484 research outputs found
Towards Promotion of Social Inclusiveness and Reduction of Prejudice in Adolescence
No full textThis symposium aims at bringing together research from different perspectives on promotion of inclusiveness and reduction of prejudice held by majority adolescents towards minorities.
Taking a developmental perspective, Klimstra and colleagues analysed the role of extremist attitudes in terms of high social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism on identity formation processes. They found that relative increases in social dominance orientation were significantly correlated with changes toward a relatively more negative identity, and that social dominance orientation predicted negative relative changes in identity.
From a social-cognitive perspective, Albarello and colleagues considered how individual and cognitive factors affect prejudice towards migrants and social inclusiveness. They found that social dominance orientation was longitudinally and positively associated with prejudice, whereas multiple categorization (the ability to recognize migrants’ multiple belongingness) was negatively associated with it. Importantly, these effects on adolescents’ social inclusiveness were mediated by prejudice.
Bayram Özdemir and colleagues examined the change of adolescents’ attitudes toward immigrants and whether school context (friends’ views about immigrants; cooperative and socially cohesive classroom environment) play a role in the development of positive attitudes. They found that adolescents who decreased their positive view of immigrants and those who maintained a negative view had friends with less positive attitudes toward immigrants and also perceived their classroom environment as less cooperative and socially cohesive.
The contribution by Johnson focused on White majority adolescents and their tendency to endorse life goals related to reducing societal inequalities (helping goals; social justice goals), compared to Black minority adolescents. Her evidence suggests that White adolescents endorse social justice goals to a lower extent than Blacks. Differences were not fund for most of general helping goals.
Overall, these contributions shed new light on factors associated with development of prejudice towards minorities in adolescence
Social Inclusiveness as affected by multiple categorization, social dominance orientation, and prejudice.
No full textDuring adolescence importance of social groups increases (Brown & Larson, 2009; Luyckx et al., 2006) and the development of intergroup attitudes becomes a crucial developmental task (Aboud, 1988). In this respect, adolescence has been considered critical for the development of prejudice (Fishbein, 1996) and changing attitudes towards immigrants (Allport, 1954; Verkuyten & Thijs, 2001). Intergroup attitudes, prejudice, and discrimination all derive from a basic, fundamental social cognitive process that helps the individual to deal with the complexity of social life, that is, social categorization (i.e., the distinction between “us” and “them”; Tajfel & Turner, 1979). Among outgroups, one of the most salient one is that of migrants.
If research suggests that prejudice and tolerance are two different outcomes that are predicted by different processes (e.g., Van Zalk & Kerr, 2014), it is thus important to deeply analyse what promotes social inclusiveness and reduction of prejudice during adolescence. This contribution aims to understand the relation between well-known antecedents and moderators of prejudice--such as the social dominance orientation (i.e., the value that people place on non-egalitarian and hierarchically structured relationships between social groups; Sidanious & Pratto, 1999) and multiple categorization as the ability to recognize others’ multiple belongingness; Crisp & Hewstone, 2007)--prejudice towards migrants, and the development of social inclusiveness (assessed as the tendency to include oneself and others within the common group of human beings; Albarello & Rubini, 2012) during adolescence.
Participants were 304 adolescents (61.84% female; Mage = 17.49, SDage = 0.79) attending secondary high schools in the North-East of Italy. Most of the participants were Italian (95.06%). They were involved in a three-wave longitudinal study, with data collected throughout one academic year, with an interval of three months between measurements. At each point, adolescents completed the same paper-and-pencil questionnaire in their classrooms, during school hours. Study measures included individual’s social dominance orientation (Short Social Dominance Orientation scale; SSDO; Pratto et al., 2013), the extent to which adolescents used simple dimensions versus multiple dimensions of categorization to define the outgroup of migrants (ad hoc multiple categorisation scale), prejudice towards the group of migrants (Classical and Modern Racial Prejudice Scale; CMRPS; Akrami, Ekehammar, & Araya, 2000), and social inclusiveness, assessed as identification with the human group (Human Identification Scale; Albarello & Rubini, 2012).
