31 research outputs found
Blockchain and IoT Integration for Society 5.0
No full textThe integration of Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) will have many implications in the Society 5.0. Blockchain technology has the potential to deal with issues that are related to data ownership, data integrity and data market monopolies. Public blockchains support the implementation of the data democratisation vision where everybody has access to data and there are no gatekeepers that make use of isolated data silos. Smart contracts can be used to provide contract transparency and allow citizens to manage their own data and the deriving economic value. This paper describes a novel blockchain-based security protocol that has been applied to a bicycle rental case study. This has been designed and implemented with the Society 5.0 vision in mind. Users store their own rental data by using a public blockchain. This eliminates the need of a centralised authority, provides data immutability and allows users to agree on transparent smart contract to manage their insurance, their payments and their own rental data. The smart lock protocol has been implemented in a real industrial product that uses the Ethereum public blockchain
Persistence and Testing Semantics in the Asynchronous Pi-Calculus
No full textIn [24] the authors studied the expressiveness of persistence in the asynchronous pi-calculus (Api) wrt weak barbed congruence. The study is incomplete because it ignores the issue of divergence. In this paper, we present an expressiveness study of persistence in the asynchronous pi-calculus (Api) wrt De Nicola and Hennessy’s testing scenario which is sensitive to divergence. Following [24], we consider Api and three sub-languages of it, each capturing one source of persistence: the persistent-input calculus (PIApi), the persistent-output calculus (POApi) and persistent calculus (PApi). In [24] the authors showed encodings
from Aπ into the semi-persistent calculi (i.e., POApi and PIApi) correct wrt weak barbed congruence. In this paper we prove that, under some general conditions, there cannot be an encoding from Api into a (semi)-persistent calculus preserving the must testing semantics
Share: A Design Pattern for Dynamic Composition of IoT Services
No full textThe Internet-of-Things (IoT) is one of the modern technological revolutions that enables communication amongst a plethora of different devices. To date 30 billion devices are connected to the internet more than 75 billion devices are foreseen to be connected worldwide by 2025, a five fold increase in ten years. Devices can have different brands and developers and can be designed to function on a proprietary ecosystem, with separate applications, gateways and tools to support them. This fragmentation can be disastrous in certain industries, such as the medical ones, and limit integration between different systems. In this paper, we envision a solution to overcome this interaction problems. We propose Share a novel programming standard through a design pattern. This allows on the fly service composition of resource constrained IoT devices. To this ending, IoT devices exchange integration codes which specify the data format and the interaction protocol. The design by contract scheme (DCS) is used to make sure that the matching services verify the constraints dictated by the composition. Unlike other on the fly approaches, Share can run on very small and resource constrained devices. Share has been implemented by using LUA programming language and has been validated on the ESP30 embedded device
Applying REECHD to non-uniformly distributed heterogeneous devices
No full textHeterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are essential to implement the IoT
vision. They are a virtual skin that allows the gathering of environmental data. This can be
used to enhance human life and build innovative applications such as smart environments,
advance health care systems and smart cities. WSNs are composed of nodes that can have
dierent initial energy, dierent node transmission rate and dierent hardware. Energy
eciency is one of the most important challenges when building WSNs since nodes are
battery powered. Clustering is an extensively used approach to enhance the heterogeneous
WSN lifetime. Clustering partitions the WSN nodes into a set of clusters. Each cluster
contains a cluster head (CH) that collects data from its member nodes and forwards them
to a centralised Base Station (BS). Although a plethora of dierent clustering approaches
have been proposed CH selection is usually based on the node residual energy. Some
approaches can take into account the node transmission rate but only for cluster formation.
Rotating Energy Ecient Clustering for Heterogeneous Devices (REECHD) is our novel
clustering algorithm that considers both node residual energy and node transmission rate
for cluster head election. REECHD also proposes the introduction of the intra-trac
rate limit (ITRL). This limits the amount of intra-trac data that a CH can receive.
ITRL can improve energy eciency. In this work we apply REECHD to a WSN where
devices are not uniformly distributed. More precisely, we consider WSNs where some
subareas generate a higher volume of trac. We show how the use of ITRL improves
energy eciency by adaptively generating a dierent amount of clusters in dierent WSN
subareas. REECHD outperforms the state of art clustering protocols of 220% when rst
node die lifetime measure is considered. Our results show that REECHD enhances on
average the network lifespan when compared to the state of art protocols
Sanità sostenibile: servizi ubiquiti e personalizzati orientati al risparmio energetico
No full textIl concetto di sostenibilità ha dimostrato essere valido per un'ampia gamma di settori: tra questi vanno annoverati energia, agricoltura, foreste, edilizia, turismo e sanità che, benché eterogenei, risultano essere strettamente interconnessi tra loro in termini di sostenibilità. Ne consegue che politiche sostenibili orientate per ed applicate ad un settore specifico, possono influenzare in modo indiretto altri settori. Questo è particolarmente evidente nel caso della sanità e dell'energia. Un sistema sanitario è considerata sostenibile quando riesce a rispettare ed armonizzare a lungo termine vincoli di natura ecologica, ambientale, economica e sociale, perseguendo una politica di equilibrio sulle singole componenti del sistema
Off-Chain Execution of IoT Smart Contracts
No full textModern blockchains allow the definition of smart contracts (SCs). An SC is a computer protocol designed to digitally ease, verify, or enforce the terms of agreement between users. SCs execution can require high fees when lots of computation is required or a high volume of data is stored. This is usually the case of Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems where a large amount of devices can produce a high volume of data. Off-chain contract execution is a viable solution to decrease the blockchain fees. Users can agree on an on-chain SC which is stored in the main chain. Computation can then be moved securely outside the chain to reduce fees. In this paper we propose DIVERSITY a novel approach that allows off-chain execution of SCs. DIVERSITY provides a novel model for defining on-chain contracts that can be securely executed by using a novel off-chain protocol. We have validate our approach on a novel IoT case study where fees have been greatly reduced
Separation of synchronous and asynchronous communication via testing
No full textOne of the early results about the asynchronous π-calculus which significantly contributed to its popularity is the capability of encoding the output prefix of the (choiceless) pi-calculus in a natural and elegant way.
Encodings of this kind were proposed by Honda and Tokoro, by Nestmann and (independently) by Boudol.
We investigate whether the above encodings preserve De Nicola and Hennessy’s testing semantics. In this sense, it turns out that, under some general conditions, no encoding of output prefix is able to preserve the must testing. This negative result is due to (a) the non atomicity of the sequences of steps which are necessary in the asynchronous π-calculus to mimic synchronous communication, and (b) testing semantics’s sensitivity to divergence
NARUN: noise adaptive routing for utility networks
No full textWireless Meter-Bus is an open standard for power-efficient smart metering. Data are collected from meters and transmitted to the collector for processing. In smart cities, placing meters with the best quality communication signal is often challenging for urban constraints and other communication signals. Meters can also have limited capabilities in terms of memory and CPU. Previous work has been addressing the reliability issue only in the context of direct collector-meter communication. This paper proposes a novel noise adaptive routing for utility networks (NARUN) protocol for improved performance and efficient routing in a partially connected mesh network. The collector keeps a weighted graph of the whole network where weights define the link failure index. No keep-alive or control messages are used to update the weights. Meters eavesdrop on the surrounding environment and efficiently report link failure indexes to the collector with ordinary reading messages. We validate NARUN on a real case study
Lycium barbarum: extraction, HPLC-DAD analysis and bioactivity evaluation of phytocomplex components
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