heat production. For the same purpose, animals decrease protein synthesis and store energy in the form of fats, because protein synthesis is energetically expensive and largely contributes to total heat production, whereas fat deposition is a more efficient and less thermogenic process. This leads to a shift toward the use of carbohydrates as energy substrate and a consequent reduction in glycogen storage in the liver.
Results suggest that, during the hot season, cocoa husks diet may foster liver metabolism, in order to promote animal coping with environmental conditions. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that COCOA pigs needed less feeding to reach similar body and carcass weight of the CTRL ones
Leptin in bovine plasma, colostrum and milk during the first month of lactation
No full textThe objective of this study was to determine leptin content in bovine colostrum and mature milk during the first month of lactation, and their possible relation with plasma leptin. Five multiparous Holstein dairy cows homogenous for parity and mean production in the previous lactation were used. Colostrum and milk yield and composition were measured on day 0, 10, 20, and 30 of lactation. Blood samples were collected on day 0, 10, and 20 post-calving. Plasma, skim colostrum and skim milk were analysed for leptin content using a commercial multi-species leptin RIA kit. Leptin concentration was 56% lower in mature milk than in colostrum (13.90 vs. 6.14 microg/l; P<.01), while no significant differences were observed during the first month of lactation (5.88, 6.16, 6.38 microg/l on day 10, 20 and 30, respectively). Leptin daily secretion in mature milk was 21% lower than in colostrum (220.0 microg/d vs. 173.2 microg/d; P<.01). Plasma leptin at calving was 2.64 microg/l, decreasing by 18% during post-partum (2.17 microg/l; P<.05). Although, both plasma and milk leptin concentrations showed a similar decreasing time trend during the first month of lactation, colostrum and milk showed a higher leptin level than plasma, suggesting that transfer of leptin from the blood account only partially for its milk content
Un’antiteoria della giustizia. Divagazioni giuridiche attorno a un vecchio e attualissimo film di F. Rosi: “Cadaveri eccellenti” (1976), tratto dal romanzo: “Il contesto” di L. Sciascia
No full textLa trasposizione cinematografica di F. Rosi del romanzo sciasciano offre l'occasione per un ripensamento storico e filosofico sull'idea di giustizia, attraverso il topos dell'errore giudiziario
Cocoa Husks Feeding Improves Some Indices of Health and Welfare of Pigs
No full textThe study evaluated the effects of dietary inclusion of cocoa husks, as source of polyphenols, on haematological indicators of animal health and welfare. Eight pigs were divided into two groups: CTRL fed a conventional cereal–based diet, and COCOA fed a diet obtained by substitution of 10% of the control diet with cocoa husks. After 6 weeks, blood was analyzed for some indices of health and welfare. Cocoa husks increased HDL cholesterol and antithrombin III, and decreased haptoglobin concentration. In humans, these results are associated with reduction of cardiovascular risk. COCOA pigs showed higher concentrations of immunoglobulins than CTRL pigs. High levels of antibodies may improve resistance to pathogen infections and, in humans, are associated to reduction of cardiovascular risk. Cocoa husks feeding may improve health and welfare of pigs. In particular, considering pigs as models for humans, cocoa husks may help reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases
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