Results of cross-lagged analyses conducted in Mplus highlighted that social dominance orientation and multiple categorization had opposite effects on prejudice toward migrants: while social dominance increased prejudice, multiple categorization contributed to lessen it. In addition, prejudice mediated the effects of social dominance orientation and multiple categorization on social inclusiveness, revealing the role of negative views of others in shaping social inclusiveness of adolescents. These findings have important theoretical and practical implications, suggesting important directions of study and intervention for promoting inclusive societies
The denial of morality, competence, and sociability through verbal insults
No full textFive empirical studies examined whether the fundamental dimensions of social judgement drive devaluation of others through verbal insults and whether denying morality leads to stronger social-cognitive, emotional and behavioural reactions than competence and sociability. Findings confirmed the primacy of morality
Linguistic Discrimination Towards Roma: Can Intergroup Threat Enhance Bias?
No full textRecently, there has been an increase in political ethnocentric attitudes resulting in a worldwide call to establish barriers against “foreigners” and in depicting immigrants as a threat. This experimental study considered the effect of intergroup threat (no-threat, realistic threat, symbolic threat) due to immigrants in enhancing discrimination towards Roma (one of the most numerous and very negatively stereotyped minority group in Europe).
An implicit measure of linguistic discrimination (language abstraction of terms used in Roma descriptions) and an explicit measure of affective prejudice (feelings thermometer) were employed. The relation between implicit and explicit discrimination was also analyzed. Findings confirmed the hypotheses that intergroup threat would enhance linguistic derogation and affective prejudice towards Roma and that linguistic abstraction would mediate threat’s effect on affective prejudice against Roma. Findings’ implications with reference to the role of language in shaping intergroup relations and social exclusion towards very stigmatized outgroups will be discussed
"Sono delle bestie!”: L’animalizzazione come strumento per svilire l’umanità altrui.
No full textRecentemente, l’attenzione degli studiosi sociali è stata attratta da una forma
drammatica di discriminazione sociale caratterizzata dalla deprivazione o
negazione dell’altrui umanità, la deumanizzazione. Sin dagli albori del suo
studio, la deumanizzazione è stata trattata nella forma dell’animalizzazione,
come inferiorizzazione dell’altro e associazione, esplicita o implicita, di individui
o interi gruppi sociali a forme di vita inferiori, animali, meno che umane. Questo
contributo illustra le forme aperte di animalizzazione, con attenzione particolare
al ruolo del linguaggio nel comunicare una percezione inferiorizzante dell’Altro,
e quelle più sottili, ma non meno gravose. Verrà sottolineata la pervasività del
fenomeno trattando le sue gravose conseguenze socio-cognitive e
comportamentali ed evidenziando la possibilità di contrastare tali esiti
Il ruolo delle categorie sociali multiple nel favorire l'inclusione nel gruppo umano
No full textNelle società moderne fondate sul diritto e la giustizia ugauli per ogni essere umano assistiamo quotidianamente a episodi di discriminazione sociale grave. La letteratura sulla deumanizzazione ha illustrato i fattyori psico-socaili che spiegano questa tendenza, invece, non esistono studi sui processi che possono favorire l'inclusione nell'ingroup umano. Nle presente studio abiamo ipotizzato che se l'aumento del numero di categorie sociali attribuite ai membri di un outgroup attenua differenziazioni e pregiudizi ingtergruppi attraverso la decategorizzazione, questo procersso socio-cognitivo, diminuendo la salienza dell'outgroup, possa aumentare l'appartenenza al gruppo umano. 216 studenti universitari italiani hanno compilato un questionario cartaceo confrontando i gruppi sociali reali di italiani (ingroup) e immigrati (outgroup) nelle condizioni di categorizzazione semplice, multipla condivisa, multipla mista e multipla non condivisa dai partecipanti. Le misure rilevate comprendenvano il pregiudizio socialer, la decategorizzazione e l'inclusione nel gruppo umano a livello simbolico e comportamentale. Queste ultime misure sono state implementate per catturare l'attribuzione di umanità agli altri e il riconoscimento del valore della vita umana degli altri. I risultati hanno confermato la diminuzione del pregiudizio e l'aumento dell'inclusione nel gruppo umano degli immigrati nelle condizioni di categorizzazione multipla vs semplice. questa evidenza è stata riscontrata sia a livello simbolico che comportamentale, infatti i partecipanti sceglievano di privarsi di un maggior numero di risorse a favore della salvezza di un più alto numero di vite di immigrati nelle condizioni di categorizzazione multipla vs. semplice. Infine, la condivisione totale, parziale o assente delle categorie sociali multiple attribuite agli immigrati non ha inciso sugli effetti pro-sociali evidenziati e il processo di decategorizzazione rilevato in tutte le condizioni di categorizzazione sociale multipla, può essere considerato un buffer contro la deumanizzazion
At the roots of attribution of human rights to migrants
No full textIntroduction: This study (N = 141, M age = 20.15) aimed at deepening knowledge
on the factors that can lead young adults to deny the inalienability of human
rights to migrants by examining whether, under realistic and symbolic intergroup
threat (versus no-threat), the denial of human rights to migrants increases. In
doing so, the role of fraternalistic relative deprivation in mediating this relation
was examined. Also, two potential positive factors were considered: in-depth
exploration of personal identity in the educational domain and identification
with the human group. Intergroup threat was expected to enhance perceived
relative deprivation, thus reducing the attribution of human rights to migrants.
Such relation was expected to be mediated by those factors expressing
complex views of self and others (in-depth exploration of identity in the
educational domain and identification with the human group).
Method: Realistic and symbolic threat were experimentally manipulated
through a written scenario. In the no-threat condition, no scenario was
presented.
Results: Showed significant effects of intergroup threat on the attribution of
human rights to migrants, on perceived fraternalistic relative deprivation, on
in-depth exploration of identity in the educational domain and identification
with the human group. More specifically, intergroup realistic threat, but not
symbolic threat, reduced the attribution of human rights to migrants and
identification with the human group. Symbolic threat, but not realistic threat,
increased the perception of fraternalistic relative deprivation, whereas both
realistic and symbolic threat reduced in-depth exploration of identity in the
educational domain, and identification with the human group. As shown by
the sequential mediation analysis, and as expected, the effect of intergroup
threat in reducing attribution of human rights to migrants was mediated by indepth exploration of identity in the educational domain, identification with the
human group, and fraternalistic relative deprivation. Implications of findings
concerning the processes underlying identification with the human group and
its beneficial effects in terms of humanization of a stigmatized outgroup were
highlighted by stressing the intertwined nature of personal identity and social
identity processes. The importance of complex views of self and others in
helping to create inclusive generations of adults was also highlighted
Linguistic Discrimination Towards Roma: Can Intergroup Threat Enhance Bias?
No full textThis study tested whether intergroup threat enhances prejudice and discrimination
toward the highly discriminated out-group of Roma. An implicit measure of linguistic
discrimination, namely language abstraction of terms used in Roma descriptions,
and an explicit measure of affective prejudice, that is, feelings thermometer, were
employed. The relation between implicit and explicit discrimination was also analyzed.
Threat enhanced linguistic derogation and affective prejudice toward Roma. Linguistic
abstraction mediated threat’s effect on affective prejudice. The implications of the
findings were discussed with reference to the role of language in shaping intergroup
relations and social exclusion
I and Us: A Longitudinal Study on the Interplay of Personal and Social Identity in Adolescence
No full textThe development of personal and social identity is crucial in adolescence. On the one hand, adolescents face the task of forming and consolidating their personal identity in multiple domains, with educational and interpersonal domains particularly salient. On the other hand, they enlarge their social horizon and increasingly define themselves as members of multiple peer groups, such as groups of classmates and friends met outside school. There is however a lack of integrative research on the interplay among and between personal and social identity processes. Hence the purpose of this study was threefold. First, we examined how personal identity processes in the educational and interpersonal domains are associated longitudinally. Second, we investigated to what extent social identifications with classmates and with the group of friends are associated over time. Third, with an original approach we examined the longitudinal interplay between personal and social identity processes, to connect theoretical contributions that have so far proceeded largely in parallel. Participants were 304 adolescents (61.84% female, Mage = 17.49) involved in a three-wave longitudinal study. We found that (a) the ways in which adolescents develop their identity in the educational and interpersonal domains become more closely intertwined over time; (b) identifications with classmates and with the group of friends are interconnected; and (c) personal and social identity processes are associated both concurrently and longitudinally, with most cross-lagged effects showing that social identifications influence personal identity formation and consolidation in the interpersonal identity domain. Theoretical implications are discussed
Furbi disonesti! La negazione della moralità degli altri attraverso gli insulti verbali
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